Facebook-tegi Oljas Ábil esimdi qoldanushy «qazirgi tәuelsiz qazaqtyng bas iydeology, filosofy, iydeyalyq úrany — Abay emes, Maghjan bop keledi» degen pikirin jariyalady. Sol-aq eken, nening - aq, nening - qara ekenin tarazylamaytyn kóp sayttar jerden jeti qoyan tapqanday әlgi jazbany jariyalap jatyr. 

Atalmysh avtor múnymen de toqtamay odan keyingi postynda taghy mynaday oy tastady.

«Ákesi qazaq Tәuelsizdigine qarsy soghysqan Abaydyng shygharmashylyghynda, Tәuelsizdik turaly bir auyz sóz joq. Abay qalay tәuelsiz qazaqtyng bas iydeology bolady? Zaman da ózgeredi, elu jylda el jana degendey. Qazir «óner — bilim orysta» emes, Batysta boldy ghoy. Onyng talantyna shәk joq, ol úly Aqyn, biraq Abay iydeyashyl retinde eskirip qaldy dep oilamaysyndar ma halayyq?».

Áriyne, avtordyng Abay turaly týsinigi osynday tayaz bolsa, oghan qanday uәj aitugha bolady? Biz shalys basqan Oljas Ábil ýshin emes, qazaq oqyrmandaryna arnap, tómendegi Túrsyn Júrtbaydyng maqalasyn qaytara qysqartyp jariyalaudy jón sanap otyrmyz. Búl maqala Abaydyng orysshyl bolmaghanyn jerine jetkize dәleldep beredi. 

Eger de búl azdyq etip jatsa, Túrsyn Júrtbaydyng "Kýiesin, jýrek... Sýiesin" atty kitabyn tolyq oqyp shyghugha kenes beremiz. 

Abai.kz aqparattyq portaly

 

"JALYNAMYN, MÚNDAY SÓZ AYTPA BIZGE..."

(Abay jәne iydeologiyalyk, tәuelsizdik mәselesi)

Danalyq oidyng marjany terende jatady. Ony týsinu jәne dúrys taldap, úghu ýshin de sananmen saralap, týisiginmen tereng topshylau qajet. Úlylardyng astarly tújyrymdary qatpar-qatpar. Ony tenizding betindegi kóbik siyaqty qalqyp alu - qiyanat. Birinshi: danalyqtyng mәiegin ózing qate týsinesin. Ekinshi: jalghan týiin arqyly ózgeni adastyrasyn. Eng bastysy úlylardyng oiyn búrmalaysyn. Shyn ziyaly ýshin múnday qiyanatqa barghannan góri ýndemegenning ózi ghaniybet. P.Ya.Chaadaevtin: "Tәnirim jar bolsyn, men ólenimmen de, qara sózimmen de Otanymdy aq jolynan taydyratyn birde-bir jalghan sóz aitpappyn!" – dep tәubesine keluinde de sonday ýlken mәn bar.    

Óitkeni, ghylymnyng joly taza jol, ghylym – "ar úyalar is" . Ókinishke oray, múnday qiyanat Abaygha da jasaldy. Aqynnyng ólenderi men qara sózderindegi jekelegen joldardy mysalgha ala otyryp, onyng astaryn bayyptamay, Abaydyng aitar oiyna keri maghynada sipat bere taldanady. Múnday jaghdaylar úzaq uaqyt beleng alyp keldi.

Eger Abaydy әrbir ózgergen zamannyng sayasatyna beyimdep qúbylta bersek, onda onyng múralaryn týsinu tәmsilin mýlde jadaghaylap jiberuimiz mýmkin. Abaydyng pikirleri men teneulerin, beyneli tújyrymdaryn oimen saralap, aqylmen angharyp, taza niyetpen qoryta bilu shart.

"Biz tarihtaghy oqighalardyng derekterin kóp bilemiz, biraq ta әrbir qúbylystyng sebebine oy jibermeymiz" – dep V.O.Kluchevskiy aitqanday, Abaydyng ólenderi men ghaqliyalarynyng úzyna mazmúnyn jatqa bilsek te onyng astaryna nazar salmaymyz.

Jalang týsinemiz. "Sóz týzeldi, tyndaushym, sen de týzel", - dep Abaydyng ózi tegin eskertip otyrghan joq.

Abay "qyzyqty, qyzdyrmalap aitqan hikayany" tyndaytyn oqyrmangha zәru emes. Oghan ózining oiyna oy qosatyn, ony terendetip taldaytyn, týsinetin zerdeli jan kerek. "Ánsheyin kýn ótkizbek" әngimening adamy – Abay emes. "Abaygha abay bolayyq!" –  degen dauryghu bar da bәtua joq. Sebebi: "Nekeni molda búzar" degendey, osynday jalghan, teris tújyrymdardyng qalyptasuyna eng birinshi múryndyq bop jýrgender – ghalymdar, әdebiyetshiler, múghalimder. Biri – jazady, ekinshisi – nasihattaydy,  ýshinshisi – jas úrpaqtyng miyna siniredi.

Sóitip, Abay "óz sózine ózi iyelik ete almay" qalady. Aqyry qazaq últynyng ruhany tәuelsizdigi ýshin kýresken Abaydyng sózin ózgege emizip, tәueldi etip qoydyq.

Mine, "Shala molda qúrandy teris oqyr" degenning keri osy.

Al qiyanatyn kim kóteredi?

Úly jýregimen últyn sýigen Abaydy últshyl dep eshkim de aita almaydy. "Tәnirim jarylqasyn, men óz otanymdy ózimning jeke basymnyng mýddesi ýshin emes, otanymnyng mýddesi ýshin sýiip synadym" – dep P.Ya.Chaadaev aitpaqshy, qazaqty Abayday synap-minegen adam joq. Ózge últty da qúrmet tútqan, jaqsy qasiyetterin eline ýlgi etken. Biraq ta kez kelgen danalar ispetti óz halqynyng jәne ózge júrttyn, әsirese otarshyl memleketting boyyndaghy jahildik pighyldy astarlap otyryp ashyp berdi.

