Borhespen Altyn Kópirden keyingi syrlasu hәm saytanyng týrtui

1 bólik 

Men asharshylyqta ashyqpaghan qazaqtyng úrpaghym, el borday tozghan kezde qyzyldardyng kenirdegin qighan qazaqtyng júraghatymyn. Tobyqtan qaqqan bir oqighadan keyin Borheske qatysty audarmamdaghy kirmey qalghan oilardy Abai.kz-ke úsynyp otyrmyn.

Borhes jәne «1001 týn» nemese Borhes pen Morozov 

(Borhesting «1001» týn audarmashylary» әngimesining kirispesi)

Ataqty qalamger osy әlem әdebiyetining jahútyn shygharmasyna tegin ózek etip otyrghan joq.  Osy tuyndy turaly jer jahanda týrli tildegi týrli dildegi, týrli dindegi adamzat balasy qalamynan talay qúndy dýniyeler jazyldy.

Týp negizi týrkilik (qazir bir auyzdan «Parsynyng 1000 әpsanasy» delinip jýrgen, endi birde IH-H ghasyrda ómir sýrgen Masudy Ábu-әl-Hasen Ály ibn Ál-Qúseyinning tuyndylary negiz boldy deytin) 1001 týnning Qalmaqan Ábdiqadyrov audarghan núsqany, Orta Aziyanyng qyrghyz ben ózbek tilderine audarylghan poetikalyq kórkemdegi asa joghary tuyndyny keyin, Ghabit Mýsirepov týrtki bolyp Qaltay Múhamedjanov orys tilindegi 8 tomdyq akademiyalyq basylymy boyynsha «1001 týndi» 1990 jyly tolyq audaryp shyqqan edi. Jaryq kórui úzaqqa sozyldy. Onyng ishinen iriktep alghan tandamaly ertegilerining S.Ospan alghysózin jazghan elnúsqasyn madenimura.kz saytynan oqy alasyzdar.

Horhe Luis Borhesting «Myng bir týnnin» audarmashylary degen kitaby birinshi ret 1936 jylghy «Mәngilik tarihy» jinaghynyng 397 – 413 beterine enip, sol boyynsha orys tiline audaryldy.

Tәrjimada olar tómendegidey qysqartularmen beriletin bolady: Borges J. L. Obras complytas. 1923 – 1972. Buenos Aires, 1974. – OC; Borges J. L. Prosa completa. Barcelona, 1980. – PC; Borges J. L. Textos cautivos. Ensayos y resenas en «El Hogar» (1936 – 1939). Barcelona, 1986. – TS; Borges J. L. Prologo (con un prologo de prologos). Madrid, 1974. – PPP; Borges J. L. Siete noches. Mexico, 1981. – SN.

Borges J. L. The Aleph and Other Stories (1933 – 1969). Together with Commentaries and an Autobiographical Essay. Ed. by N. T. di Giovanni. London; Picador, 1973. – A OS; Alekseev V. Album romanum. M., 1989. – BA.

Biz audarmany Bohesting óz tuyndysynan emes, ataqty argentinalyqtyng tanys bolghan bolmaghanynan esh habarymyz joq provoslav әleminin  oishyly Nikolay Aleksandrovich Morozovtyng «Hristos» («Jaratylystanu-ghylymy auqymda payymdalghan adamzat tarihy») atty kóp tomdyghynan bilemiz. Óitkeni avtordyng tuyndylary әri taqyryptyq, әri maghynalyq jaqtan ýndesip keledi. Basqa dildegi Shyghys adamnyng qabyldauy qiyn qisyndardy algha tartady.

Kenes Ýkimetin qabyldamaghan orystyng emigrasiyadaghy óneri men ghylymy Latyn Amerikasy elderining intellektualdy damuyna zor ýles qosqany belgili. Osylardyng biri arqyly Borhesting 1924–1932 jyldary mәskeu–leningrad membaspasynan shyqqan Nikolay Aleksandrovich Morozovtyng «Hristos» kóp tomdyghynyng úzyn-yrghasymen tanys bolghanyn joqqa shyghara da almaymyz, ne teriske shyghara da almaymyz. Sebebi ýndestik óte kóp...

Álemdik barsha dinge qatysty syniy-pikirlerin qúp kórgen kenestik ghylym Nikolay Aleksandrovich Morozovtyng ózindik kózqarasyna sayasy mәn berip, onyng «Hristos» kóp tomdyghyn 1924–1932 jyldary Mәskeu–Leningrad membaspasynan (GIYZ) qolaylaryna jaqqanyn qaldyryp, qalghanyn senzuranyng qandy qylyshymen qiyp, 7 tom qylyp shygharghan bolatyn, әri ghúlamanyng kóp enbegi oghan kirmey qaldy, әri keybir bóligi joghalyp ta ketti. Keyin KSRO qúlaghan son, 1997–2003 jyldary mәskeuding Kraft+Lean baspasy búryn jaryq kórmegen aqylmannyng qoljazbalaryn qosyp 10 tomdyghyn shyghardy. Osy keyin shyqqannyng ishinde «Tarih shólining saghymy» atalghan 10-shy tomnyn  «Jalghanaziattyq belletristikasynyng ghajayyptary» atty ýshinshi bólimning besinshi tarauy «1001 týn» ertegiler jinaghy qayda qashan payda boldy» dep atalady. Ári búl jazba nýkte qoyarlyq emes, jýgirtpe jazbalyq núsqasymen bizge jetip otyr. 

Biz osyny orys tilinen yqshamdap tәrjimalap úsynyp otyrmyz. Osy audarmadan keyin baryp ataqty argentinalyqtyng tuyndysyna jol beriletin bolady. Morozovtyng kózqarasynan bólek «1001 týnge» baylanysty «1001 týn» ertegiler jinaghy qayda qashan payda bolghandyghy» turasynda óz boljamdaryn jasaghan Hammer-Purgshtali, de Sasi, Leyn jәne Estrup gipotezalaryna keyin toqtalatyn bolamyz.

 

«1001 TÝN» ERTEGILER JINAGhY QAYDA QAShAN PAYDA BOLDY

 «Myng bir týnnen» alynghan osy bir úzaq, biraqta birshama qysqartylsa da, týpnúsqanyng kóshirmesining shyrayyn asha aluyma oqyrmanym múrsat bermeydi. Adamzattyng mәdeny aqyl-oyynyng kóne jәne orta ghasyrlyq jәdigerlerin zerdelegen shaghymda osy bir ataqty shygharmany taldaudan ainalyp óte almadym. 

Oqyrmangha óte tanymal jinaq turaly jazudyng opa әpermeytini bar,  biraq men, jýz oqyrmannyng 99-y  «Myng bir týnnin» atyn ghana bilmeydi, bir kezde oqyghan bolsa, izin ala mazmúnyn esten shygharyp alatyndyghyn aldyn ala bildim. Onyng ýstine senimdi boluy ýshin búdan ary aitarym, maghan oqyrmanyma qajetti janasha әserdi tudyruym kerek. 

Eng aldymen әngimening qúrylymyn jilikteuden bastayyq. Búl ózi Odissey men evangeliya siyaqty qyryqayaqtyng ayaqtarynday bir jerge jiptey tizilip, kirpishtey qalanghan týrli shyrghalandy bastan keshuler nemese bir keyipkerding basynan ótken oqighalargha qúrylghan jeke anyzdyng san taramdyq әngimelenui emes. Búl biz taldap shyqqan Nal men Damayanty siyaqty aldyn ala oilastyrghan sheshimge qúrylyp, oqighalar barysy eki nemese birneshe arnada órbip otyratyn tizbektik roman emes.

