Alash arystarynyng últtyq iydeyagha adaldyghy men qaysarlyghy haqynda
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Alash arystarynyng últtyq iydeyagha adaldyghy men qaysarlyghy haqynda
1.

1927-1930 jyldary últ basyna tóngen qauipti jan-tәnimen sezingen alash kósemderi halyqty tónip kele jatqan asharshylyq pen últtyq ydyraudan qútqarudyng joldaryn barynsha jantalasa qarastyrdy. Múny qas qaqpay baqylap otyrghan Kenes oryndary dereu "Kenes ókimetin qaruly kóterilis arqyly qúlatu maqsatynda úiymdasqan "Alashorda" qayratkerlerining kontrrevolusiyalyq, terroristik astyrtyn qúpiya úiymyn әshkereleu" turaly qylmystyq iz qozghady. Á.Bókeyhanov, A.Baytúrsynov, M.Dulatov, H.Ghabbasov, E.Omarov, M.Espolov, H.Bolghanbaev, J.Aymauytov, M.Júmabaev bastatqan birinshi toptaghy 41 adamnyng tergeu isi 1927-1930 jyldary arasynda jýrgizilip, ýkim shygharylghan son, Múhamedjan Tynyshbaev bastaghan "úly qúrbandyqtyn" ekinshi legi, 30 adam týrmening toryna:
Ermekov Álimhan - 6/H. 30 j.; Tynyshbaev Múhamedjan - 4/ VIII - 30 j.; Dosmúhamedov Halel - 14/IH - 30 j.; Dosmúhamedov Jahansha - 31/H - 30 j.; Qojamqúlov Nashir - 20/H - 30 j.; Sýleev Bilәl - 27/IH - 30 j.; Kemengerov Qoshmúhamed - 17/IH - 30 j.; Áuezov Múhtar - 17/IH - 30 j.; Omarov Áshim - 14/IH - 30 j.; Kýderin Júmaqan - 17/IH -30 j.; Búralqiyev Mústafa - 17/IH - 30 j.; Aqbaev Ábduhamid - 14/VIII - 30 j.; Aqbaev Jaqyp - 8/VIII - 30 j.; Qadyrbaev Seydazym - 14/IH - 30 j.; Tileulin Júmaghaly - 2/VII - 30 j.; Múrzin Múhtar - 14/IH - 30 j.; Omarov Uәlihan 30/III - 31 j.; Ýmbetbaev Aldarbek - 8/VIII - 31 j.; Iskakov Kәkitayúly Danial - 29/III - 31 j.; Múnaytpasov Ábdirahman - 23/IH - 31 j." - kýnderi týsti.
Osy tergeu isindegi basty nysanaly túlgha bolyp qarauylgha alynghan M.Tynyshbaev turaly Qazaq SSR Memlekettik Qauipsizdik komiyteti tóraghasynyng orynbasary A.Tileuliyevting 1972 jyly 18 aqpandaghy Partiya institutynyng diyrektory S.B.Beysembaevqa joldaghan qúpiya hatynda:
"Tynyshbaev Múhamedjan, 1887 jyly tughan, qazaq, partiyada joq, mamandyghy injener. Qazaqstandaghy búrynghy OGPU mekemesi ony: "Alash" partiyasyn qúrushylardyng biri, Memlekettik Dumanyng mýshesi, "Alashorda" ýkimetining mýshesi, Uaqytsha ýkimetting komissary retinde 1930 jyly 3 tamyzda tútqyngha alghan. 1932 jyly 20 kókekte sottalghan", - dep kórsetken.
