Otarlau degenimiz - basqanyng jerin basyp alu nemese bayyrghy geografiyalyq ataulardy ózger­tumen  shekteledi  desek qatelese­miz. Otarlaushylardyng otarlan­ghan halyqqa tiygizetin ruhany zardaptary ólsheusiz kóp. Qazaqiya tәuelsizdik alghan tústa da ótken otarshylyqtyng ruhany zardaptarynan әli qútyla almay otyr.

Osy orayda,  qazaq  halqyn orystar qalay ruhany azghyndaugha úshyratty? Ony qalay iske asyr­dy degenge toqtalmaqpyz.

Qabaghyng qars jabylyp,

Qars úryp qayghyryp,

Kýle almassyng qazaghym,

Beypil tynysh kýlkindi.

Jibek jalyn jaynatyp,

Ortekedey oinatyp,

Qabyrghandy sógiltip,

Ash kýzendey býgiltip,

Áli-aq shauyp alady

Týieng menen jylqyndy.

Orys degen atymen,

Teris jazghan hatymen,

Áueli Qúday biledi,

Shyghys, batys kәpiri,

Birigip atqa minedi.

Baytaqta jatqan qayran el,

Astyn-ýstin bóledi,

Ashar shayday úiqyndy.

Asau tayday ýiretip,

Shәrkeyindi sýiretip,

Ketirer kәpir syiqyndy.

Dulat BABATAYÚLY

Otarlau degenimiz - basqanyng jerin basyp alu nemese bayyrghy geografiyalyq ataulardy ózger­tumen  shekteledi  desek qatelese­miz. Otarlaushylardyng otarlan­ghan halyqqa tiygizetin ruhany zardaptary ólsheusiz kóp. Qazaqiya tәuelsizdik alghan tústa da ótken otarshylyqtyng ruhany zardaptarynan әli qútyla almay otyr.

Osy orayda,  qazaq  halqyn orystar qalay ruhany azghyndaugha úshyratty? Ony qalay iske asyr­dy degenge toqtalmaqpyz.

Qabaghyng qars jabylyp,

Qars úryp qayghyryp,

Kýle almassyng qazaghym,

Beypil tynysh kýlkindi.

Jibek jalyn jaynatyp,

Ortekedey oinatyp,

Qabyrghandy sógiltip,

Ash kýzendey býgiltip,

Áli-aq shauyp alady

Týieng menen jylqyndy.

Orys degen atymen,

Teris jazghan hatymen,

Áueli Qúday biledi,

Shyghys, batys kәpiri,

Birigip atqa minedi.

Baytaqta jatqan qayran el,

Astyn-ýstin bóledi,

Ashar shayday úiqyndy.

Asau tayday ýiretip,

Shәrkeyindi sýiretip,

Ketirer kәpir syiqyndy.

Dulat BABATAYÚLY

1876 jyly patsha aghzam qazaqtardyng arabsha әlipbiyin joyyp, orys jazuyna kóshiru turaly jarlyqqa qol qoydy. Jarlyqty iske asyru ýshin Aghartu ministri graf Tolstoy qazaqtardyng arab әlipbiyin orys grafikasyna kóshiru ýshin Orynbor qalasynda arnayy mәjilis shaqyryp, núsqaular berdi

Reseylik basqynshylar bodandyqqa alghan halyqtardy tili men dininen aiyryp, olardy orystandyru eng birinshi kezekte túrghan sharua dep bildi. Olar shoqyndyrudy HIV ghasyrda komi, chuvash, mordva halyqtarynan bastady. Komy halqynan shyqqan svyashenik Stefan deytin beybaq (atyn oryssha ózgertken) 1383 jyly episkop dәrejesine deyin kóterilip, orys grafikasy negizinde komy әlipbiyin jasap berip, halqynyng ejelgi tuma mәdeniyetin joyyp jiberdi.

Odan keyin 1719 jyly patshalyq Re­sey Senaty orys emesterdi shoqyndyru arqyly orysqa ainaldyru mәselesin memlekettik dәrejede kýn tәrtibine qoydy. Olar shoqyndyrudy aldymen tatarlardan bastap, keyin 1728 jyly  Edil qalmaqtaryna auyz saldy.