Biz orta ghasyrlyq bunaqtyq әngimelerdi kópbunaqty maqúlyqtargha tenesek, tizbekti әngimeni omyrtqaly hayuandargha balaymyz... Bizdiki olardan bólek sәulelik әngimelenu.

Osynday sәulelik әngimeler tiypinde prolog qatysushylardyng ózderi turaly derbes әngimeleulerine úlasyp, әrqaysy óz bastan ótkergenin bayandap shyqqan son, ortaq epilogpen ayaqtap otyrady. Bunaqtyqtan keyingi belletristikalyq shygharmashylyqtyng ekinshi basqyshy jana tiptegi tarmaqtyq romandargha dayyndyqtyng bastauy dep týsinemiz. Ári búnday tip Qayta Órleu dәuirining bastapqy kezeninde keninen tarady. Ol jekelengen әngimelerding fantastikalyghymen sipattalady. Qaharmen óte jii jasandy sóileydi, ózining replikasyn, ózining shygharugha uaqyty men múrshasy bolmaghan tútas óleng shumaqtaryn kiristire otyryp, saryuayymgha toly sózder jәne әdepti erotizmdik is-әrekettermen birge әdet-ghúryptyng asqan qatandyghy qoyyndasyp jýredi.

Ángimening epilogynda avtor óte jii ózining qatysushy túlghalargha prologta bergen minezindemesin tars esinen shygharyp ta alady. Mysalgha, jas jýk tasushynyng aldynda tyrday jalanash sheshinip, moyyna asyla ketken biykeshterimiz (Jýk tasushy turaly hikayattaghy) oqigha sonynda etegin jel týrmegen hanymdargha ainalyp shygha keledi.

Tap osynday fantastikalyq tuyndylardan qúrylghan orta ghasyrlyq europa әdebiyetine de tәn bolyp keletin «1001 týn» jinaghy qayda qúrastyryldy degen zandy súraq aldymyzdy kes-kesteydi?

Búl orayda bizge aitatyny:

Osy alapat zor ertegiler jinaghynyng dәnegi qayda joghalyp ketkeni belgisiz «Hezar Efsane» dep atalatyn parsy ertegilerining jinaghy (osy jinaq ómirde boldy ma, eken ózi, eger bolsa, búl iyezuitter ayarlyqpen otqa órtegen týrkining «1000 ertegisi» shyghar bәlikim – Á.Á.Á.), yaghni, osy «myng ertekten» bir ertekti tandap alyp,  әr tang sayyn Sheherezada moyyna iligen dar dúzaghynan qútylyp otyrady.

«Osy qolayly qúrastyrylymgha, — deydi bizge, — negizgi parsy (týrki dep úghynyzdar) әngimelerinen bólek kóptegen kiristirme anekdottar enip, týrli uaqytta týrli әngimelenushiler tarapynan qily ózgeriske úshyrap otyrdy. Áldebir jýielilikting oryn aluy esh mýmkin emestin. 809 jyly dýniyeden ótken Garun-ar-Rashid shygharma boyynda óte jii kezdesedi, sol sebepti búl ertegining kóneligi bizding zamanymyzdyng IX ghasyrynyng qoynauyna ketip, sonymen birge onyng qúrastyryluy ensiklopediyalyq sózdikterde kórsetilgen XV ghasyrdyng enshisine tiyedi». (Bir ókinishtisi – osy әngimelerde qarapayym jauynger kiyimimen baytaghyn aralap jýretin rimdikterge únamaytyn Edil patshany Garun-ar-Rashid almastyrdy).

Búl dәl me, әlde tipten óte kesh pe?

Eng alghash jer sharynyng oqyrman qauymy (katoliktik pen protestanttyq europalyqtar – Á.Á.Á.) osy bir tamasha tuyndymen tek qana qay kezde Parijde әldebir Gallan (Galland)1 qazirgi biz bólip jýrgendey emes, bar bolghany 282 týnnen túratyn shaghyn-shaghyn 12 tomdyqty jaryqqa shygharghan 1707-1717 jyldary aralyghynda tanysa aldy. Olar XVIII ghasyrgha tәn fransuzdyng talghampaz mәnerimen jazyldy. Basynda júrttyng barlyghy jel bolmasa shópting basy qimyldamaydy degendeyin Gallannyng fantaziyasynyng jemisi dep sanady. Óitkeni, Gallanyng ózi baspagerge olardy «Gallangha belgilsiz әldebir jinaqtardy biletin» Aleppolyq bir mәsihshinin  aituy boyynsha jazyp alghandyghyn aitqan edi. Audarma jasalghan arab qoljazbasyn kórsetshi degen kezde Gallan ol joghalyp ketken dep mәlimdeydi, әri músylman qauymy ólsede aitpaytyn sózdermen qatar, diny ústanymdy teristeushi geografiyalyq jәne túrmystyq qatelikter órip oryn alady. Ol tuyndygha esh  sorpasy qosylmaytyn (bәlkim onyng rúqsatynsyz engizilgen) birneshe hikayattardy baspager-kitap satushynyng qoyyrtpaghy dep mәlim etti. Ol Gallannyng kelisiminsiz jinaqqa baspashy tarapynan engizilgen synayly. Búl әsirese 12 tomnyng ishindegi 8 tomgha qatysty onda Sheherezada keyingi dәuirlerge tәn ertegilerdi әngimeleydi.

Biraq ózi jazushy emes, kitap saudalaushy kitaptyng shygharyluy onyng avtorynyng týzetu engiziluinsiz oryn almaytyn shaqta Gallan audarmasyna bógde tuyndyny qalaysha engizip jibergen? Endi osynyng bәri europalyqtar kesh angharghan arabtyq týpnúsqany  búrmalaghan «Gallannyng erkin audarmasy» dep atalady, bizge «búl aradaghy  Gallannyng ólsheusiz enbegi  — dep aitady, — XVIII ghasyrda ol birinshi ret mýldem jana, әri búryn eshkim bilmegen әdebiyetpen júrtty tanys etip, Shyghysqa degen qyzyghushylyqty tudyrudan túrady». Ol búl ashylymyn jasaghan kezde   «shyghys әngimesi» sózben týrli erkin iydeyalardy óristetudin, әlemning kiltin ústaghandardy mazaqqa úshyratudyng ontayly betperdesi bolatyn, әri arabtar men parsylardyng óni týgil týsine kirmeytin shyghystyng shekpeni eng kókeykesti zamanalyq taqyryptardy  syn sadaghyna alu ýshin asa qolayly boldy».

Ghúmyrnamashylar2 tap osylay dese biz óz tarapymyzdan oghan bar bolghany airan asyr etkizip, shek tartyrar bir ghana faktini qospaqshymyz.

Bizding búghan deyin bir bilgenimiz «1001 týnnin» Gallan audarmasyn jasaghan 12 tomdyqtyng 1707 jyldan bastap, 1717 jylgha deyingi aralyqta jaryq kórgendigi. Biraq onyng alghashqy eki kitabynyng bas ainaldyrar tabysqa jetui oghan elikteushilerdi tudyrdy. (Pety de la Krua «Parsy súltany men onyng uәzirlerinng tarihy» (1707), «myng jәne bir kýn» (1710–1712), T.-S. Gellet – «Tatar ertegilerining 1001 bólikti shiyrek saghaty» 1712 jyly jәne  1723 jyly «Mandarin Fum-Hoamanyng tanghajayyp bastan keshulerinen túratyn qytay ertegileri» - Á.Á.Á.).