Teris tújyrymmen týsindirilip kelgen Abaydyng sonday enbegining biri onyng "Jiyrma besinshi sózi". "Bilim – orysta", "Dýniyening kilti – orysta" degen sózder әrbir oqu ornynyng mandayshasyna jazyldy. Abay orystan ózge halyqtyng mәdeniyeti men ghylymyn mansúq etken jәne ony moyyndamaghan tәrizdi.

Egerde osy sózding astaryn ashpay, taza maghynasynda qoldansa, Abaydy biz bar bolghany aghartushy dep qana tanyr edik. Onyng úlylyghy sonda, jay sózining ózinde tereng mәn jatady. Tura osy "Jiyrma besinshi sózde" ol ne ýshin oqu kerek jәne patshalyq otarlaushy memleketting aghartu jýiesining týpki maqsaty ne, ony qazaq shәkirtteri qalay týsinip, elining bostandyghy ýshin qalay jaratuy lazym, ruhany erkindikke qalay jetui tiyis, sony baghamday otyryp, jaldanyp oqyghannan jaldamaly basybayly adam shyghady degen mәseleni qozghaydy. Eger kókeyindegi qyjyldy jetkizbese Abay qalamyn siyagha batyrmas edi.

Abay orys qoghamynyng damu baghytyn, onyng aghymdaryn, europalyq óktemdik pen slavyandik ýstemdikke qúrylghan ghylymnyng qanday pighyldy kózdegenin, onyng jat júrttyqtardyng oilau jýiesi men dәstýrli mәdeny tanymyn joygha baghyttalghanyn jaqsy bildi. Tipti ol jýie orys halqynyng ózin sauatsyzdyqqa iytermeledi. Ol jóninde A.IY.Gersenning ózi:

"Orys halqy kitap oqymaydy. Sonday-aq Voliter men Danteni sharualar emes, dvoryandar men orta sharualardyng bir bóligi ghana oqitynyn siz bilesiz. Reseydegi ortashalardyng ishindegi sauattylary bayaghyda halyq boludan qalghan dvoryandargha sýienedi... Bir sózben aitqanda, Petr I bergi Reseyding tarihy – dvoryandardyng tarihy, bilim de solargha arnalghan", -  degen pikiri shyndyqqa sayady.

Sonda orys halqynyng ózining mýddesin tolyq ótey almaytyn aghartu jýiesi "taghy dalanyng qaysaqtaryna" qalay tәlim bermek? Speranskiyding qazaq dalasyn otarlau turaly josparyn, "Birinshi nizamnyn" baptaryn zerttegen Abaydyng taza orysshyl boluy ekitalay. Egerde biz týsindirip jýrgendey maghynada orys ghylymyn nasihattasa onda Abaydyng qazaq halqyn ruhany tәueldilikke tәrbiyelegeni bolyp shyqpay ma. Endeshe Abay taza orysshyl ma? Onyng ghylymyna sýisingende ne maqsat kózdedi? Tilin, dinin, túrmys-saltyn, dәstýrin qabyldaugha uaghyzdady ma? Joq, oghan belgili bir shek qoydy ma? Búl túrghydan alghanda «Jiyrma besinshi sózdin» astaryn tura maghynada týsinuge bolmaydy, Óitkeni otarlaushy jahanger memleket jәne onyn ziyaly ghalymdary eshqashanda qazaqty oqytugha qúmar bolghan joq. Oqu-aghartu jýiesining barlyghy qazaqty tәueldi etuge jәne dini men tilin ózgertuge baghyttaldy. Múny biz tabynyp jýrgen orys ghúlamalarynyng ózderi de ashyq moyyndap, qazaqtyng ruhany dýniyesine sәule týsirmeuge tyrysty. Mәseleni tolyq týsinu ýshin Sanjar Aspendiyarovting "Qazaqstan tarihyndaghy":

"Orys tilin biluding ózi qanaudyng kózi bolyp tabylady. General-gubernatorlardyng kensesinen bastap bolystyng hatshysyna deyingi aralyqtaghy tәrjimashylar patshalyq otarlaushylardyng dalagha terendep bekuine jәne sinuine yqpal etti... Patshalyq óktemdik aghartu salasynda da jýrgizilip, "samoderjaviye" men "pravoslaviye", "aq patshagha" adaldyq ruhynda "tәrbiyeleu" degen baghytqa negizdeldi. Búl baghytty tek qana ókimetting resmy ókilderi ghana jýzege asyrugha tyrysqan joq, sonymen qatar Pogodiyn, Grigoriev, P.P.Semenov-Tyanishanskiy siyaqty ghalymdar men professorlar da sony ústandy, olar "Reseyding tarihiy-mәdeny mindeti" – shetjúrtty orystandyru jәne sinirip (jútyp) qon sayasatyn jýrgizu dep úqty. Shyndyghyna kelgende jana otarlau jýiesin qamtamasyz etu ýshin patsha ókimetine "kadr" kerek boldy. Jogharghy jәne orta dәrejeli basqaru jýiesining qyzmetkerleri reseylik burokratiyanyng әkki, Saltykov-Shedrinning uytty qalamynyng qarghysyna úshyraghan súmyray qyzmetshilerinen irikteldi. Osynday súmpayylardyng eng súmpayysy Qazaqstangha jiberildi" – degen pikirin mysalgha keltirsek te jetip jatyr.

Osynday obyrlyq jәne tәueldilik, ýstemdik pighyly óktemdik qúrghan Reseyding oqu jýiesin Abay jaqtauy mýmkin be? Onda:

"Balamdy medresege bil dep berdim. Qyzmet qylsyn, shen alsyn dep bermedim", "Oyynda joq birinin, Saltykov pen Tolstoy. Iә tilmash, iә advokat, bolsam degen bәrinde oi", "Voennyy qyzmet izdeme, Oqaly kiyim kiige", -  dep shәkirtterdi saqtandyrmas edi ghoy. Múnyng barlyghy jogharyda S.Aspendiyarovting aitqanynday "dalany otarlaugha" qyzmet etetin kәsip ekenin Abay óte tereng týsingen. Búl pighylyn orys shoqyndyrushylary men ghalymdary jasyrmaghan. Ashyq jýrgizgen. Ybyray Altynsarinnin  "piri"   bolghan N.I.Iliminskiy orys oquynyng maqsatyn:

"Olardy oqytudaghy basty nazar mynaghan audarylugha tiyisti: búl jastar ózderining tuys ortasyn jatsynbasyn, olar ózining auylyna qaytyp kelgen son, mektepte alghan mәlimetterin taratsyn. Sondyqtan da búl shәkirtterge asa joghary bilim men tәrbie beruding mәnisi joq. Qazaqtardy bizding orta dәrejeli oqu oryndarymyzgha tartu ziyandy", -  dep týsindirdi.