Demek, M.Tynyshbaevqa astyrtyn úiym, basmashylarmen baylanys, kontrrevolusiyalyq әreketter turaly taghylghan aiyptyng qoldan jasalghanyn qúpiya mekemelerding ózderi de moyyndap, jaltara jauap bergen. Sonda alash ardagerlerin qanday "ayyptary ýshin" jappay qamaqqa alghan? Áriyne, alash iydeyasy men onyng baghdarly nysanasy ýshin jazagha tartyldy. Óitkeni sol qarsanda jappay "moyynseriktendiru", baylar men ortashalardy tәrkileu, "qazaq dalasyna júmysshy, sharualardy jappay qonystandyru" (alghashqy lekte Resey men Ukraiinadan 240-360 myng adam kóshiru josparlanghan), últtyq iydeyany proletariattyq iydeyagha tolyqtay almastyru, týri últtyq, mazmúny sosialistik mәdeniyetting negizin qalau, sóitip, tegin úmytyp, taby men partiyalyq iydeologiyanyng "jasasyndatqan" (M.Áuezov) jalantósterine ainaldyru nauqany shúghyl әri shengeldey jýrgizilip jatqan. Últty azdyryp, ruhany tozdyratyn, jerin telimdetetin múnday sayasat alash iydeyasymen esh qabyspaytyn. Sonyng ishinde jer men mәdeniyet mәselesi alash qayratkerlerin erekshe alandatty. Ásirese, jer telimi men qonystandyru, tәuelsiz ekonomika, memlekettik til, tәuelsiz ghylym mәselesinde últ ziyalylary ashyq kýresti.
Tergeu isining "Ayyptau qorytyndysynyn" "Últshyl kontrrevolusiyalyq qastandyqtar" atty ekinshi bólimindegi "Jer mәselesi turaly" tarauynda búl ústanymdar bylay bayandalghan:
"Astyrtyn úiymynyng negizgi maqsatty baghdarlamasynyng biri - jer mәselesi boldy, múny sheshu arqyly olar "Alash" partiyasynyng auyl sharuashylyghy jónindegi baghdarlamasyn, yaghni, jerdi eng aldymen búratana túrghyndargha (iyә, Kenes ókimeti ýshin qazaqtar tek qana "búratana" bolyp qaldy - T. J.) eshqanday kesimsiz qajetinshe bólip beruge jәne ru-ruymen qonystandyrudy jýzege asyrugha tyrysty. Búl baghdarlama boyynsha, jergilikti túrghyndar tolyqtay jermen qamtamasyz etilgennen song ghana Qazaqstangha syrttan kelgen qonystanushylardy ornalastyrugha bolady, al qazaq jerine búrynnan ornalasyp qalghan qonys audarushylar ol jerdi qazaqtargha keri qaytaryp beruge tiyisti edi. (...) Tashkent qalasynda, Týrkistan Atqaru komiytetinde, auyl sharuashylyghy fakulitetining ýiinde ótken Jer mәselesi jónindegi úiymnyng mәjilisine Dosmúhamedov, Tynyshbaev, taghy da basqa adamdar qatysyp, jogharydaghyday kózqaras bildirgen jәne Jer reformasyn jýrgizetin ókildikting qúramyna óz adamdaryn kirgizudi úigharghan (№5417 - is, Tynyshbaevtyng jauaby, №2370-is, 275-bet).
Ayypker Tynyshbaev búl jóninde mynaday kuәlik berdi: "1923 jyly, Memlekettik uniyversiytetting ýiinde professor Qojanov jerge qonystandyru mәselesi turaly bayandama jasady. Búl jinalysta bizding úiymnan: men, Espolov jәne Dosmúhamedov Halel sóiledi. Bayandama boyynsha jaryssózge shyqqan biz, ózimizding baghdarlamamyzgha oray, jerge eng aldymen negizgi túrghyndar ornalastyrlsyn degen pikirdi qorghadyq" (Tynyshbaevting 1930 j. IH. 3. kýngi jauabynan № 2370-is, 1 t. 4-paraq).
"1923 jylghy Jetisu guberniyasyndaghy jer reformasy kezinde, Jer jónindegi halyq komissarynyng mindetin atqarushy Espolov jetekshilik etken tehnikalyq kenesting qúramyna - men jәne Qojyqov mýshe bop kirgennen keyin, bizding úiymymyzdyng jer mәselesi jónindegi baghdarlamasyn keninen jýzege asyrugha mýmkindik tudy. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde, Taldyqorghan audanynyng Shúbar selosynda jappay narazylyq tudy" (sonda, 4-paraq. Tynyshbaevting 1930 j. IH. 3 kýngi jauabynan).