Gallan arabshadan audardy-mys delinetin «1001 týnmen» qosanjarlasyp, parsy tilinen tәrjimalaghan delingen Pety de lya Kruanyng (Petis de la Croix) «1001 kýni» de shygharyla bastady. Gallannyng birinshi kitabynan keyin aragha ýsh jyl salyp, ol ózining birinshi tomyn shygharsa, Gallannyng songhy tomynan bes jyl búryn ózining songhy (besinshi) tomyn ayaqtay bildi.

Ári osylaysha biz 1710-1712 jyldardyng aralyghynda qos parijdik shyghystanushy qalamgerler arasyndaghy óz jaghdayyndaghy kýlki tudyratyn oqighagha ainalghan bәsekelestikting kórigi qyzdy. Gallan ózining «1001 týninin» әr tomyn shygharghan sayyn oghan jauap retinde Pety de lya Krua ózining «1001 kýninin» bir nemese eki tomyn shygharyp ýn qosyp otyrsa da, arab «týnine» qarsy parsy «kýni» aitarlyqtay qauqar qylyp, bәsekeles bolyp jarytpsa da, HIH ghasyrdyng sonyna deyin tipti әigili bolyp týrli tilderge audarylyp, birneshe mәrte qayyra basylyp ta shyqty.

Endi A. Krymskiy4  oryn alghan osy oqighalardyng bәrin qalay sipattaydy soghan toqtalayyq.

«Myng jәne bir kýnnin» 1 shygharylymynyng alghy sózinde baspager (bәlkim Pety de lya Kruanyng ózi bolar) búl jinaq bozbala kezinde ataqty ispagan sheyhy Mohlis jazghan parsysha «Hazar o yakiruz» dep atalatyn parsy ertegileri men hikayattarynyng jinaghy bolyp tabylady. Osy ispagan sufiylerining «aqsaqaly» bolyp sanalatyn sheyh  Mohlispen (le célebre dervis Mocles) Pety de lya Krua 1675 jyly kenine tanysady. Ol 12 shәkirtting qaumaluymen júrt arasyna shyghyp, elding ghan emes, aqsýiekter men parsy shahy Soleymannyng da qúrmetine ie bolghan jantyn. Ózinde kópten saqtalynyp kelgen, bozbala kezinde jazghan «Hazar o yakiruz» jinaghyn Pety de lya Kruanyng kóshirip jazuyna rúqsatyn berip túryp, osy jinaqqa engen ertegiler men hikayattar parsy mәnerine salynyp, qayyra týzilgen ýndi komediyalarynyng sujetteri, tek qana әngimelik emes, sonymen birge dramalyq formadaghy ýndi  komediyalary dep týsindiredi, alghy sózdi jazushynyng aituynsha olar barsha shyghys tilderine audarylghan onyng ishinde týrik tilindegisi «Jenisten keyingi rahat» dep atalady (biz búny eng týpnúsqa dep úqqanymyz jón – Á.Á.Á.). osy týrkilik audarmasynyng qoljazbasy «Jenisten keyingi rahat» atauymen à la biblio thèque du roi (yaghni, parsy shahynyng kitaptar qoymasynda nemese Ludovik XIV kitaphanasynda saqtauly ma degen saualdy qoyady A. Krymskiy). Parsynyng «Myng bir kýni» men arabtyng «Myng bir týninin» jalpy anystaghy jәne josyqtaghy ortaq úqastyqty Galannyng audarghanynan shygharyp, oidy týiindesek, - deydi ary qaray jalghasqan «1001 kýnnin» alghy sózi, - osy jinaqtardyng biri onyng ekinshisine elikteushilik bolyp tabylady da, «arab ertegilerining qashan qúrastyrlyghanyn biz naqty bile almaymyz, әri parsydan ne búryn, ne keyin qúrastyryldy dep te tap basyp aita almaymyz».

Osy alghysózde aitylghannyng bәri aidan anyq kýmәndi. Pety de lya Kruanyng artynda qalghan kýndeligine jýginsek, onda dәruish Mohlis turaly birshama sóz etiledi, biraq osy kýndelikting esh jerinde  Mohlisting qay kezde «1001 kýndi» qúrastyrghany auyzgha alynbaydy. Kýndelikte dәl osynday parsy jinaghynyng bolghany kezikpeydi, osy kýnge deyin tap osynday ataumen nemese mazmúnmen әldeqandayda bir parsy jinaghy úshyrasqan emes. Al, «Jenisten keyingi rahat» atauymen atalatyn Shyghystyng belletristikalyq jinaqtary birnesheu bolghanymen, eshqaysy da  «Myng bir kýn» baspagerinin  bozbala Mohlis dәruish jasaghan dýniyeden erterek tughan «ýndi komediyalarynyng týrkilik audarmasyna» esh kelinkiremeydi. Biz esh kýmәnsiz osy kitaptyng barsha alghy sózinde aitylghandar Gallannyng «1001 týnimen» tabysty bәsekege týsu ýshin jasalghan baspagerding mistifikasiyasy degen oigha kelemiz. Eshqanday «Hazar o yakiruz» atty parsy jinaghy bolghan emes, «1001 kýn» tek Pety de lya Kruanyng ózine ghana mәlim әldebir derek kózi boyynsha qúrastyrylghan. Bir mәlim jayt ol kóp dýniyeni óz sausaghynan soryp shygharsa da, barsha jinaqty onyng jeke tuyndysy dep esh sanaugha bolmaydy, oghan engenderding arasynda jәne shyghys tilderinen «1001 týn» men basqa da tuyndylardyng әngimeleri men hikayattarynyng barlyghy dau tudyrmaydy.6 Bәlkim, Pety de lya Krua ózining auysyp aluyn arab, parsy jәne týrki ertegilik repertuarlarynan jasaghan shyghar.

HIH ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyreginde «Myng bir kýndi» Lesaj (Rapilly basylymynda) Gallan, Shavis pen Kazott, Kardonn jәne basqalardan alynghan shyghys ertegilerining elementterimen aitarlyqtay dәrejede tolyqtyrdy. Osyghan engen ertegilerding ishinde kezinde XVIII ghasyrda arab tilinen Kardonn jasaghan ertegiler óz otanynda úmyt boludan aman saqtalynyp, oqyrmandardyng basym kópshiligi onyng shyghu tegining bertinrekte ekendigin bilmese de,  «Myng bir kýn» arqyly ýlken tanymaldyqqa ie boldy. Kardonnyng bir audarmasynyng birin ukrain tiline I. Franka7 shyghystyq boyauyn saqtay otyryp, ólenmen «Abu-Kasimovy kapsiy» atauymen  tәrjimalap, 1885 jyly Livovta shyghardy, osy basylym eki ret qayyra basyldy, onyng biri – 1900 jylghy Cherkasta shyqqany.