Búl isti atqaru Iliminskiy bastaghan missionerlerge jýkteldi. Kelesi kezekte qazaqtardy shoqyndyru júmysyn jýieli jýrgizu ýshin jogharydaghy Iliminskiy 1872 jyly Qazan qalasynan Orynborgha auys-tyryldy.

Sóitip, qazaqtardy shoqyndyrudy resmy týrde orystar 1862 jyldan bas-tady. Osy jyly Orynbor shekaralyq komissiyasynyng bastyghy V.V.Grigoriev missioner Iliminskiyge orys әlipbiyin qoldanu arqyly qazaqsha oqulyq dayyndaudy tapsyrady.

Sayasatker-ghalym Múhtar Qúl-Múham­medting enbeginde: «Qazaq jerin otarlau 18-ghasyrdyng orta sheninen erekshe qarqynmen, týrli «diplomatiyalyq» baylanystardyng qat-qabat qaltarys­tarynda qalyp qoyghan súrqiya sayasat arqyly jýzege asty. Orystar aila-sharghynyng barlyq týrin qoldandy. Sonyng bir ýlken baghyty - aldymen músylmandyq dәstýrdi oqytatyn mektepterdi joyyp, orys әlipbiyin engizudi basty talap etip qoydy»,  -  dep  jazady. («Orys ensiklopediyalaryndaghy qazaq shejiresi», Atamúra. Almaty, 1994, 49-bet).

Jazudy ózgertu arqyly halyqty tarihy jady men dәstýrinen ajyratyp, miyghúla-mәngýrtke ainaldyryp jiberuge bolatynyn bildi. Búl barlyq otarlaushylargha tәn qúbylys bolatyn. Mysaly, Ýndi júrtyn otarlaghan aghylshyndar da, sonau qiyrdaghy Latyn Amerika túrghyndaryn otarlaghan ispan­dyqtar da dәl osy tәsildi qoldandy.

Naqtyraq aitqanda, 1876 jyly patsha aghzam qazaqtardyng arabsha әlipbiyin joyyp, orys jazuyna kóshiru turaly jarlyqqa qol qoydy. Jarlyqty iske asyru ýshin Aghartu ministri graf Tolstoy qazaqtardyng arab әlipbiyin orys grafikasyna kóshiru ýshin Orynbor qalasynda arnayy mәjilis shaqyryp, núsqaular berip,  qazaq aghartushysy Ybyray Altynsarindi osy iske paydalanudy tapsyrdy.

Búl oqigha jayynda Y.Altynsariyn­nyng ózi: «1876 jyly graf Tolstoy Orynbor qalasyna kelip әueli qazaq arasyna oryssha hat tanytu jayly jәne búl iske orys әlipbiyin qoldanudyng jolyn mәsele etip kóterdi. Búl bas-tama Orynbor ólkesining búrynghy general-gubernatory Krijanovskiy, Oryn­bor oqu okrugining popechiyteli Lav­rovskiy, Qazan qalasyndaghy oqytu­shylar seminariyasynyng diyrektory Iliminskiy jәne Torghay, Oral oblystary tarapynan qoldau tapty», - dep jazady. («Taza búlaq», Almaty, 1988, 133-b).

Álipby auystyru isining memlekettik dәrejede sipat alghanyn biz graf Tolstoydyng 1878 jyly Batys-sibir ge­ne­ral-gubernatoryna jazghan hatynan da bayqaymyz. Onda: «Qyrghyzdargha (qa­zaqtargha) ýkimettik oryndardy bas­qarudy qyrghyz (qazaq) tilinde jariyalaugha tura  kelgen  kezde,  biz  qanday jaghdayda da orys әlipbiyin qoldanamyz. Joghary mәrtebelim, 4 mamyrdaghy №26 úsynysynyz negizinde qyrghyz (qazaq) internattarynda qazaq tilin oqytu mazmúny da dәl osy әlipbiymen jýrgizilsin. Dalalyq jerde de orys әlipbii arab әlipbiyinen ýstemdik alatyn uaqyt ta tuady әli... » - deydi.

