Álem tarihyndaghy eng iri basshy, әri әmirshilerding biri – Shynghyshan túlghasy túraly, onyng ómiri, jenisteri men zandaryn osy uaqytqa deyin  ghalymdar zerttep, talay enbekter әli jazylyp jatyr.

Tarihy oqighalardyng ózgeristerine oray, Shynghys handy bireu maqtap, bireu dattasa da, onyng esimi, zandary býkil әlem tarihynda ýlken iz qaldyrghany aiqyn.

Shynghys han shamamen 40 jyl ishinde әlemning ýshten eki bóligin baghyndyryp, ataqty danqqa ie bolghan adam. Ol ózin Tәnirining jer betindegi kólenkesi retinde sanap, býkil adamzattyng әmirshisi retinde biletin. Shynghys han zamanynda týrkiler zúlymdyq jasaudy emes, býkil dýnie jýzine týrk әdilettiligin ornyqtyru maqsatyn qoyghan. Týrki tildes halyqtar turaly ghylymy derekterdi qaraghanda da, Shynghyshannyng negizgi oiy – Tәniri bergen memleket pen kýsh-quat arqyly әlemde tәrtip ornatu edi. Osy maqsatyna oray qaghan barlyq әskeri, qúqyqtyqtyq oilaryn, búiryqtar men jarlyqtaryn Kók kitabyna jazatyn.

Shynghys han imperiyasynyng әskeriy-qúqyqtyq zandar jinaghy - Úly Yasa dep atalady.  Yasa degen sózi – qauly nemese zang degendi bildiredi. Juveyniyding aituy boyynsha, Shynghys hannyng zandary men qaulylary oramalargha ("túmar") jazylyp, Yasany tereng biletin   hanzadalarda ghana saqtalghan.

Úly Yasa negizgi bes topqa kiretin normativtik-qúqyqtyq aktilerden túratyn.

1. Azamattyq tәrtipke qatysty erejelerdi qamtityn Jarlyq jәne ishki basqaru;

 2. Áskery sipattaghy normalardy qamtityn Jarlyqtar;

 3. Qylmystyq isterdi tiyatyn zany bar Jarlyqtar;

 4. Jeke qúqyq erejelerin qamtityn Jarlyq;

 5. Otandyq sipattaghy erekshe erejelerdi, dala salt-dәstýrdi qamtityn Jarlyqtar.

Shynghys han basqaru kezeninde osy qúqyqtyq aktilerding oryndaluyn  qamtamasyz etetin jәne tirkelgen qúqyqtardy búzghan adamdardy jauaptylyqqa tartatyn birynghay apparatty qúru negizi payda boldy. Osyghan oray,  XII-XIII ghasyrlarda sot tóreliging qúru kezeni bastaldy. 1206 jyly qaghan býkil bas Ádilet «Shihihutuga» qúryluy turaly jarlyq shygharghan.

Shynghys han kezinde orta jәne jogharghy әskery lauazym iyeleri sot funksiyalaryn jýzege asyratyn. Baylanys әskeri, әkimshilik jәne sot funksiyalary negizinde bir tiptik boldy. Mysaly, kishi sudiyalardyng mәrtebesi myng adamdy qúrady «Centurion», joghary sot- «on myndyq» jәne sottardyng ýshinshi siltemesi boldy.

Shynghys hannyng ózi – Han jarlyghymen taghayyndalghan bas Ádilet mәrtebesin atqardy. Onyng kómekshisi retinde – Bas sudiya bolatyn. Qylmys jasaghan adam airyqsha Ólim jazasyna - Han ólim jazasyna tartylghan. Shynghyshannyng Jarlyghyna sәikes, sudiyalar ólim jazasyn qoldanu ýshin arnayy esep jazu kerek edi. Ólim jazasy qoldanylghan  jaghdaylarda tek hannyng resmy qaulysynan keyin ghana oryndalatyn boldy. Sonday-aq, han qaulysymen ólim jazasyna keshirim jasalyp, ólim jazasy júmsaq jazagha da auystyrylatyn.

Al, jergilikti-aumaqtyq sot funksiyalaryn - jergilikti basshylar jәne әkimshilik-aumaqtyq birlik basshylary jýzege asyratyn. Mәselen, qalada qylmys jasalghan bolsa, nemese qalanyng mәdeniy-әleumettik túrmysyna qarsy qylmys bolsa, búnday is qalalyq sotta qarastyryldy. Biraq, qala sudiyalary Bas sudiyagha qaramaugha da qaqyly bolghan. Qala sudiyasy aldyn ala tergeu ýshin jauapty boldy jәne is boyynsha ýkim shygharatyn. Kýrdeli ister boyynsha auyldyq sudiyalar qala sudiyalaryna jauapty boldy jәne qala sudiyalary auyldyq isterding barlyq is jýrgizuine tekseris jýrgizuge qúqyly boldy.

Sol jýiesi qalyptasqan kezden bastap-aq, sudiyalargha belgili talaptar qoyylatyn.   Shynghys han zamanynda  biylerdi sudiya retinde tanu ýshin negizgi mynanday ólshemder boldy:

 - adaldyq, danalyq;

 - bilim, zandardy saqtau;

 - logikalyq oilaudy damytu.

Qaghannyng sot kandidaturasyna qoyghan manyzdy talaptarynyng biri ol – sottyng adamgershilik qasiyettining boluy. Sudiya bolyp tereng oily dana adamdar taghayyndaldy.

Shynghys hannyng zamanynda sudiya taghayyndalghan kýni kelesidey ant berdi: «Osy kýnnen bastap Men  zannan jaltarghan jәne soghan qatysty barlyq mәseleler boyynsha oghan jaza saylap, sot talqylaularyn ótkizip, daulardy rettep, taraptar tartysyn salystyryp, tekseru mindetin atqaramyn. Ant búzghan jaghdayda, men kez kelgen jazany moynyma alugha dayynmyn».

Sudiya tek qana zangha baghynu kerek edi.

Shynghys han – sot jýiesine ýlken mәn bergen, sot jýiesining adal jәne bedeldi boluyn oilaghan, memleket sayasatyn nyghaytu jolynda Zannyng әdilet joly bolyp sanalatyndyghyna sengen túlgha. Shynghyshannyng «Úly Yasasynda» jazylghan kinәsizdik qaghidasy «dәleldenbegen is iyesi - kinәli emes» býgingi kýnde de sot atqaru jýiesining basty qaghidalarynyng biri bolyp keledi.

Adeli Eshmaghambetova,

Astana qalasy Esil audanynyng №2 audandyq sotynyng sudiyasy.

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