A. Krymskiyding aitpaq bolghany osy.

Sonymen, «1001 kýnnin» birinshi basylymy degenimiz Pety de lya Krua  ózining Pariyjinde arabtardyng atynan shygharghan  nemese shyn mәnisinde kezdeysoq shyghystyq sujetterdi XVIII ghasyrdaghy fransuz fantaziyasynyng ayasynda boyauyn qanyqtyryp tauys qauyrsynymen jazyp shyqqan mistifikasiya. IYә, kelesi oryn alghan osy tuyndy basylymyndaghy qisapsyz tolyqtyrular da ózining naqtylyghymen senimning noqtasyn bizge ústatpaydy.

«1001 týn» de tap osynday dýnie emes pe? Jalghan tәrjimanyng baghy aspanday asqan kezde ghana baryp, onyng «týpnúsqalarynyn» kenetten tabyla ketui de qashyp qútylmaytyn  tabys әkeletin alayaqtyq bolyp shyqpay ma!?  Apokriftik tuyndyny әuelgi ilki tiline audaryp, ony meymanasy asqan bay әuesqoydyng nemese baylyqqa belshesinen batqan mekemening nazaryna úsynyp qomaqty aqshany qaltagha basudyng ózi nege túrady.

Tap osy ishti tyrnaytyn saual «1001 týndi» taldaghan kezde tuyndaydy: bәlkim, ne arabtardyn, ne parsylardyng «1001 týn» týsine de kirmey, olar turasynda birinshi ret (týrki múrasyn ózge búiyrtugha talpynghan – Á.Á.Á.) europalyqtar (Mysyrdaghy kopt shirkeulerining múrasyn aqtarugha qol jetkizgen iyzeuitterden) estip bilgen shyghar?

Gallannyng 1707-1717 jyldardaghy mazmúndap beruinen keyin túp-tura 100 jyl ótken song ghana baryp, XIX ghasyrdaghy «1001 týnnin» arabtyq týpnúsqasyn izdeushiler óz ashylymdaryn jasay bastady. Al, olar óz kezeginde Europada ataq danqqa bólendi. 1789-1793 jyly Jenevada fransuz tilinde «Perizat bólmesi» (Cabinet des fees) atauymen 41 tom basylyp shyghyp, onyng songhy tórt tomy Gallan mәnerimen jazylghan jana әngimelerden týzilip, Europalyq oqyrmandar qol-ayaghyn jerge tiygizbey oqydy. Odan keyin 1806 jyly Kassen de Persevali jana әngimeler qosylghan «Gallandy әngimelep berudi» shygharsa, onyng izin ala Gotie (Gauttier) ózi jasaghan odanda qomaqty jana әngimelik tolyqtyrularymen  óz jariyalanymyn júrtqa úsyndy.

Osylaysha, XIX ghasyrdyng basynda Europada audarmalar arqyly Sheherezada ertegilerining ataghy jer jarghanymen, eshbir jerde onyng arabtyq týpnúsqasy júrt nazaryna ilikpedi…

Aqyr sonynda osy bir betimen ketushilikti dogharatyn mezette kerek boldy-au! Jerding jaryghyna týsip ketse de, Europadaghy ataghy jer jarghan biraq óz otanynda eshbir pende bilmeytin «Myng da bir týnnin» týpnúsqasyn tabu qajettiligi tuyndady. Dýrlige izdestiru bastaldy. Shyrghalang oqighany izdeushiler shyghystanushy ghalymdardyng izin ala Shyghysqa, Persiyagha, Ýndistangha shúbay aghyldy. Jәne de osylaysha HIH ghasyrdyng birinshi shiyreginde birinen keyin biri «týpnúsqalar» tabyla bastady. Birining izin biri ala jeti birdey arabtyq túpnúsqa jariya boldy.

Olardyng birin Jer Orta tenizining jaghalauyndaghy siriyalyq portty qala Beyruttan iyezuit әkeyler tauyp, 4 tom bolyp jaryq kórip basylyp shyqty. Kelesi bireusi birshama tolyghy Shyghystyng taghy bir qiyryndaghy Batys Ýndistannyng Ýndi múhity jaghalauyndaghy portty qalasy Bombeyden  tabylyp,  aghylshyndar da sol jerde 4 tomdyqty shygharyp ýlgerdi. Birinshi bólikting teng jarymy ghana qamtyghan ýshinshi qoljazba endi Shyghys Ýndistannyng Bramaputra jaghalauyndaghy Kalikuttadan tabylyp, 1814-1818 jyldar aralyghynda qos tom bolyp jaryq kórdi.  Tórtinshi әri bәrinen de tolyghy qaydan әkelingeni belgisiz әiteuir Almaniyagha jetkizilip, Breslavl Gabiht 1825-1843 jj. aralyghynda 12 tomdyq qylyp elge tanytty. Besinshisi taghyda sol Ýndistannyng Kalikuttasynan tabylyp, sondaghy Macnagthene-de  1830-1842 jyldary 4 tom bolyp shyqty. Altynshysy Kairdegi Nil ózeni jaghasynan tabylyp, sol jaqta 1835 jyly 2 tom bolyp basylsa, onyng siyasy keppey jatyp, taghy sol Kairde taghy bir qoljazba tabylyp, ony Ezbékieh jaryqqa shyghardy.

Ánimeler tizbegining basty qaharmany Garun-ar-Rashid ómir sýrgen Baghdattyng ózinen sonday-aq, әngime auany kóbisine auyp otyratyn Basyrada sonymen birge, ertegi keyipkerleri órip jýretin mesopotam men parsy qalalarynyng birde birinen ashylym jasalghan joq, Pah, shirkin! Júrttyng bәri biytin syghyp, baryn salsa da «Myng jәne bir týnnin» túpnúsqasy emge tabylmady (onyng sebebi búl jerlerde iyezuit әkeylerding biyligi esh jýrmeytin – Á.Á.Á.). IYә, shyghys elderining әr týpkirinen barsha tabylghan jeti birdey týpnúsqa kóptegen tústary bir ghana qoljazbadan tabylghandyghyn tanytyp túrady (Qytaygha tarihyn jazyp bergen әulie әkeyler Kopt jәne Ýndi hramdarynan әri Qytaydaghy Budda ghibadathanalarynan tapqan bizding babalarymyzdyng asyl múralarynyng birinen jasaghan audarmalaryn osylaysha arabtandyryp ýlgerdi).

Osynday mәdeniyet tarihynda oryn alghan shyrghalang jolmen aqyr sonynda parsylar, týrikter, arabtar men mysyrlyqtar Europany ondaghy elderding basty tilderindegi jalghan audarmalar arqyly dýrliktirgen ózderining úly tuyndysymen osylaysha tanysa aldy.

Bir týsiniktisi batystaghy ashyq-shashyqtyqty arab tili men tirligi kótermeytin bolghan son, Gallannyng ilki bayandaulary men oghan jasalghan barsha europalyq tolyqtyrular jana tabylghan qoljazbalar negizinde myqtap ózgeriske úshyratudy talap etti. Osylaysha,  1839-1840 jyldary Got kitaphanasynda qaydan kelgeni belgisiz әiteuir janadan payda bolghan jana arabtyq qoljazbamen salystyra otyryp, Breslav jәne Bulaktyq basylymdar negizinde Shtutgarta Veyl jasaghan nemisshe audarma oqyrmangha jol tartty. Sonymen bir mezette, 1839-1840 jyldary Bulaktyq eng ýzdik te, tandamaly әngimeleri engen әri kóptegen ghylymy eskerpeler jasalghan ýsh tomdyq alghashqy aghylshyndyq Lennin8 tәrjimalauyndaghy ýsh tomdyqtan keyin, basqada aghylshynsha audarmalar birinen keyin biri payda bola bastady.