Jogharydaghy patsha jarlyghynan búryn 1870 jyly Aghartu ministrligi «Reseyde túratyn jatjúrttyqtardy sauattandyru sharalary» atty qújat qabyldady. Osy qújatta kórsetilgendey orys emes halyqtargha bilim beruding ýsh týrli baghyty anyqtaldy. Birinshi baghyt - sabaq sol últtyng tilinde, biraq mindetti týrde orys әlipbiyimen oqytylsyn. Ekinshi  baghyt - sa-baq taza orys tilinde oqytylsyn, týsinbegen jaghdayda basqa tildi paydalanugha rúqsat. Ýshinshi baghyt - sabaq tek qana orys tilinde jýrgizilsin.

Osy qújatta aitylghan negizdemeler boyynsha Iliminskiy bastaghan missionerlerge ýkimet tarapynan tapsyrmalar berildi. Atap aitqanda: birinshi, qazaqtardy oqu-toqu jaghynan músylman tatarlardan alastatu. Ekinshi, músylman dini keng etek jayghan Búhara, Samarhand medreselerine qazaqtardy jolatpau. Ýshinshi, týrki tektes músylman halyqtarynyng ruhany tútastyghyn әlsiretu ýshin bir-birine úqsamaytyn әlipby jasap beru.

Búl iydeyany iske asyru ýshin general adiutant fon Kaufman arnayy jospar jasap ony Aghartu ministrine bekittirip alyp otyrdy. Al missioner ghalym Ostroumov bolsa aziyalyq týrki tektesterdi orystandyrudyng jelisin anyqtay kelip: «...orys halqymen jәne orys memleketimen týzemdikterdi ja­qyndastyru baghyty - tikeley orys transkripsiyasymen jýrgizilui kerek jәne orys әlipbiyine eshqanday ózgerissiz, qosymshasyz, qysqartusyz jýrgizu talaby basshylyqqa alynuy tiyis», - dep jazady. (Ostroumov N.P. Otchet Turkestanskoy uchiyteliskoy seminary za HHV let ee sushestvovaniya. Tashkent, 1904, s-25)

Kenes kezinde qazaq dalasyna oqu-aghartudyng úryghyn septi dep (Ghabit Mýsirepov) әspettep jýrgen N.P.Ostroumovtyng shynayy bet-bey­nesi osynday. Tipti búl myrza 1904 jyly Tәshkentte jaryq kórgen «Otchet Tur­ke­stanskoy uchiyteliskoy seminariy za HHV let ee sushestvovaniya» deytin jazbasynda: «Reseyding memlekettik mindetteri men bizding otanymyzdyng búratanalargha degen kózqarasy olardy orystandyruda bolyp otyr... ekinshi bir mindet - qazaqtardy orystarmen birge birtútas sayasy memlekettik organizmge biriktiruge qoldan kelgenning bәrin jasaugha tiyispiz», - deydi. Al kerek bolsa...

Sonymen 1860-1917 jyldar arasynda pravoslavie dinining 72 kitaby qazaq tiline audarylyp, Qazaqiya dalasyna tegin taratyldy. Orystandyrudy qazaqtyng óz qolymen istetudi qolay kórgen otarshyldar atalmysh iske qazaq bilimdilerin paydalanudy kózdedi. N.I.Iliminskiy 1869 jyly Aghartu ministrine jazghan hatynda: «Ybyray Altynsarin qazaqtardyng or­tasyna ózi mektep ashsa, orys әlip­biyin sonda qoldansa, ony orystar istetip otyr degizbey atqarsa,... eng әueli iydeya Altynsarindiki bolsa...» dep pikir qosady. (Qazan arhiyvi, 968-qor, 1-tizim, 16-is, 1-2 bet)

Osy orayda, biz Altynsarin missioner boldy nemese «qol shoqpargha» ainaldy degen úghymnan aulaqpyz. Tipti әdebiyetshi ghalym Mekemtas Myrzahmetovtyng dәlel­ine jýginsek: «Y.Altynsarin ózining aghartushylyq jolynda Iliminskiyding missionerlik tanymyn boyyna darytpay әri senimsizdik tudyrmay diyp­lomatiyalyq jolmen paydalandy. Ili­minskiyding qarsylyghyna qaramay «Shariat-uli islam» atty enbegin arab әlipbiyimen jazyp shyqty», - deydi. («Qazaq qalay orystandyryldy», Almaty, 45-bet).