Al kerek bolsa! Biz ghoy N.I.Iliminskiyge kóshe atyn bergendi azsynyp, oghan eskertkish ornatu turaly úsynys jasap janyghyp jýrmiz. Abay aitqan "orystyng zor bilimi" osy bolsa, onda búl "bilim" bizge "dýniyening kiltin" emes, basybaylylyqtyn, tәueldilikting kiltin qolgha ústatatyn boldy ghoy. Ózgeni bylay qoyghanda býkil týrki tarihynyng shejiresin bir izge salghan ghúlama ghalym  V.V.Bartolidting de pighyly taza bolmapty. Týrkilerding tarihy oghan tek tarih pen ataq ýshin jәne "óli tariyh" jasau ýshin kerek eken. Ásirese, ziyalylardyng ishindegi ghúlamalardyng ózi ekinshi bir halyqtyng jer betinen joyylyp ketuin tilep:

"Týzemdikterge olardyng óz tilinde ghylymy maghlúmattardy tym kóp bermeu kerek, sonday-aq sol arqyly olardyng әdebiyeti men mәdeniyetin ornyqtyra damytugha jaghday jasamau qajet, múnyng barlyghy olardyng orystanuyna kesirin tiygizedi", -  deuining ózi tóbe shashyndy tik túrghyzady. Múndayda eriksizden eriksiz Abay –

 Senbe júrtqa túrsa da qansha maqtap,

 Áure etedi ishine qulyq saqtap, - 

degen joldary oiyna týsedi.

Kóshpelilerding "óli tarihyn" tiriltken akademikting sol halyqtyng "ólimin tileui" týsiniksiz. Búl pikirdi oqyghansha V.V.Bartolidti pir tútqan qazaqtyng biri biz edik. IYә, "Ghylymdy bilimdi bolu dep jii shatastyramyz. Búl baryp túrghan túrpayy týisiksizdik. Ghylym degenimiz tek qana bilim emes, ol – tanym, yaghny bilimdi oryndy paydalanu degen sóz", - dep V.O.Kluchevskiy tauyp aitqan. Bartolidting bilimdiliginde shek joq, al tanymynan tәrbiyesizdik tanylyp qalghany onyng jeke basynyng qayshylyghy jәne Reseyding mәdeny dәrejesinin, óresining jemisi. Basqasha oilauyna jol da qalmap edi. Áriyne, keyin ózgeriske úshyrady. Biraq ta:

 Yzaly jýrek, doly qol,

 Uly siya, ashy til,

 Ne jazyp ketse –  jayy sol,

 Jek kórsender ózing bil, - 

dep Abay aitqanday, Bartolidting "uly siyamen jazylghan ashy sózin" endi óshire almaysyn.

Ókinishtisi, Bartolid siyaqty oilaytyn akademikter jalghyz emes edi. P.P.Semenov-Tyanishanskiy, F.ASherbina, P.IY.Pesteli, S.Soleviev ispetti túlghalarda bir halyqtyng ekinshi halyqty qúldanuyn tarihy zandy qúbylys dep qabyldady. I memlekettik Dumanyng deputaty T.IY.Sedelinikov akademik F.A.Sherbinanyng qazaqtardyng jerin tartyp alu turaly zertteuin synay kelip:

"Qazaqtardyng jerin kelimsek qonys audarushylargha alyp beru turaly mýldem zansyz әrekettermen ainalysqan dalanyng F.A.Sherbina men A.A.Kaufman siyaqty bedeldi "zertteushileri" men "bilgishteri" qazaqtardyng múqtajy men talaptarymen betpe-bet kelgende olar "kóshpeli ómirding tirshiligine tәn ózindik erekshelik" degendi jeleu etip, otyryqshy-eginshilerdi aldygha tarta qoyady, әitpese, olar "naghyz orys jer iyelenushilerine" paydaly túrghydan jýrgizilgen dalany otarlaudy toqtatyp, qazaqtardyng ózin jerge ornalastyru turaly qiyn da kýrdeli ispen ainalysqan bolar edi", - dep pikir bildiredi.

Demek, akademik F.A.Sherbina qazaq halqyn óz jerinen quyp shyghyp, ony býtindey otarlau josparyn jasaghan jәne teris ghylymy tújyrym týigen. Jalghan ghylymy baghyt ústanghan. Múnday iri-iri kóz boyaushylyqqa barghan akademikterding sonynan onyng jolyn qughan Lysenkolar men Mishurinderding shyghuy jәne anyzgha para-par dәrejede dәriptelui zandy da. "Naghyz úly boludan góri ózindi úlymyn dep kólgirsy kórsetu әldeqayda onay", -   degendi "qanatty sózding sheberi" Kluchevskiy ózining osynday әriptesterine qaratyp aitsa kerek-ti.

Áytpese, iysi imperiyany algha damytu ýshin onyng ruhany dәrejesin kóteruding ornyna eteginen tartyp, bar pighylyn bodan eldi túnshyqtyrugha júmsay ma. Mysaly, Ó.Ábdimanovtyng deregi boyynsha, balalaryn óz betinshe oqytqan qazaqtargha birinshi joly 10 som, ekinshi joly 30 som aiyp salyp, ýshinshi joly 5-15 tәulik mólsherinde týrmege otyrghyzu turaly ýkim shygharylypty. Eger oqu jaghdayy dәl osynday bolsa, onda Abaydyng "ýndeui" qalay jýzege aspaq? Búl qiytúrqylardy Abay bilmedi deuge әste bolmaydy. Óz balasyn da, ózgelerdi de oqytqan tәjiriybesi bar. El sengen bolys. Endeshe janaghy "Jiyrma besinshi sózdi" qalay týsinuge bolady? Jalghan kózqarasty, últtyq óktemdik pen óshtikti jaqtaghan ghalymdardyng taghlymy otarlaushy memleketting mýddesimen say keletin jәne XIX ghasyrdyng jartysyndaghy Reseyde:

"Mәdeniyeti joghary adamdar boldy, biraq mәdeniyeti joghary orta bolmady. Sol kezde ómir sýrgen adamdar ózderin qaranghylyktyng túmshalauynda qalghanyn, olardy eshkim týsinbeytinin jәne týsingisi kelmeytinin aityp shaghynady. Orys dvoryandary men chinovnikterining deni mәdeniyetsiz, qasiyetsiz jәne eshqanday yqylassyz tobyr edi. Búlar, Pushkinning "qara tobyr" dep ataghan toghysharlarynyng ózi edi", - dep N.A.Berdiyaevting bagha berui otarlaushy memleketting mәdeny dәrejesin tanytady.