"Tysqary jerden Qazaqstangha kelimsekterdi ornalastyrugha búryn da qarsy túrdyq jәne últshyl úiymnyng mýshesi retinde qazir de kelimsekterge qarsymyz. Búl ózi ejelden kele jatqan bizding úiymymyzben tikeley tarihy baylanysy bar mәsele" (№ 2370-is, 1 t., 125-paraq, Tynyshbaevtyng 1930. IH. 3 kýngi jauabynan).
"Jer mәselesine biz qatty mýddeli boldyq jәne jerge qonystandyru mәselesi bizding úiymymyzdyng mýddesine say jýrgiziluin qaladyq. Búl maqsatqa biz Jer jónindegi komissariattaghy bizding úiymymyzdyng mýsheleri arqyly, onyng ishinde - Espolov pen Tynyshbaev arqyly qol jetkizdik" (№ 2370-is, 1 t., 205-paraq. Dosmúhamedovting 30 j. IH. 12 kýngi jauabynan).
"Qazaqstangha kelimsekterdi jolatpaugha tyrysyp, búny patshalyq otarlau sayasatynyng jalghasy retinde kórsetti, úiym jerdi jergilikti túrghyndargha bekitip berudi, sóitip Qazaqstanda basy artyq jer joq ekendigin dәleldeuge úmtyldy" (№541784-is, 1 t., 98-102, 220-222-paraqtar).
Jerge qonystandyrudy osynday kezek saqtay otyryp jýrgizudi jәne jer bólip berudi dәl osy negizde jýzege asyrudy qamtamasyz etui ýshin úiymnyng búrynghy mýsheleri jer kesimining mólsherin ghylymy túrghydan tiyanaqtaudy talap etti. Osy maqsatqa jetu ýshin Bókeyhanovtyng tikeley úiymdastyruymen Ghylym akademiyasynyng arnayy ekspedisiyasy jasaqtaldy, ony Bókeyhanovtyng S-R-daghy (sosial-revolusiyalyq partiyanyng - eserding mýshesi - T.J.) pikirlesi professor Shvesov basqardy; ekspedisiya mýsheleri Jer jónindegi komissariattyng jauapty qyzmetkerleri Qaratileuov pen aiypker Múrzin Múhtardyng irikteui boyynsha tek qazaq shәkirtterinen qúryldy. Ekspedisiya ózining ghylymy júmysyn: jerge qonystandyrudyng ghylymy tújyrymyn negizdeu jәne Qazaqstanda basy artyq jer joq degen pikirdi dәleldeu baghytynda jýrgizdi" (№ 541784-is, 1 t., 103-111-paraqtar).
Shvesovtyng ekspedisiyasynyng júmysyna ekspedisiya jetekshisining orynbasary retinde Á.Bókeyhanov ta qatysty, sóitip, ol "Qazaqstan - qazaqtar ýshin ghana!" degen úrandy zang jýzinde bekituge úmtyldy, sonday-aq, Tashkenttegi joghary oqu ornynyng professory Uspenskiyge KSSR-ding Jer turaly kodeksin jasaugha tapsyrma berdi, ol úsynys 1927 jyly Ólketanu burosynyng jinalysynda jauapqa tartylghan Búralqiyev Mústafa men Omarovtyn, taghy da basqalardyng qatysuymen qabyldandy (№ 541784-is, 1 t., 10-paraq)", - dep jazyldy.
Ekinshi lekke jer mәselesi jónindegi taghylghan aiyptyng úzyn-yrghasy osynday. Biz jogharyda tergeushiler aighaq retinde keltirgen jauaptardy taldap jatpaymyz. Múnyng sebebi: ol kórsetindiler aiypkerlerding óz qolymen jazyldy ma, joq, hattama arqyly tergeushi toltyrdy ma? - degen súraqqa senimdi týrde jauap beru qiyn, ishki astary kóp, shyrghalany mol mәsele. Áriyne, "Alashorda" ýkimeti men "Alash" partiyasynyng jerge qonystanu jónindegi baghdarlamasyn basshylyqqa alghany ras. Búl - qazaq últyn otarlyq búghaudan qútqaryp, otandy tәuelsiz jolgha týsiruding birden-bir baghyty bolatyn. Búl pikirdi baspasóz betterinde ashyq bildirdi de.