Áriyne, Ybyray atamyzdyng últ ýshin istegen enbegi zor. «Shariat-uli islam» enbegi 1883 jyly 24 qazanda Peterborda, kelesi jyly Qazan uniyversiytetining baspahanasynda basylyp shyqty. Tórt baptan túratyn búl enbeginde ghúlama 140-tan astam arab terminderine qazaqsha týsindirme jasaghan. (Júldyz jurnaly, 1991, № 6, 25-28 better).

Sonymen qatar «Qazaqtargha orys tilin ýiretuding bastauysh qúraly» (Nachalinoe obuchenie kirgiz russkomu yazyku) atty oqulyq jazudy qolgha alghanymen, ayaqtay almay qaytys boldy. Marqúmnyng 23 bet qoljazbasy qazir Almatydaghy  QR Últtyq kitaphanasynyng qoljazbalar qorynda saqtauly túr.

Bir tandanarlyq jaghday - qazaqtardy hәm týrki tektes halyqtardy orystandyru, olardyng әlipbiyin ózgertu isi patshalyq Resey kezinde de, keyin sayasy kýshke ainalghan dekabrister qozghalysy túsynda da, 1917 jyly jeniske jetken qazan tónkerisinen keyin de kýn tәrtibinen týsken joq. Qay-qaysy da bir maqsat, bir mýddeni kózdedi. Qalay da qazaqty orystandyryp, mәngýrtke ainaldyru qajet dep tapty.

Mysaly, 1905 jyly 10 mamyr men 3 mausym aralyghynda Shyghys halyqtaryn oqytu jónindegi arnayy Kenes kezekti jiyn ashyp, oqu jýiesin jappay orystandyrudy kýn tәrtibine qoydy. Barlyq oqulyqtar orys әlipbii negizinde jasalsyn degen sheshim shyqty.

Sol tústa Reseydegi әdilettilik tuyn kótergen dekabristerding konstitusiyalyq qújatynda: «Reseyding qúramyndaghy barlyq halyqty bir halyqqa ainaldyru kerek. Onyng bәri orys bolghany dúrys», - depti. («Russkaya pravda», SPb., 1906.)

Orys otarshylarynyng múnday әreke­tine qazaq oqyghandary da qadau-qadau narazy-lyq tanytyp jatty. Mysaly, últ janashyry Jýsipbek Aymauytov: «Orystar qazaqtyng jerin tartyp alyp, tilin búzugha, dinin búzugha aulnyy shkol, missionerler taratty, әdet-ghúrpyn, salt-sanasyn ózgertip, orysqa bas iygizuge jana zakon, mirovoy sudiya, krestiyanskiy nachalinikter shyghardy. Qazaqty ishinen tozdyrugha saylau, shtat degen shyrgha tastap, ózdi-ózin júlqystyrdy», - dep jazady. (Q.Á. 20.01. 1989 j)

Al últ ústazy Ahmet Baytúrsynov 1914 jyly «Qazaq» gazetine: «...qazaqty orysqa audaramyz degen pikir bәrin býldirip otyr. Shkoldar qazaq tilin joghaltyp, orys tiline týsiremiz deydi. Sol ýshin balalar orys әrpimen oqysyn deydi... Hýkmetke keregi memlekettegi júrttyng bәri de bir tilde, bir dinde, bir jazuda bolu, al halyqqa keregi - óz dini, tili, jazuynyng saqtaluy», - dep jazypty. Alash arystary osylay  shyryldapty...

Jogharyda aitqanymyzday qazaqtar men týrki tektes aziyalyqtardy orystandyru sayasaty «әdiletti» memleket - Kenes Odaghy ornaghan song tipti qarqyn aldy. Memleket basshysy Stalin búl júmysqa jýieli týrde kiristi. Nәtiyjesi mynaday: 1926 jylghy sanaqtyng qorytyndysy boyynsha Kenes Odaghynyng jerinde 194 últ pen úlys ómir sýrgen bolsa, qazirgi tanda solardan joyylyp ketpey tiri qalghany 101 últ. Qalghany, yaghny 50 payyzy Kenes dәuirinde-aq joq bolyp ketti.