HIH ghasyrdyng ayaghynda aqyrynda týrli eskerpelerden ayaq alyp jýre almaytyn ghylymy basylymdardyng da kýni tudy. Qashanda aziyalyq qoljazbalardyng danghaza ashylymdarymen bolatyn jasynday jarqyldaudy nemis doktory Shprenger nemese italiyandyq «iyezuit әkeyler» tarapynan birinshi qoljazbanyng tabyluynan keyin oryn alyp, oqigha sujeti bolyp ótken oryndargha qatysy joq, әri bir-birinen óte shalghay jatqan jerlerden birneshe kóshirme tabylghan son, ary qaray atalghan tuyndygha qatysty joghalghan dýniyening qaytadan tabyluy pyshaq keskendey tyiylyp qala berdi. Ghalymdaghy búghan qarama-qarsylyq geologtardyng bórkin aspangha atqyzyp, әrbir ondaghan jyl sayyn joyylyp ketken januarlardyng qanqalary tabylyp jatady, al, aziya jazuynyn  eng sensasiyalyq ghajayybyn filologtar baspa jýzin bayaghyda bir kórgeninen keyin emge taba almay otyr…

HIH ghasyrdyng basyndaghy әngime keyipkerleri alshang basqan ertegi qala Baghdattan jyraqtaghy qiyr týpkirlerdegi alaqúiyndatqan alghashqy ashylymdardyng arynynan keyin arab qoljazbalary arasynan «Myng da bir týnimiz de» qayyra tabylmay bayyz tauyp qaldy.

Osy taqyrypty zerdeleuge túp-tútas 33 jyl ghúmyryn arnaghan Ser Richard Berton9 1836 jyl ózining 16 tomdyq enbegining 6 tomy tolyqtyrulargha arnalghan «1001 týn» jayyndaghy ghylymy enbegin shyghararda Ýndistandaghy 1830-1842  jyldar aralyghynda jaryq kórgen  Kalikuttalyq  Macnagthene mәtinin eng ýzdik tuyndy dep sanaydy.

Tap osyny 1890 jyly shyqqan 24 tomdyq Maksa Genningting ghylymy audarmasy turasynda aituymyzgha bolady, kóp ertekti bolyp tabylatyn 16 tom bolyp shyqqan d-r Murdrustyng fransuzdyq audarmasy onda ol Bulak basylymyn basshylyqqa alady. Onyng ashylghanyna 60 jyl tolghanyna qaramastan men jogharyda sóz etip ketken HIH ghasyrdaghy tabylghan jeti qoljazbalargha qatysty tolyqtyrular jasap, birneshe janadan tabylghan ertegilerdi qosaqtaydy.

«Búl audarmalar «myng bir týndik» barlyq belgili bolghan әngimelik materialdardyng barshasyn bir jerge jinaugha tyrysqan talpynys bolyp tabylady».10 deydi bizge.

Osylaysha 1901 jyly búdan 200 jyl búryn 1704 jyly Gallan «beykýnәlikpen» qolgha alghan «Myng bir týnnin» fantastikalyq әngimelerining jalghan araby «ghylymiy» kitaphanasy ayaqtaldy.

Búl arada biz onyng tarihynyng qanshalyqty ekendigin aiqyn payymday alamyz.

Baspa stanogi XVII ghasyrdyng ayaghynda Batys Europada kitap taralymyn kóbeytip qana qoyghan joq, ony júrttyng bәrining qoly jetimdi de ete bildi.

Shyghystyq taqyryp sauatty júrtty ózine tartty...

N.Morozov shyghys taqyrybyna qatysty Shyghys Europadaghy jalghandyqty bylaysha mysalmen beredi:

ARFAKSAD.

Haldey hikayaty.

Kozlovsk sarayyndaghy basylym

Aqsha shygharghan baspager

Petr Zahariiyn

Mәskeu

Uniyversiytet tipografiyasy

1792 j.

Odan әri ózin qarapayym baspagermin dep ataghan  avtor Petr Zahariin «ilkitýsindirmesinde» búl әngime haldey tilinde 400 mys taqtayshagha jazylyp, kóne Aleksandriya kitaphanasynda saqtalynghantyn. «Bәduinder» ony órtke oraghan kezde Abdul-Ómir degen jas jigit taqshalardy aman alyp qalyp, ony bir әulie dәruish arab tiline audarghan eken. Odan son, osy tәrjima arab tilinen tatar tiline audarylyp, tatar tekti әkesi qoljazbany orys tiline audaryp, óz úly  Petr Zahariinge amanttap...»

Oqyrmandargha belgili bolghanynday, birden jolgha shyghyp, kóne roman «Arfaksadtyn» týpnúsqasyn izdeu ýshin Haldeylerge jol tartqyng kelip ketedi.

Arfaksad arasynda kýndey jarqyraytyn,  Tigr men Evfrat jәne Aziya Atlanty (zertteushiler zerdeley kele, Elibrus bolyp shygha keletin georgrafiyalyq atau) sóz etiletin osy bir úshy qiyrsyz fantastikalyq әngimeleudi saghyzsha sozbay, týiindey aitatyn bolsam, bas keyipker qiyndyqty kóresindey-aq kórip, aqyrynda әkesining taghyna otrady. Maghan búl ýzindining qajet bolyp otyrghany onyng Gallannnyng «Myng bir týndik» jalghan audarmasyna aina-qatesiz úqsastyghy.

Egerde sizding ne ýndilik «Ved» pen «Magabgarattan», ne parsylyq «Shah-Namadan» habarynyz bolsa, onda osynday Fukididshildik (kóne ghasyr tarihshysynyng atynan shyqqan: kóshirip jazushylyq – Á.Á.Á.) ghadetke basqan Petr Zahariin de búl haldeylik romandy ne ózi shygharghanyn ne  XVIII ghasyrdaghy fransuz tuyndysynan plagiat jasaghanyn seziner ediniz, әri onyng satylymynyng jaqsy boluy ýshin óz atynan aulaqtatyp, haldeylik audarmanyng jalyna jabysyp otyr.

Búl orayda sizding kýmәniniz rasqa shyghyp, mistifikasiyanyng sebebi aiqyndalyp shygha keler edi.

Morozov ózi bilmese de Aq Túrandyq týrki múrasynyng («Shyghystyq ghajayyptardyn») jasandy orys tilinde** Fransiyadaghy siyaqty Reseyde qalay oryn alghandyghyn «Arfaksad» hikayaty arqyly dәldep beredi. Iske hanshayym Ekaterina II (1761—1796) aralasyp, onyng týrkilik núsqasyn Ermitajgha әkeluge audarmashy Petr Zahariinnen talap etedi. Ol ózim oidan shygharyp edim dep patshayym aldynda aqtalady ( P.Z. qasaqana týrkilik núsqany joyyp jiberedi)...

Osy Arfaksad aqyrynda týrki ertegilerining Aq Túranda saqtalghan barsha qospasymen 18 kitapqa ainalyp, endigi jerde tatar tilinen audarma emes, «P.Z. reseylik tuyndysyna» ainalyp shygha keledi (Osy kitapty qazaq tiline audaratyn jan tabylsa, jaqsy bolar edi – babalar әdeby ertegisimen qayyra tabysatyn – Á.Á.Á.).