Al, astyrtyn úiymnyng jayyna keletin bolsaq, onday úiym resmy týrde ómir sýrmegen. Tek әr jerde bastary qosylghan, onasha pikir alysqan. Tughan halqynyng bolashaqtaghy taghdyryn talqylaghan. Qanday talqygha týspesin Jer jóninde olardyng ýndemey qalugha qaqysy joq edi. "Kommunistik-kolonizatorlyq" sayasat búl qiytúrqyly әreketti otyz jyldan keyin "tyng iygeru" degen daqpyrtpen jýzege asyrdy. Oghan deyin de qazaq últy ýsh ret zaualgha úshyrady. 1931-1932 jylghy ashtyqtan, otyz jeti-otyz segizinshi jylghy jazalau nauqanynan, Úly Otan soghysyndaghy qantógisten song 1913 jyly 6 milliongha jetken qazaq últynyng sany 1948 jyly 1 million 400 myngha deyin qúldyrady. Qyryp-joydyng múnday qasiretin basynan keshken últ әlemde neken-sayaq qana. Adamnyng sýiegi ghana qalghan iyesiz dalany yn-shynsyz iygeruding búdan asqan ayarlyq jolynyng boluy da mýmkin emes. Ashtan qyrylghan qazaqtyng tәni men sýiegi qúnarlanghan topyraqqa ósip-óngen astyq múqym kenes ókimetin asyrady.
Múnday "kommunistik-kolonizatorlyqqa" kenes ókimetining tizginin ústaghan Smaghúl Sәduaqasov, Ydyrys Mústambaev, Nyghymet Núrmaqov, Jalau Mynbaev, Oraz Jandosov siyaqty ójet minezdi qayratkerler ashyq qarsy shyqty. Mysaly, Aqtóbening Elek audanyn Orynbor oblysyna beru turaly sheshimge oray Qazaq Avtonomiyaly respublikasynyng Halyq komissarlary kenesining tóraghasy Nyghymet Núrmaqov:
"Eger ortalyq jeke audandardyng taghdyryn osylay sheshe beretin bolsa, onda keleshekte Qazaq respublikasynyng saqtalyp qaluy mýmkin emes", - dedi.
Al Ortalyq atqaru komiytetining tóraghasy Jalau Mynbaev:
"Sóz әzirge biz úgha qoymaghan, biraq bolashaqta aldymyzdan shyghatyn mәsele turaly bolyp otyr... Men ózim ortalyq mekemelerding tek orys sharualarynyng mýddesine degen erekshe qamqorlyghyn birneshe ret bayqadym... Endeshe, nege sizder qazaq sharualary Qazaqstan ókimetine talap qoya almaydy dep oilaysyzdar? Eger bilgileriniz kelse, aitayyn, qazaqtardyng jaghdayy kýn sayyn nasharlap barady. Olar: "Bizding jerimizdi nege alyp jatyr?", - dep súraytyny anyq. Biz bolsaq: "Ol jerding túrghyndarynyng basym kópshiligi orystar" deymiz. Oghan olar: "Patshalyq Reseyding bizding jerimizdi tartyp alyp, oghan ózining otarshyldaryn qonystandyr dep kim súrapty?", - dese, ne deymiz... Qazir el arasynda: "Qazaqstanda kim búqaranyng jaghdayyn kóteruge qatty kýsh salsa, sol adam ókimet basynda kóp túrmaydy",- degen qaueset sóz bar. Búl, әriyne, qazaq qyzmetkerlerine qatysty aitylghan. Meyli, solay-aq bolsyn der edik, biraq qazaq búqarasynyng aldynda masqara bolyp qalar jayymyz joq. Osynda Boyarskiy joldas menen: "Sizding basynyz auyrdy ma?",- dep súraydy. Men: "Joq, basym emes, janym auyrady", - deymin. Shynymen de auyratynday sebep jetkilikti", - dep kýiine aitty.