Stalinning búiryghymen 1926 jyldan bastap qazaq әlipbii kýrt ózgerip, latyngha kóshti. Is qaghazdy jappay latyn әlipbiyine kóshirdi. Qazaqtargha latyn әlipbiyin jappay qoldanu turaly Oraz Isaev qol qoyghan ýndeude: «...Jariyalanyp otyrghan 20 kýnning ishinde býkil kense isi jana әripke kóshiriletin bolsyn. Jana әripti bilmeytin qyzmetkerler jana әripting jasyryn jauy sanalyp, sotqa tartylsyn», - delingen. (Enbekshi qazaq. 1931, 25 mamyr)

Kelesi bir este tútarlyq dýnie - pat­sha aghzam zamanynda búratana halyqtardy joidyng taghy bir joly - әke-sheshesiz jetim balalardy paydalanu dep tapty. Búl iske Jetisu ólkesining general-gubernatory Kolpakovskiy aiyryqsha nazar audardy. Qyrghyz-qazaqtyng barlyq jetimekterin jinap alyp, Ystyqkólde, taghy birneshe jerde mektepter ashty. Búl sayasat Kenes Odaghy ornaghan alghashqy jyldary qatty qarqyn aldy.

Búlghaq jyldary jetim qalghan myndaghan balalar men  kedeyding úrpaghyn әspettep jýzdegen detdomdar (jetimder ýii) ashyp, qazaq balalaryn oryssha oqytyp, qazaqqa qarsy tәrbiyeledi. Arnauly adamdar shyghyp, myndaghan jetimekterdi jinap-terip alyp keldi.

Detdomda tәrbiyelengen bala ýkimetting aiyryqsha «jaqsy kóretin» túlghasy bolyp sanaldy. Tipti osynday teksizdik maqtanyshqa ainaldy. Detdom balalary jappay biylikke keldi. Qazirgi últ ruhaniyatynyng osynshama qúldyrap ketuine búl adamdardyng qosqan ýlesi úshan-teniz.

Búl oqigha turaly kezinde Múhtar Áuezov: «...qazaqtyng jetim balalaryn oqytyp, «izgilik missionerlik» әreketke paydalanu etek aldy...» - dep jazypty.

Kóp keshikpey latyn jazuyn qaytadan orys jazuyna kóshiru bastamasy 1937 jyly kóterilip, 1940 jyly qabyldandy. Búl tústa eshqanday qarsylyq bolghan joq. Sebebi, qarsy keledi-au degen azamattardyng bәrin aldyn ala attyryp tastady. Osylay aq patsha armandap jete almaghan otarshylyqty Kenes Odaghy jýzege asyrdy.

Ózi de missionerlik seminariyada oqy-ghan Stalin әu degende-aq  týrki túqymdas myqtylargha auyz saldy. Mysaly, ataqty әnshi Krauzening týrik ekenin bilgende dereu onyng familiyasyn «Petrov» dep ózgertip jiberse, әigili týrik qayratkeri Omar Faykti familiyasyn oryssha ózgertuge kónbegeni ýshin qolma-qol atyp jibergen.

Qysqasy, patshalyq Reseyden múra bolyp qalghan әlipby auystyru iydeyasyn Kenes imperiyasy iske asyrdy. Odaq qúramyndaghy týrki tektes hәm músylman halyqtaryn orys әlipbiyine tolyq kóshirip, jazu emlesin ózgertip, birin-biri jazbasha týsinise almaytyn jaghdaygha jetkizdi. Búl jayly «Izvestiya» gazetining 1941 jylghy 13 mausym kýngi sanynda: «KSRO Ghylym akademiyasynyng halyqtar tili jәne jazuy Ins­tituty, odaqtas jәne avtono­miyaly respublikalardyng ghy­ly­mi, qoghamdyq úiymdary asa auqymdy mәdeny manyzy bar  júmystardy ayaqtady», - dep jar salyp jazdy.

Býgingi qazaq balasy orystar kýshtep engizgen kirillisa әrpimen bilim alyp jýr?!.

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