P.Z.:  «Meymanannyng asuy men aqylmandylyqtyng tasuyn úghynbaytyn bite men tyshqannyng sayrandauynan keyin tatar qoljazbasynan tek qiqym men shang ghana qaldy» (Slavyandyq bitelik sana men tyshqandyq peyil mәdeniy-ruhany sandyghymyzdaghy týrkilik múrany әli kýnge kemirip, kýieleude – Á.Á.Á.).

Mening oqyrmanym naghyz qoljazbalardyng tap osynday jolmen kózderi qalay joyylghanyn tarihnamalyq zertteuimining búghan deyingi tomdarynan jaqsy biledi, óitkeni, búl barsha klassikalyq kóne tuyndylardyng basyna týsken ortaq taghdyr, al, «shyghys әdebiyetine» kelsek, osy bir ghajayypty ashushylardyng bәri óz manuskripterining kóneligin eki-ýsh jýz jyldyqpen shekteuge dәtteri barmaydy.

Petr Zahariinning «Haldeylik» hikayaty әuel basta onyng әkesining jasaghan tәrjimasy dep úsynyldy, ol bolsa tatar tilin bilmeytin (soq ótirikti)... әsem mәnerli orys tili  XVIII ghasyrda (týrki tilin almastyryp)  naghyz orystyq Pushkiyn, Lermontov, Gogoliding alyndaghy týrkiden arylyp, birynghay jasandy orys tiline** qaray slavyandanu dәuirin tudyrdy. Kitap Reseyde de qol jetimdi bola týsti. Batysta Europada týriksizdenu odan jýz tipti eki jýz jyl búryn bastalghan bolatyn. Búdan әdeby shygharmashylyq tys qalmady...

...Petr Zahariin men Gallan tuyndylarynyng taghdyry әrtýrli.

 ... Sensasiyalyq apokriyfimen júrtty ózine qaratqan avtor týrkilik bastau kózden bas tartyp, óz avtorlyghym degen moyyndauyn jasau arqyly joghary shendilerding jәne olardyng arasyndaghy kitapqúmarlardyng nazaryn ózine birden audardy. Ol búrynghy pikirinen bas tartyp, endi ózin shygharma avtory sanaghanynan keyin uniyversiytet onyng tuyndylarynyng jalghasyn basudan bas tartty da, avtor jeke baspagerdi tapty. «Arfaksadtin» alty tomynyng aqyrghysy 1796 jyly Ekaterina II dýnie saluymen túspa-tús keldi.

Al, Gallannyng taghdyry basqasha boldy. Onyng dәuirinde Fransiyada әli jas sәby Ludovik XV  gersog Orleanskiyding regenttigimen biylik qúrdy, shynayy qoljazbalardy izdestirumen tek jeke túlghalar ghana ainalysatyn. Egerde olar fransuzdyq audarmada jeke baspadan shyqqan «haldeylik» nemese basqada tilden jasalghan tәrjima emes, jeke avtordiki ekenin seze qalghannyng ózinde  jalghan audarmashydan onysyn moyyndaudy talap ete almaytyn, әri sharmaqshylar joryghynan bastap, ghajayyp oqighalardyng shyghysta oryn alatyndyghy sanalaryna myqtap siniskentin. Arab tuyndylaryna jappay bet qoya bir kezderdegi latynan jasalghan jalghan audarmalarmalardy eske týsiredi. Bir qatar tayaudaghy latyndyq tuyndylardyng mysaldaryn algha tarsaq, 1481 jyldyng tónireginde florentiyalyq  Marchelino Fichino Platonnan11,  Alimagesting Ptolomeyden jasaghan jalghan audarmasynyng týpnúsqasyn XVI ghasyrdyng alghashqy jyldary Georgiy Trapezundskiy12 bauyryna basty, ne bolmasa, Tasit jylnamalarynyng jalghan audaramasynyng túpnúsqasyn 1427 qarsanynda Podjio Brachchioliniy13 jazyp shyqsa, Iosif Flaviyding shyn mәnisindegi týpnúsqa tuyndysy 1506 manyndaghy Samuil Shellamnyn14 qalamynan shyqqan jalghan audarmalyq dýnie bolyp tabylady.

Qay kezde, qay jerde bolmasyn, jalghan audarma ómirge kele qalghan sәtten bastap, ataq-danqqa, mol syi-siyapatqa qol jetkizu jolyndaghy onyng týpnúsqasyn izdeuding dýrbeleni bastalady da, qashanda osynday sәtti asygha kýtken zamany týlki bolsa, tazy bolyp shalatyn alymdy alayaqtar ony tuyndynyng tól tiline keyde óreskel qatelerge jol bere otyryp audaryp shyghady da, ony týpnúsqa retinde betteri shylp etpey júrtshylyq nazaryna úsynady.

Danqy jer jarghan «Myng jәne bir týnnin» arabtyq týpnúsqalaryn izdeu nauqany ózining Pariyjinen attap eshqayda shyqpaghan Galannyng shygharmashylyq qiyalyn sharyqtatyp, XVI ghasyrdyng basyndaghy shashylyp әr jinaqta jýrgen ertegilerding basyn qosyp bir arnagha jýielegen týpnúsqalyq núsqasy negizinde әldebir aqsha sanaghan baqay esep jan Qasiyetti Qúran Kәrimning tiline músylmandyq ústanymdy eskerip, batystyq beybastaqtyqpen bylyqtyrghan jerlerin alyp tastap, onyng ornyna Shyghysqa keng taraghan kóptegen ertegilerdi kiristirip audaryp shyqty da, nәtiyjesinde tuyndy mazmúny birde iydealistik, endi birde yumorlyq, keyde ghibarattyq, keyde astamshyl, proza men poeziya astasqan oqighanyng ótu barysy esh realdy emestikting nyshan-belgisin somdap shyqqan. Búndaghy Baghdat ta, Kair de taza ertegilik shәri, keyipkerlerining minez-qúlqy músylman erkek pen әielge qaraghanda XVIII ghasyrdaghy fransuz sylqym serisi men tәitik biykeshining minez-qúlqyn eske salyp, Iran men Iraktyng músylman qauymynyng auyzynan eruropalyqtar úghymyndaghy sózder tizbegi syrtqa lyqsidy.

Qatysushy keyipkerlerining aty-jóni de — Yunan, Ruyan, Sindbad, Guli, Zobeyda, Amina, Nur-Eldiyn, Badr-Eddiyn, Budur-Zumurur hanshayym — fransuzdyng qúlaghyna arnap aitylghan syqyldy kórinip túrady... «Myng jәne bir týnde» shyghys elderinde jii qoldanylatyn DJ, Ch, KH, syndy qosarlar úshyraspauy bylay túrsyn, kóptegen kisi attarynng mәn-maghynasyn arabqa da, parsygha da qúlaghynan sýirep janastyra almaysyn, olar bar bolghany tek qana kisi attaryn tanytu ýshin qoldanylghan әdemi dybystardyng ýilesimi ghana...

Osylaysha, bizding uaqytymyzda europanyng barlyq әdeby tiline týgel derlik audarylghan, qazirde audarylyp jatqan  XV ghasyrdaghy arab әdebiyetining týpnúsqa tuyndysy dep jýrgenimiz XVIII ghasyrda fransuz topyraghynda dýniyege kelip, ózining Qúran Kәrim  tilinde sóileui XIX ghasyrdaghy jeti týrli erkin audarmasy negizindegi mýmkin bolghan qazirgi «Myng bir týnimiz».