Ózi qanday bolsa, sonday adam tәrbiyelep shygharatyn imperiyanyng jay-japsary Abaygha tanys edi. Abaydyng aityp otyrghan "kilti" búl emes bolatyn. Sondyqtan da ol:

Búl sózdi tasyr úqpas, talapty úghar,

Kónilining kózi ashyq, -   

dep negizgi pikirining terende jatqanyn megzeydi.

Abay osy "Jiyrma besinshi sózi" arqyly qazaq halqyn ilgeri mәdeniyetke shaqyra otyryp, onyng ózindik baghyt-baghdaryn jasaydy. Qalayda "qazaqqa kýzetshi bolyp" shyghatyn azamat atanu ýshin últtyq tәuelsizdikti birinshi oryngha qoyady. Onyng ishinde ruhany tәuelsizdik aldynghy qatarda túr. Qazaq mәdeniyetin damytu jәne onyng órkenin ósirui ýshin әr adam eng birinshi ózining ruhany mәdeniyetin mengerui qajet. Onsyz biliming "qazaqtyng ózin andityn qarugha ainalady" –  deydi Abay. Endi osy sózdi taldaugha kósheyik. Abay:

"Balalardy oqytqan da jaqsy, biraq qúlshylyq qylarlyq qana, týrki tanyrlyq qana taza oqysa bolady. Onyng ýshin búl jer dәrilharap, múnda әueli mal tabu kerek, onan song arab, parsy kerek. Qarny ash kisining kónilinde aqyl, boyynda ar, ghylymgha qúmarlyq qaydan túrsyn? Asap ishuge maldyng tapshylyghy da, aghayynnyng arazdyghy da әr týrli bәlege, úrlyq, zorlyq, qulyq, súmdyq sekildi nәrselerge ýiirlendiruge sebep bolatyn nәrse. Mal tapsa – qaryn toyady. Onan song bilim, óner kerek eken. Sony ýireneyin, ne balama ýireteyin dep oiyna jaqsy týsedi. Oryssha oqu kerek, hikmet te, mal da, ghylym da –  bәri orysta zor", -  dep sózin sabaqtaydy.

Osy uaqytqa deyin songhy sóilemning songhy sózi aitylmay, "úmytylyp" keldi. "Orysta", yaghny ghylym men óner, mәdeniyet tek orysta ghana emes, "orysta zor". Dýniyening tútqasyn ústap túrghan jalghyz últ ol emes. Tek damu satysymen europalyq kózqaras túrghysynan alghanda qazaqtan ozyp túr degen sóz. Búl sózding maghynasy eki basqa. Birinshide odan ózge ónerli el joq. S.Aspendiyarov aitqanday, "aq patshanyn" arqasy degen basybaylylyq tәrbiyesi jatyr. Al ekinshisi, ol bizden góri ilgeri degen maghyna beredi.

IYә, orystyng qoghamdyq oi-sanasy qazaqtan ilgeri edi. Biraq ta, XIX ghasyrgha sheyin, yaghny Pushkin ómirge kelgenge deyin әlem aldynda maqtanarlyqtay dәrejede emes edi. Pushkinning ózin týsinuge dәrejesi jetpegen orys qoghamy ýshin namystanghan Pushkinning dosy Chaadaev:

"Uaqyttyng yqpal-sabaghy degen bizge jýrmeydi. Dәuir men úrpaqtardyng tәjiriybesi biz ýshin sugha sinip ketti. Bizge qarap túryp: iyisi adamzatqa ortaq zandylyqtardyng bizge qatysy joq  eken dep bagha beruge bolady. Jalghanda jalghyz qalghandyqtan da biz dýniyege bir jaqsylyq jasaghanymyz da joq, olardan biz bir nәrse ýirengemiz joq, biz adamzattyng damuyna birde-bir iydeya qosqamyz joq, biz adamzat oiynyng damuyna birde-bir pikir bildirgemiz joq, sol damu qozghalysynan ýirengenimizding ózin búrmalap tyndyq. Bizding әleumet retinde ómir sýre bastaghan alghashqy kýnimizden bastap adamgha qayyrymdylyq jasaytish eshqanday izgilik jasamappyz, bizding otanymyzdaghy qúnarsyz jerge sebilgen birde-bir dәnimiz kóktep shyqpapty, bizding aramyzdan birde-bir úly pikir júrtqa jayylmapty; óz oiymyzben ózgeshe bir әlem ornatugha kýsh salmappyz, al ózgelerding ýlgisining tek jaltyraghan qayyrsyz dýniyeni shashqan daraqylyghyn ghana alyppyz" – dep nazalanady.

Osynday azamat oishyldardyng ótkir sózining qamshylauymen XIX ghasyrdyng ortasynda Reseyde últtyq tanym oyandy. Úly derjavalyq menmensumen qatar ózine-ózi syn kózben qarau aghymy qalyptasty. Búl oidyng úshyghynan Abay da habardar edi. Biraq onday ozyq pikir qazaq dalasyndaghy otarshyl missionerlerge jetpedi. Tipti imperiyanyng ishindegi pighyl da eski tәrtippen tәrbiyelengendikten de eng soraqy túrghyda jýrgizildi. Adamzattyn, onyng ishinde ghylym men bilim salasyndaghy jetistikter búratana últtardy ruhany tәueldi etu maqsatynda júmsaldy. Sondyqtan da:

Abay birden orys mәdeniyetine bas úr demeydi. Qayta oqyp qaranyzshy: әueli "týrki tanyrlyq" dәrejede sauatyndy ash deydi. Demek, óz júrtynnyng mәdeniyetin, tarihyn, dәstýrin bil. "Qúlshylyq qylatynday" yaghny dinindi, tilindi, tanymyndy tanitynday taghlym alatyn bol. Ruhyng tәuelsiz bolsyn. Tilindi, dinindi boyyna sinir, sodan song bilim jolyn qu, "janbay jatyp sónu ýshin" talpynba, ruhyndy bekit degen emeurin emes pe búl.