BKP(b) Qazaq ólkelik komiytetining ekinshi hatshysy Súltanbek Qojanov:
"...Bizding respublikamyzdyng túla boyy túnghan últtyq problema (mәsele) ... Mәselening últtyq túrghydan qoyyluynan taysaqtap, eng qúnarly ekonomikalyq audandardan aiyrylyp otyra bergimiz kelmeydi. Qazirgi kezde qonystandyrudyng qarqyndy jýrgizilip jatqany bayqalady... Mening pikirimshe, Qazaq respublikasyn bir ólke nemese Reseyding bir audany esebinde emes, ózinshe memleket retinde saqtap qalu jәne ony odan әri nyghaytu túrghysynan kelu qajet... Keybir joldastargha erik bersek, olar búl respublikany taratyp jiberuge qúlshynyp otyrghan siyaqty", - dedi (Qoygeldiyev M. Últtyq sayasy elita. A. 2004, 268-bet).
1927 jyly aqpanda BKP(b) sayasy burosynyng mәjilisinde "Qazaqstandaghy baylardy tәrkileu nauqanyn jýrgizuding jospary" arnayy talqylandy. Oghan Stalinning ózi tóraghalyq etti. Qazaq Ólkelik Halyq Komissarlar kenesining tóraghasy Nyghymet Núrmaqov búghan ýzildi-kesildi qarsy shyqty. F.I. Goloshekin men onyng iydeologiyalyq qolbalasy O.Isaev búghan qatty "namystanyp", ózderining әriptesterin "baylardyng qúiyrshyghy" dep aiyp taqty.
Qazaq baylaryn tәrkileu turaly ókimetting qaulysy múqym dala túrghyndarynyng ashu-yzasyn qozdyryp, tús-tústan ashyq narazylyq tuyp, әr jerde qaruly kóterilister búrq ete qaldy. Múnyng ózi últ qayratkerlerine qosymsha aiyp taghylyp, "qylmysyn" auyrlatty. Kenes ýkimetining auyl sharuashylyghy jónindegi "asyra silteuleri" men qatelikterin "últshyl-burjuaziyashyl alashordashylardyn" moynyna "qarghys qamyty" retinde kiygizuge syltau boldy. Sondyqtan da, ýkim de soghan say shygharyldy. Mәskeu men Almatynyng "eng ýzdik" tergeushileri ózderining "kontrrevolusiyalyq astyrtyn úiymnyng qylmysty qastandyqtaryn әshkereleu" baghytyndaghy bes jyl boyy jýrgizgen tergeu isining "nәtiyjesinde" tәrkileu nauqanyna baylanysty "Alashorda" azamattaryna mynaday aiyp taqty.
"3. 1928 jylghy baylardyng mal-mýlkin tәrkileu nauqanyna qarsy jýrgizilgen әreketter.
Jer mәselesi jónindegi ózderining negizgi mindetterin sheshuge úmtylghan astyrtyn úiymnyng mýsheleri Qazaqstanda jýzege asyrylyp jatqan ózge de kenestik nauqandar men týrli sharalardyng mәn-mazmúnyn búrmalap kórsetuge tyrysty.
1928 jyly baylardyng mal-mýlkin tәrkileu nauqanyna dayyndyq jýrgizu barysynda olar baylardyng tәrkilenuge tiyisti mal men mýlkining mólsherin (normasyn) neghúrlym kóterip kórsetuge (mysaly: tәrkilenuge jatatyn mal sanynyng kesimdi mólsherin belgili bir dәrejeden tómendetpeu kerek. 50-60 qoyy bar qazaqty baylardyng qataryna qospau kerek degen úsynysty aityp otyr - T.J.) tyrysty, sóitip, belgilengen mólsherden kóp mal men mýlki bar baylardyng sharuashylyghyn jonggha qarsy shyqty.
Úiymnyng jekelegen mýsheleri ózara hat arqyly pikir alysyp, búl mәsele jóninde qoghamdyq pikir qalyptastyrdy jәne úiym mýshelerimen baylanysy bar, osy nauqannyng dayyndyq júmysyna tikeley qatysyp otyrghan últshyl kenes qyzmetkerlerin óz mýddelerine paydalandy, al ýkimetting josparlau mekemelerindegi úiym mýsheleri búghan tikeley yqpal etti.