Men, әlbette, osy jinaqqa keyinen shyghystyq epostardan osy dildegilerge tәn kóptegen ertegilerding kirgendigin joqqa shygharmaymyn, biraq ta olar keyingi  XVIII nemese XIX jýz jyldyqtardaghy shyghys әdebiyetining jәdigerin izdeushiler tarapynan Ýndi, Mysyr, Ontýstik-Shyghys Aziyanyng shandy joldary men shuly bazarlarynan jinalyp alynyp, osy jinaqqa ýstemelenip engizilgender.

Ne arab, ne parsy últtyq әdebiyetinde eshqanday «Myng bir týn» bolghan emes. Búl jinaqty fransuzdar ómirge әkeldi, onyng әdeby baghynyng asuyna asa daryndylyqtan qúr alaqan emes jandar (Gallan siyaqty) shygharmashylyqpen ter tókti. Odan keyin fransuzdar salghan soqpaqtyng danghyl jolgha ainaluyna europanyng ózge elderining shygharmashylyqqa beyim ókilderi Gallandyq keste boyynsha músylmandyqpen esh ýilespeytin sayahattau kezinde kórgen bilgenderin ertegiler boyyna japsyrmalady. Arab tiline audarylghan kezde ilki Gallandyq kompozisiyadaghy beybastaqtyq ne ózgeriske úshyratylyp, ne bolmasa mipazday júmsartylyp berilip otyrdy. Jәne de aqyr sonynda XIX ghasyrdyng basynda arab tilindegi tolyq audarmasy ómirge keldi, ony tәrjimalaushylar  barlyq jerden izdestirilip jýrgen týpnúsqa dep atady… Onyng tabysqa jetui birneshe elikteushilikti tudyryp, jana kóshirilim boyynsha keybir ózgertuler men tolyqtyrular engizilgen Beyruttyq basylym tez júrt arasyna tarap ketti. «Myng bir týn» turasynda syny әdebiyet jetip artylady... Ári búnyng bәri arabtarda emes, Batys Europada.

Onyng naghyz otanyda osy tuyndygha qalay qaraytyndaryn A. Krymskiydin15 myna joldaryn baghjaylaghan kezde anghara týsemiz.

«Shyghysta «1001 týnge» kitapshylar da, әdebiyetshiler de (eger óz oiymyzdy osylaysha týiindeytin bolsaq), tipti «shyghys ziyalylary» da asqan saqtyqpen qaraydy». H ghasyrdyng (yaghni, H ghasyrgha qatysty jaytardyn) maman-ghúmyrnamashysy Nadim (Abul-Faradj Mohammed ibn Ishak An-Nadim baghdadtyq әdebiyetshi «Kitab әl-fihristtin» avtory – Á.Á.Á. Biraq bәrine Atilla aralasyp jýretin týrki tilindegi ertegiler jinaghy bolghan ol An-Nadmiyge únamaghan, Gallandyq núsqadaghy biz biletin «1001 týn» emes, asqan saqtyqpen qaraudyng astarynda kóp nәrse jatyr) «Myng týndi» birneshe ret oy sýzgisinen ótkizgen jan «shúbylanqy jәne mezi etetin» mәnerde jazylghan dep múryndaryn shýiredi, әli kýnge deyin osy sekildi ghalymdardyng pikiri esh ózgergen emes.16

A Krymskiy búny Gallan jәne de basqa da europalyq avtorlardyng óz otandastarynyng talghamynyng yghyna jyghyluyna qatysty emes,  shyghys adamdarynyn, onyng ishinde ziyalylarynyng «astary tilinin» kórinis tappauymen úghyndyrady (demek, «1001 týnnin» tili shyghystyq emes). Al, Shyghystyng dindarlary bolsa, óz kezeginde europalyq salt-dәstýrdi ústanushy keyipkerler surettelgen «1001 týndi» oqyghan adam ne ólip qalady, ne bir jyldyng ishinde taghdyr tauqymetin tartady degen nanym-senimde, al, balalargha ondaghy ertekti әngimelep aityp bergenderding shashy týsip tóbel tazagha ainalu qauipi tónedi».

«Taghy bir aita keterligi «1001 týndi» shyghystyq mәsihshilerde qúp kórmeydi, — dep sózin jalghaydy A. Krymskiy, — Beyruttegi  Mar-N’ul shirkeuining әulie әkeyi  Dumaniy meni osy kitapty oqyp otyrghan shaghymda ýstimnen týsip, jekkórushilikpen tanqalyp, basyn shayqaghany  әli kýnge deyin esimnen shyqpaydy…»

«Búl jerde taghy bir aitpasa mәni ketetin dýnie europa shyghystanuynyng atashasy (patriarhy)  de-Sasiydin   «1001 týn» jayly pikiri asa joghary bolmaghandyghy, óitkeni, de-Sasy ózining әdeby talghamy jaghynan arabtyng taza sheyh ghúlamasy bolatyn... osy kitaptyng keyipkerleri  (Garun-ali-Rashiyd, tenizshi Sindbad Aladdin jәne t.b.) europalyqtar arasynda Shekspirding danqty  tragediyalarynan da artyq tanymal».

Europalyqtardyng talghamynyng ýdesinen shyqqan avtorlar aziyalyqtardyng babyn taba almady.

...Sinbad-tenizshi shyghystyq emes, orta ghasyrlyq europalyq sayahattar turaly jazbalardy eske salady17...

... «myng bir týndi» oqyghan shaqta europalyqtar tanday qaghatyn «shyghystyq naqyshtyn» shyn mәnisinde shyghysqa esh qatysy da joq..

XVIII ghasyrdyng basyndaghy «Myng bir týnnin» bastapqy ertegileri parijdik naqyshqa iye.

A. Krymskiy18 «...Gallan óz kitabyn Ludovik XIV sarayyndaghylardyng talghamyna arnap jazdy, bizding kózqarasymyz boyynsha ony fransuz tilinen arabshagha audarghandar ondaghy fransuzdyq әtirding anquyn, shyghystyng hosh iyisimen esh almastyra almaydy..».

«Kazott pen Shaviys, — deydi ary qaray A. Krymskiy, —Gallannyng mәnerine eliktep (1788 jәne 1792 jj. aralyghynda «1001 týnning jalghasyn»19  shyghardy). Ol ertegilerde Gallan joq, onyng ornyn olardyng ózdik fantaziyalary basty».

Mening osy arada óz janymnan qosarym  ózining «Le diable amourens» romanymen júrtqa mәlim Kazott (Cazotte) sonymen birge Voliterding atynan onyng «La guerre de Géneve» poemasynyng jetinshi әnin shygharyp, oqyraman qauymgha  mistifikasiyany syigha tartty…

XIX ghasyrgha deyingi jaryq kórgen barsha «Myng bir týnnen» Parijding «jergilikti bet-beynesi» sezilip túrady. Ne  Parijdik ónim... ne bolmasa, ony Gallan, Kazott jәne Shavis qosqan nyshan-beligisinen aiyryp, shyghystyq sipat beru kerek boldy».