Sodan song baryp "arab pen parsy kerek". Nege býitip satylap aityp otyr.

Sebebi, arab pen parsy mәdeniyetining qazaqpen ruhany baylanysy, ortaq tarihy men ortaq diny mýddesi bar. Ony mengermey halqynnyng tolyq sauatty ókili bola almaysyn.

Zaman qalyptastyrghan ruhany baylanystyng ýziluine Abay qarsy. Onyng ózi de osy saty boyynsha dәris alyp, "dýniyege kózi ashyldy". Jat din men mәdeniyetting yqpalyna erte týsip ketpe. Tolyq ruhany bostandyqta bolu ýshin "mal tap". Ekonomikany týze. Elinning ensesin kóter. Ózing bireuge jalynyp jýrip últynnyng qamyn oilay almaysyn. Ýlken ghylym men óner ýshin eng birinshi ruhany jәne ekonomikalyq tәuelsiz adam boluyng kerek. Óitkeni, tómenshektep túryp týisigindi tәuelsiz ete almaysyn.

Osy sharttar kelisse ghana óner izde, sonyng biri – ózine jaqyn orys júrty. Onyng bizden óneri zor. Arab pen parsyny, týrkini bilip barghan adam ýshin "zordyng yqpalyna týsu" óte qiyn. Teng dәrejede sóilesip, teng túrghyda bilim al. Áytpese, jogharydaghy "shoqyndyrushy" dayarlaytyn  bilimning kadry" bolyp shyghasyng degeli otyr. Abay ol ýshin ózining oqyrmanyn, tyndaushylaryn ózgeshe oilay biluge úmtylyp:

 Týzu kel, qisyq, qynyr, qyryn kelmey,

 Syrtyn tanyp is bitpes, syryn bilmey.

 Shu degende qúlaghyng tosansidy,

 Ósken song búnday sózdi búryn kórmey, -

dep eskertedi.

Abay jalang sózge berilip, buyrqanyp kelgen ishki tolghanysty oilanbay qaghazgha týsiretin aqyn emes. Ár sózinde astar bar. Ol últtyq iydeyanyng oishyl oqymysty jyrauy. "Qara sózderi" men ólenderining aitar oiy ózara baylanysyp, tamyrlasyp jatady. Aqylmen saralap baryp qauyrsyn qalamyn qolyna alady. Sondyqtan da "Ghaqliyadaghy" oidy ólenmen janghyrta bayandauy Abaydyng ózi týigen tújyrymyna anyq kózi jetkendigin tanytady.

Sonda "syrtyn tanyp is bitpes, syryn bilmey" dep astarlap otyrghany ne jәne "qazaqqa qarauyl bolu ýshin" qanday bilimdi qalay jәne ne ýshin iygeru kerek? – deydi. Abay otarshyl elding óktemdigin jong jәne odan qútylu ýshin sol elding damu dәrejesine jet, óz qaruyn ózine qoldan, ruhyndy tәueldilikten qútqar, ózing de "oquyn, hikmetin, malyng (ekonomikang –  T.J.), ónerin, ghylymyng zor bolsyn" degen nysanany núsqaydy. Al endi sol sózdi osy túrghydan bir ret oy sala qayta oqyp kóreyikshi:

"Oryssha oqu kerek, hikmet te, mal da, óner de, ghylym da – bәri orysta zor. Zalalynan qashyq bolu, paydasyna ortaq bolugha tilin, oquyn, ghylymyn bilmek kerek. Onyng sebebi: olar dýniyening tilin bildi, múnday boldy. Sen onyng tilin bilsen -kókirek kózing ashylady. Árbir elding tilin, ónerin bilgen kisi - onymen birdey daghuasyna kiredi, asa arsyzdana jalynbaydy", -  deydi Abay.

Eger "qisyq, qynyr, qyryn kelmesek", búl sózding astary biz týsindirip jýrgen "orysshyldyqqa" mýldem qarama-qayshy ghoy. Qarapayym tilmen týsindirsek onymen "birdeylik daghuasyna kiresin".

I. Kimge tәueldi boldyq, bizge ne berdi jәne ol elding qanday zorlyq-zombylyghy bar, jaqsylyghy nede –  sony sanana salyp talda. Nesimen tandandyrady, nesimen týnildiredi, pighyly qanday? Sony bil. Zertte, "Zalalynan qashyq bol, paydalysyn al". Oquy, ghylymy qanday dәrejede, onyng maqsaty ne eken? Tilin bilsen, zertteseng kókirek kózing ashylady. Olardyng pighylyn týsinesin, - deydi. Ol pighyldyng qanday ekenin jogharyda bildik.

II. "Árbir elding tilin, ónerin bilgen kisi -  onymen birdeylik daghuasyna kiredi" degeni –  sol elding ishki damu qozghalysyna teng dәrejede erkin aralasasyn, biyligining tizginin ústaysyn, malyndy maldanyp, oghan iyelik etesin, sózindi teng sóileysin. "Daghuasyna kiresin", -  kýresesin, halqyndy basybaylylyqtan qútqaru ýshin últ atynan sóileysin. Qorlyghyna kónbeysing – degen maghynany bildiredi. Daghua – arab tilinde qoghamdyq qozghalys, kýres, pikir talasy, maydan degen úghymdy bildiredi. Yaghni, ózge últtyn, búl arada Reseyding  óktemdigin moyyndama. Teng dәrejede qarym-qatynas jasa degen sózi. Eger:

III. "Daghuasyna kirseng – asa arsyzdana jalynbaysyn", ruhany tәueldilikten qútylasyn, tәueliz el atanasyn.

Mine, Abaydyng astarly oiy osy. Múny "orysshyldyq pikir" dep baghalaugha әste bolmaydy. Orystyng bilimi men ghylymy ruhany jәne últtyq tәuelsizdikke jetuding bir joly. Qazaq damudyng basqa satysynda túrghan aghylshyn, nemis, fransuz memleketterining otary bolghanda, onda ruhany tәuelsizdik, últtyq tәuelsizdik jolyndaghy kýres "daghuasy" ózge arnamen damyr edi. Abay onda:  "aghylshynda, fransuzdarda nemese nemisterde bәri zor, solardyng daghuasyna aralas" der edi. Kýshtining qaruyn mengermey kýshindi tenestire almaysyn. Europalyq elderding otarlau sayasaty ekonomikagha negizdeledi. Eldi emes, jerdi sordy. Olardyng dinine, tanymyna, taghdyryna aralaspady. Tek payda ghana kózdedi. Ekonomikalyq mýddesi ótelgen kezde otar elin taghdyrdyng tәlkegine tastap, altyn qazbasyn qotaryp jiberip, kemege minip jýre berdi. Áriyne, kýshti otarlyq biylik jýrgizdi. 