Tashkent qalasynda túrghan aiypker Á. Ermekov 1928 jyly aqpan aiynda osy úiymnyng mýshesi, Leningrad qalasyndaghy M. Áuezovke: "Jerdi taghy da bóliske salu, jerge ornalastyrudaghy tengermeli mólsherdi saqtau - óz jerinnen ózing qaraqshylyqpen quylghan (ekspropirasiya) búrynghy tәjiriybeni eske salyp, baqytsyz halyqtyng taghdyry ýshin jýregindi qansyratady. Múnday tәjiriybege dalamyz endi kóne almaydy",- dep jazdy (№ 541784-is, 5 t., 192-paraq).
Al M.Tynyshbaev: "1928 jyly Qazaqstannyng ýkimet oryndary baylardyng mal-mýlkin tәrkileu nauqanyna dayyndyq jýrgizip jatqan kezde, mal-mýlki tәrkilenip ózderi jer audarylugha kesiletin baylardyng sanyn azaytu ýshin biz tәrkilenuge jatatyn sharuashylyqtyng mal sanynyng mólsherin neghúrlym joghary belgileu turaly qoghamdyq pikir qalyptastyrdyq... Múnyng barlyghy Memlekettik josparlau mekemesi men Jer jónindegi komissariatqa tikeley baylanysty edi. Ol kezde Memlekettik josparlau mekemesinde bizding úiymnyng mýshesi Ghabbasov Halel qyzmet isteytin, ol bizding maqsatymyzdy jýzege asyrugha tyrysty, al bizding úiymnyng yqpalynda bolghan, bizding úiymymyzben kezdesip, kelissóz jýrgizgen Súltanbekov Jer jónindegi komissariatta júmys isteytin", - dep kórsetti (Tynyshbaevting 1930 j. H. 4 kýngi jauabynan. № 2370-is, 1 t., 313-paraq).
Sonymen qatar, asa iri baylardyng sharuashylyghyn jong turaly qaulydaghy tәrkilenuge tiyisti baylardyng tizimin aldyn-ala bilip alghan úiym mýsheleri audandardy aralap, aldaghy jýrgiziletin nauqangha kesirin tiygizdi, jalghan mal sharuashylyghynyng moyynserikterin qúrdy, iri sharuashylyqtardy ydyratty, sonday-aq búl iske baylardyng tuystyq, rulyq jaqyndyghy bar auylnaylar men audandyq әkimshilikting qyzmetkerlerin tartty (№ 2370-is, 1 t., 313-paraq).
Kuәger Baysengirov: "Mirjaqyp Dulatov Merke audanynda bolghan kezde ózining manyna jinalghan osy audannyng baylaryna ol tәrkileu nauqanyna qatysty mәseleler jóninde nauqannyng maqsatyna qarsy baghyttalghan birneshe núsqaular berdi" - dep kórsetti (Baysengirovting 1928 j. IH. 25 kýngi jauabynan. №2370-is, 2 t., 888-890-paraq).
"Biz, úiym mýsheleri, baylardyng jer audaryluyna jәne olardyng mal-mýlkining tәrkilenuine qarsy shara qoldanyp, olargha aldyn-ala eskertip otyrdyq, sóitip nauqannyng jýrgiziluine bóget jasadyq. Sonyng ishinde, mening ózim bireuler arqyly Túrysbekovterge, Tәnirbergenovterge jәne Esenqúlgha jәne basqalargha, sonymen qatar Lepsi uezindegi ózim shyqqan "nayman" ruynyng baylaryna habar berdim (Tynyshbaevting jauabynan, № 2370-is, 1 t., 125-paraq jәne H. Dosmúhamedovting jauabynan, 207-paraq)".
Memlekettik jazalau qúrylymynyng barlyq kýshin sarqa júmyldyryp, bes jyl boyy jantalastyrghandaghy aiyptau qorytyndysynyng úsqyny osynday. Ýkimet basynda kileng jartylay sauatty adamdar otyrghandyqtan da, eng bolmasa, qiystyryp, baptardyng basyn iyip, jalghan da bolsyn "dúrystap" aiyp tagha alatynday tergeushilerding tabylmauy zandy da. Chadaaevtin:
"Qayran, Resey! Adamdy baqytty qylu qolynnan kelmegeni aiyp emes, tym qúrysa dúrystap óltirudi de ýiirenbedin-au!",- degen sózi osyndaydan baryp aitylsa kerek.

(Jalghasy bar).

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