XIX ghasyrdyng shyghystanushylary osy songhy jolgha týsudi qalady. «XIX ghasyrda  — dep sózin jalghastyrady A. Krymskiy, — «1001 týnge» ghylymy kózqaras tuyndap,  Galla men Kazottardyng әngimeleui (dúrysynda — mәtinderi) búl ynghayda jaramsyz bolyp qaldy. Jana basylymdarda (mysalgha Kossen de Persevali, Hammer jәne t.b.) Gallan mәtinine týzetuler men qosymshalar engizilip, odan keyin ony nemisting Veyldik jәne aghylshyndyq Lan, Berton jәne basqalardyn, al, Fransiyada bulak mәtininen (eng ontayly shyghys mәnerine beyimdele) tәrjimalanghan Mardrusting (J. B. Mardrus) ghylymy qoldanystaghy dәldi audarmalary yghystyryp shyghardy».

Osylaysha Shyghystyng erkin audarmadasyndaghy fransuz ónimi shyn mәnisinde shyghystyq ónimmen qúdandalasty. Odan ózine qajetisin boyyna sinirip, Europagha qaytyp oraldy.

*Pandavtar men Kauravtar arasyndaghy soghysqa arqau bolghan «Mahabharatada» kiristirme әngimelerding biri nishadtyq Nalgha (Alpamysqa) arnalady. Al búl keyipker oghan deyin  «Shapathabrahmanada» — úshyrassa, onyng silemi «Ramayanada» da kezdesedi. Nal tap Alpamys siyaqty týr ózgerisine týsetini  ony kóne grktik qaharman  Odisseyge,  Damayanty onyng jary Penelopagha kelinkireydi. Morozov osy kitaptyng 3 bólimining VII tarauyn Nal men Damayantiyge arnaydy. Osy oqighany әueli   1819 jyly nemisting romantik aqyny Rikkert poemagha ainaldyrsa, 1839 jyly osy poemanyng negizinde orys aqyny V. A. Jukovskiy «Nali jәne Damayantiy» poemasyn jazyp shyqty.

** A. Jeleznyy bylay deydi («Igori jasaghy turaly janasha sóz, dәstýrli emes kózqaras//Novoe slova o polku Igoreve netradisionnyy vzglyad»): «Búl arada mening kózqarasyma jaqyn keletin pikiri bar ol Soltýstik Rusting qarym-qatynas tili búlghar tili (kóne búlghalyq turkù) boldy, óitkeni, búl aimaq búryndary Úly Búlghariyagha qaraghan edi.

Búghan dәlel Novgord audandary «konsy» (týrkining qonys sózinen shyqqan) termiynimen ataldy. Eger de Novgorod túrghyndary slavyan tildi bolsa, nege óz qalarynyng audandaryn týrki sózimen atauyna ne mәjbýr etti? Óitkeni, túrki tilining olargha jat bolmaghany ghoy?

Shoqyndyrghan son, әldebir týsiniksiz tilde orys adamdaryn slavyan tilin mengeruge mәjbýrledi.

Eki ghasyr boyy týrik tili jana tilge oryn bostaqysy kelmedi.... Tek XII ghasyrda Vladimir Monomah Kiyevtegi búlghar múrasyn talqandap,

... orys jylnmalaryn qoldan jasady». [«Djagfar tarihiy», Orenburg, 1994. T. III, s. 164.]

Búdan bylay tek kirildik hatty qoldanyp, kóne búlghar tilinde sóileuge mәjbýrledi.

Býkil halyqty zorlyqpen týrki tilinen slavyan tilin oqugha mәjbýr etu etek aldy. Mәjbýrlep slavyandandyruda Orys kinәzdary Dunay Búlghariyasynyng tәjiriybesin aina-qatesiz qaytalady. Onda IX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda búlghar patshasy Barysty (Boristi) jergilikti slavyandar qoldaghannan keyin búryn búlghar tili basymdyqtaghy qos tildi bolyp kelgen el bir jola slavyan tiline basymdyq berdi.

Solay desek te, Búlghariya men Rusting slavyandandyru prosesinde eleuli aiyrmashylyq bar. Búlghariyada jergilikti túrghyndar slavyan bolghandyqtan slavyan tili birden engizilse, Rusting túrghyndary týrki tildi bolghandyqtan slavyan tilin engizu attay eki ghasyrgha sozyldy. Vladimir Monomahtyng reformasyna deyin-aq, Ruste týrki-slavyan surjiygi (dýbәrә tili) payda bolghan edi». Osy surjikten keyin jasandy orys tili payda boldy.

Audarma әdilqazylar alqasyna úsynyldy biz tek konkurs shartyna say oghan kirmey qalghan bólikterdi Abay kz oqyrmandaryna úsnyp otyrmyz.

1 Les 1001 nuits traduits par Galland 1707—1717.

2 Sm., napriymer, predislovie k I tomu «Tysyachy y odnoy nochiy» v russkom perevode. Izd. 1902 g, str. 9

3 Les miller et un jour. Contes persans traduits en francois par Pétis de la Croix, doein des secretaries interprètes du roy, lecteur et professeur au college royala Paris 1710—1712.

4 Trudy po vostokovedenii, izdavaemye Lazarevskim Institutom Vostochnyh yazykov. Vypusk VIII.

5 Perecheni ih u Shovena v Bibliographie arabe, IV, str. 126.

6 Oglavlenie skazok «1001 dnya» mojno nayty u Shovena v Bibliographie arabe, t. IV, str. 219—221, a kratkoe izlojenie kajdoy skazki, s bogateyshim ukazaniyem vostochnyh liyteraturnyh y foliklornyh paralleley — v V—VII tomah pod temy nomerami, kotorye v IV tome na str. 219—221 postavleny sleva pry zaglaviy kajdoy skazkiy.

7 Ona v obyknovennom prozaicheskom perevode izvestna y na russkom yazyke: «Starye babushy Abu-Kassema» — Syn otechestva, 1850, t. 3, kn. 5, str. 44—48. Genealogii etoy skazky sm. u V. Shovena v Bibliographie arabe, t. VI, № 283, str. 129. Po-arabski, krome otmechennogo Shovenom Yon-Hyjje, ona esti y v severno-siriyskom sborniyke nachala XVIII veka: izd. V Beyrute, 1877, gde geroy nazvan Abu-Soleymanom Tatarskiym.

8 Lane: New translation of the tales of a thousand and one night.

9 Sir R. Burton. The book of the thousand nights and one night.

10 Predislovie k russkomu perevodu 1902 g., sdelannomu po perevodu Marrus.

11 Hristos, kniga I, ch.1, gl.1 y kniga III, prolog, kones glavy IV.

12 Hristos, kn. IV, chasti 1, gl. 4.

13 Hristos, kn. V, ch. IV, gl.1.

14 Hristos, kn. I, chasti 1,gl.1.

15 Trudy po vostokovedenii, izdavaemye Lazarevskim institutom vostochnyh yazykov. Vypusk VII, str. VIII.

16 Artin Pacha: Contes populaires de la vallée du Nil 15, 16 (Chauris Bibliographic arabe,IV, str.9.

 17 Trudy po vostokovedenii, izdavaemye Lazarevskiym  institutom vostochnyh yazykov. Vypusk VIII, Str. HHHV, priymechanie vtoroe.

18 Trudy po vostokovedenii, izdavaemye Lazarevskim institutom vostochnyh yazykov. Vypusk VIII.

19 “La sųite de 1001 nuits” – v Jenevskoy skazochnoy kolleksiy “Le cabinet des fees” (1788—1789).

«Altyn kópirde» oryn bermegeni ýshin avtor әdilqazylargha aqylmandyghy ýshin asqan iltipatyn bildiredi.

Ábil-Serik Ábilqasymúly

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