Al Reseyding otarlau sayasaty mýldem basqasha baghytta jýzege asyryldy. Sebebi, orys qoghamy N.A.Berdyaev aitqanday: "tek qana iydeologiyamen ghana ómir sýrdi". Sondyqtan da otarlau nauqany men sayasaty iydeologiyagha negizdeldi. Basty baghyt pen kýsh-quat oqu-aghartu jýiesine, shoqyndyrugha, ruhany tәueldi etuge, ózine sinirip alugha júmsaldy. Orys memleketining úiytqysy pravoslaviyelik din edi. Basybayly sharualardyng qataryna qosyp, erik-jigerden mýldem aiyrudy kózdedi. Dvoryandyq tek óz halqyn mensinbedi, jek kórdi. Al jalpy orystyq mýdde olargha jat boldy. Týpki maqsaty qazaqtardy basybayly qúl etu bolghandyqtan da eng birinshi olardyng dinin, tilin, dәstýrin, halyqpyz, elmiz degen úghymyn jonggha úmtyldy. Mәngýrttikting baghdarlamasyn jasady. Búghan tarihshy E.B.Bekmahanovtyn:

"Basybayly enbek kýshin paydalanatyn iri-iri tau-ken zavodtarynyng iyesi men orys pomeshikterine balalardy qúldyqqa satu turaly Aleksandr I patshanyng arnayy shygharghan zany arqyly rúqsat berdi. XIX ghasyrda Gurievte bir aida 100 qazaq balasy: úldar –  4,5 dorba, qyzdar –  3,4 dorba qara biday únyna satyldy", - dep jazghany dәlel.

Osyny kóre týryp Abay otarlaushy memleketti janyna jaqyn tartty deuge bola ma? Qayta Abay janaghy ýsh-tórt dorba ýshin balasyn satqandargha ashynyp:

"Jaqsy bilgendi (jaqsylar bilgen bilimdi ýirensem, jýzege asyrsam degenderdi – T.J.)jorghalyqpen (qulyqpen – T.J.) kónilin alsam eken degen nadan әke-sheshesin, aghayyn-júrtyn, dinin, adamshylyghyn, jauyrynynan bir qaqqan (yaghny orysqa  -  T.J.) kýlgeni kerek dep kóti ashylsa da qam jemeydi. Orystyng ghylymy, óneri –  dýniyening kilti, ony bilgenge dýnie arzanyraq týsedi. Biraq osy kýnde orys ghylymyn balasyna ýiretken jandar sonyng qaruymen taghy qazaqty andysam deydi. Joq, onday niyet kerek emes", -  deydi.

Abaydyng kýizelisi – aqyldyng kýizelisi. Múnday qorlyqty kórgen Abaydyng "biliminen –  qayghy, tilinen –  zar shyqpaghanda" qaytedi. Jogharyda aitylghandardyng bәri de ashy shyndyq edi. Aqmoladaghy Qonyrqúlja Qúdaymendiyn, Oraldaghy Ahmet Janturinder sonday qu mýiizder. Al bolys pen starshiyn, tәrjimashy tәrizdi "kýni ýshin jýrgen qulardyn" (J.Kәrmen) "búrtyny men jyrtyny" az synalghan joq. Abay sauatty qazaqtyng óz elin saughany turaly megzep otyr. Bilgenin, bilimin qatardaghy qazaqtan qulyghyn asyrugha júmsaghan pysyqtar da otarshyldardyng "jemtiktesi" bop "momyn dalanyng qúiryghyn obyrlarmen qosa sorysyp" (M.Áuezov) jatyr. Búghan Abay týgil orys ziyalylarynyng ózi nazalanyp:

"Ekinshi jaghynan alghanda, 300-400 desyatina egindik jeri men birneshe myng somdyq sauda ainalymy bar bay qazaqtardyng ózi "kóshpeli qazaqsyn" degen syltaudy maldanyp janaghy myrzalardyng (otarlaushy kelimsekterdin – T.J.) iyeligindegi jerdi, yaghny naghyz kóshpeli qazaqqa tiyesili sybaghany ózining etegining astyna basyp aldy. Sóitip, syrt qaraghanda qazaq ómirin jalghan syltaumen býrkemelegen ayarlyqtyng nәtiyjesinde orys jer iyelenushileri men dala burjuaziyasy (múny oqyghan qazaq dep týsininiz – T.J.) baylyqqa belshesinen batady, al qazaq halqynyng ózine, onyng kedeylengen bóligine... "riza boludan basqa eshtene qalmaydy"... Qaysybir jaghdaydy alyp qarasanyz da túldanghan qara halyqtyng ómirlik múqtajdyghy syrty jyltyr, ishi aram osynday әdiletsizdikpen ayausyz kýresuge mәjbýr etedi", - degen qorytyndy shyghardy. (T.IY.Sedelinikov."Qazaq dalasyndaghy jer ýshin kýres").

Qazaqtyng kóshpeli qoghamyndaghy jikteludi joqqa shygharghan pikirlerding jelisi shyndyqqa tartylghanmen, múnda da qarabayyr topshylau joq emes. Abay angharghan oqyghan pysyq pen T.IY.Sedelinikov jazyp otyrghan "burjuaziya" dala tósinde de boldy. Kapitalyn qalay úqsatty, ol basqa mәsele. Alysqa arqan tartpay-aq kópting kóz aldynda jýrgen tóre túqymdaryn alayyq. Mysaly, Bókey ordasyn qaranyz. Olardyng qarauyndaghy jer tek solardyng menshigi ispetti boldy. Bylaysha aitqanda qazaqtyng tórtinshi jýzi tәrizdi ómir sýrdi. Han halyqqa jaghymdy bolsa Jolaman men Isatay, Mahambet pen Qúrmanghazy qudalaugha týspes edi. Sonday-aq Uәlihannyng enshisindegi Syrymbetti alynyz. Aq patshanyng ózi ol jerdi mәngilikke bekitip berdi. Kelimsekterdi kirgizbedi. Naqty shyndyq sol".

Al, sol menshik Kenesarygha nege tiymedi?

Sebebi, ol "qazaqtyng kýzetshisi" edi. Imperiyagha eng kauipti, otar elge eng qajetti túlgha bolatyn. Qazaqtyng eng shúrayly jerine iyelik etken Bókey ordasy men Syrymbettegi tóreler qazaqtyng qay mýddesin sheshti? Qanday niyet qosty? Jekelegen adamdar men rulargha jasaghan qayyrymy iysi qazaqtyng tәuelsizdigine septigin tiygizdi me? Kóshpelilerding tәrbiyeli, bilimdi aqsýiekteri shyqqan búl ordalardaghy myrzalar Abay siyaqty eli ýshin kýiinip:

"Maldy qalay adal enbek qylghanda tabady eken, sony ýireteyin, meni kórip jәne ýirenushiler kóbeyse, úlyqsyghan orystardyng júrtqa birdey zakony bolmasa, zakonsyz qorlyghyna kónbes edik. Qazaqqa kýzetshi bolayyn dep, biz de el bolyp, júrt bilgendi bilip, halyq qataryna qosyludyng qamyn jeyik dep niyettenip ýirendi me?"

Qaydam. Shoqan siyaqty jas kezinde esin jiyp, "oqaly kiyimnen" bas tartqandar sanauly ghana. Oqyghan, ónerli Segiz Serining ózi de ómir sonynda auyl ainalasyndaghy әnshi bolyp qaldy. Áskery ghylymnan habary mol Segiz Serini Kenesarynyng kóterilisining ishinen kórgisi kelgen qazaq jauyngeri bolmady dep aita alasyz ba? Abaydyn: "qazaqqa kýzetshi bolayyn dep, biz de el bolyp, júrt bilgendi bilip, halyq qataryna qosyludyng qamyn jeyik dep niyettenip ýirenu kerek", - dep otyrghany da sol.

Bilimdi ózing ýshin alma, eling ýshin al. Sonyng keregine jarat. Etek basty bolma. Ózindi ózing tәrbiyele. Bórige qosylyp elindi qosa talama.

Mine, oqudyng maqsaty osy. Búl Speranskiy jobasyn jasap, Bartolid, Semenov-Tyanishanskiy, Iliminskiy, Sherbina, Alektorov, Ostroumov jýzege asyrugha tyrysqan patshalyq oqu aghartu jýiesine mýldem qarama-qayshy baghdar. Ruhany tәuelsizdik joly. Qazaqtan shyqqan sauattylardyng joly – salauat joly, azamattyq joly bolsa eken dep tileydi Abay. Sonday-aq, "úlyqsyghan orystardyng júrtqa birdey zakony bolmasa, zakonsyz qorlyghyna kónbes edik" – degen sózinde de ýlken astar jatyr. Eger shyndap zangha jýginetin bolsaq Ábilqayyrdyng Anna Ioanovnagha bergen dәiegi boyynsha biz Reseyge bodan emes, odaqtas el boluymyz kerek eken. Múny kótergen I Dumanyng deputaty T.IY.Sedelinikov myrza. "Búlghyn jaghaly shapangha" aiyrbastalghan bostandyqtyng asyghyspen "bodandyqqa" ainalghany sonday, onyng baptaryn bayyptap túryp týzeuge shamamyz kelmepti. Tym qúrysa basybaylylyqtyng ózin zandy týrde negizdep almappyz ghoy. Masqara! Múny T.IY.Sedelinikov:

"1731 jyly qazaqtardy bodandyqqa alghan kezde orys ýkimetining olardyng jer iyelenui men sharuashylyqty jýrgizu tәrtibi turaly maghlúmaty óte búlynghyr bolsa kerek. Mine, sondyqtan da Anna Ioanovna patshayym qol qoyghan dәrgeyding mazmúny týsiniksiz әri anyq emes... 1905 jyly tamyz aiynda bergen qyr elining ozyq oily azamattarynyng kópshilik mәlimdemesinde ghana onyng mazmúny ashyldy, ol boyynsha jer qazaqtyng býtindey menshigi bolyp tabylady eken, óitkeni әlgi dәrgeyde "qazaqtardyng bodandyghy bashqúrttardyng bodandyghymen birdey dәrejede ekendigi" kórsetilipti, al bashqúrttar jerdi rulyq menshik (votchina) retinde paydalanady... Búl sauatsyzdyq qoy. Egerde janaghy sózdi biz sol maghynasynda týsinetin bolsaq, onda jer jóninde bodandar emes, kerisinshe ýkimetting ózi qazaqtargha qysym men qiyanat jasap, 150 jyldan astam uaqyttan beri ýnemi kýsh kórsetip keledi degen qorytyndy jasaymyz", - dep mәseleni ashyq týsindirip beredi.

Al qoghamdyq ghylymnyng biyik dәrejesine kóterilgen "toqyraudyng tolqynynda tughan" ghalymdar 150 jyl emes, 250 jyl boyy zandy týrde óz erkimizben basybayly boldyq dep qalyn-qalyng kitap jazyp, úly kenestik imperiya dәrejesinde úlan-asyr toy ótkizdik. Sonshama tarihshy men zangerlerding zeyini men bilimi jalghyz Álihan Bókeyhanovtyng zerdesine jetpegeni ghoy.

Taghy da masqara!

Abay turaly jәne onyng "Jiyrma besinshi sózi" turaly daqpyrt taratyp, oqu oryndarynyng mandayshasyna jazdyryp jýrgen de sol aghayyndarymyz-au! Sonda, Abaydyng "úlyqsyghan orystyng júrtqa birdey zakony bolmasa, zakonsyz zorlyghyna kónbes edik" –  degen armany qayda qaldy.

IYә, bilimimiz ósti, biraq ol ghylym dәrejesine kóterilmedi. Bilimdiler shyqty. Biraq olar tәuelsiz ghalym dәrejesine kóterile almady. Oqu - aghartu jýiesi europalyq ýstemdik, úly orystyq tәueldilik túrghysynda enbek etti. Onyng jemisin Iliminskiy men Ostroumovtyn, Aleksandrovtyng ornyn basqan "kommunist-kolonizator" (S.Saduaqasov), oqu ministrining orynbasary Shevchenko kórdi. Ózining patshalyq samoderjavie túsyndaghy ústazdary jýzege asyra almaghan oqu-aghartu men til, mektep sayasatyn kandidattyq dissertasiya arqyly oryndap tyndy. Respublika jappay orys mektebin ashu baghytyna kóshti. Bizding zamanda da Ybyray Altynsarinder shyqty. Biraq Ybyray Altynsarin ómirining sonynda búl isine qatty ókinip, elden keshirim súrap, 99 moldagha janaza shyghartu turaly ósiyet aityp, "Músylmandyq sharty" atty kitap jazyp ketse, bizding zamannyng "qazaq missionerleri" beti býlk etpesten doktorlyq, kandidattyq diplomdarmen әli de kýnin kórip jýr. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde marqúm Oralhan Bókey ashyna әshkerelegen "budandar" qazaqtyng ruhany dýniyesine әkimdik etti. Múnday "budandardy" Abay da jaqtyrmaghan. Ol:

"Qazirde orystan oqyghan balalardan artyq jaqsy kisi shygha almay da túr. Sebebi ata-anasy, aghayyn-tughany bir jaghynan búzyp jatyr. Sýitse de, osy oqyghan balalar ana oqymaghan qazaq balalarynan ýzdik, ozyq. Ne qylsada sózdi úqtyrsa bolady olargha. Jaqsy atanyng balalary da kóp oqyghan joq, qayta kedeyding balalaryn orysqa zorlap berdi. Olar osydan artyq qayda barsyn? Jәne keybir qazaqtar aghayynmen arazdasqanda "Sening osy qorlyghyna kóngenshe balamdy soldatqa berip, basyma shash, auzyma múrt qoyyp ketpesem be!" – deushi edi. Osynday jaman sózdi qúdaydan qoryqpay, pendeden úyalmay aitqan qazaqtardyng balasy oqyghanmen de ne bola qoysyn! Sonda da ózge qazaq balalarynan artyq ýirengeni nemene? Qaybir kóp ýirenipti? Kirdi, shyqty. Ildi, qashty. Týbegeyli oqyghan bala joq. Ákesi el aqshasymen oqyghangha әreng oqytady, óz malyn neghyp shygharsyn?" – deydi.

Abay jaqtyrmay otyrghan "oqyghan shәkirtpen" keyingi zamandaghy oqyghan orys tildi shәkirtting arasynda kóp aiyrmashylyq bar. Abay әueli týrkini, odan song arab pen parsyny, sodan keyin ekonomikany ýiren dese, keyingiler qazaq tili men dinin de úqpay ósti. Sondyqtan da olardyng boyyndaghy qan –  taza qazaqy qan emes. Budan. Al budandar ýshin eng qauipti nәrse – últtyq sezim, últtyq mýdde, últtyq biylik. Olar óz últyn eshqashanda sýie almaydy jәne týsinbeydi. Qanday qyzmette otyrsa da ainalyp kep "qazaqty andysam" deydi. Últtyq tәuesizdikke qarsy kýres maydany bastalghan tústa solardyng shýldirlep basy qosyla qalatyny sondyqtan. Kolbinning túsyndaghy "budandardyn" buy búrqyrap shygha kelgeni soghan dәlel. Yaghni, Abay aitqanday olar:

 Orys sezd qyldyrsa,

 Bolys elin qarmaydy...

 ... Oryssyz jerde top bolsa,

 Shaqyrghan kisi barmaydy, -

degennin naghyz ózi.

"Kiredi, shyghady. Iledi, qashady". Týbegeylep elding qamyn oilamaydy. Dәl qazir Abaymen birge týniluding qajeti joq. Tek bostandyq ruhyn jýrekke myqtap siniru kerek. "Deydi, dedi, depti" degenning zamany ótken. Ghylymdy, bilimdi tәueldi bolu ýshin emes, tәuelsiz bolu ýshin iygeru lazym. Tәuelsizdik ruhy –  qasiyetti ruh. Tәuelsizdik ghylymy – qasiyetti ghylym. Dәl osy jol ýshin:

"Turasyn oilaghanda, balana qatyn әperme, enshi berme, baryndy salsang da, balana orystyng (qanday ghylymyn ýirenu kerek ekeni qazir týsinikti – T.J.) ghylymyn ýiret! Myna men aitqan jol – mal ayar jol emes. Qúdaydan qoryq, pendeden úyal, balang bala bolsyn deseng –  oqyt, mal ayama. Óitpese, bir it qazaq bolyp qalghan son, saghan rahat kórseter, ózi rahat kórer me, iә júrtqa rahat kórseter me?" – deydi Abay.

Abaydy endi tobyrgha jendiruding ózi qiyanat. Aqyl, oigha jasalghan qorlyq. "Tyndaushymdy úghymsyz, qylyp Tәnirim bergen-di" deytin zerdesiz zaman ótti. Últtyng ruhy ózgerdi. Qanshama zaualdy tarihy kezendi bastan keshirip, sabaq aldy. Endi "aqylgha sýienip" ómir sýretin dәuir tudy. Elge kýzetshi bolatyn ziyaly úrpaq keldi dýniyege. Sondyqtan:

 Óleni bar, ónerli inim, sizge,

 Jalynamyn, múnday sóz aitpa bizge, -

degen Abaydyng sózining maghynasyn tereng taldap týsineyik.

Búl – ósiyet, Abaydyng ósiyeti. Onyng sebebin "Jiyrma besinshi sózdi" taldau barysynda týsindiruge tyrystyq. "Sәuleng bolsa keudende, myna sózge kónil ból", -   degen emeurinmen әngimeni ayaqtaymyz.

Túrsyn Júrtbay

"Kýiesin, jýrek... Sýiesin" kitabynan

Abai.kz