Batys Qazaqstan aimaghy boyynsha

Býgingi tanda Qazaqstan tarihynyng aldynda túr­ghan ýlken mindetterding biri - ortaghasyrlyq kóshpe­lilerding tarihiy-mәdeny damu erekshelikterin zertteu. Búl baghyttaghy basty kedergiler jeke aimaqtardyng az zert­teluine baylanysty tuyndaydy. Sonday aimaqtardyng biri - Batys Qazaqstan dalasy.

Syrdariyanyng orta jәne tómengi boyynda jәne oghan jalghasyp jatqan Batys Qazaqstan territoriya­synda IX-X ghasyrlarda oghyz taypalarynyng әuelgi feo­daldyq memleketi qalyptasty. Oghyz kon­fe­­de­ra­siyasy kirme elementterding Ontýstik jәne Batys Qazaqstannyng bayyrghy túrghyndarymen arala­suy­nyng nәtiyjesinde qúryldy. Onyng qúramyna qan­ghar-pe­­che­negterding birazy jәne Syrdariya angharynyn, Aral manynyng jәne Kaspiyding soltýstik tóniregindegi basqa da dalalyq taypalar endi. Olardyng birsypy­rasy Aral tenizinen Kaspiyding shyghys jaghalauyna deyingi dalany mekende­gen alandar, astar boldy (1).

Batys Qazaqstan aimaghy boyynsha

Býgingi tanda Qazaqstan tarihynyng aldynda túr­ghan ýlken mindetterding biri - ortaghasyrlyq kóshpe­lilerding tarihiy-mәdeny damu erekshelikterin zertteu. Búl baghyttaghy basty kedergiler jeke aimaqtardyng az zert­teluine baylanysty tuyndaydy. Sonday aimaqtardyng biri - Batys Qazaqstan dalasy.

Syrdariyanyng orta jәne tómengi boyynda jәne oghan jalghasyp jatqan Batys Qazaqstan territoriya­synda IX-X ghasyrlarda oghyz taypalarynyng әuelgi feo­daldyq memleketi qalyptasty. Oghyz kon­fe­­de­ra­siyasy kirme elementterding Ontýstik jәne Batys Qazaqstannyng bayyrghy túrghyndarymen arala­suy­nyng nәtiyjesinde qúryldy. Onyng qúramyna qan­ghar-pe­­che­negterding birazy jәne Syrdariya angharynyn, Aral manynyng jәne Kaspiyding soltýstik tóniregindegi basqa da dalalyq taypalar endi. Olardyng birsypy­rasy Aral tenizinen Kaspiyding shyghys jaghalauyna deyingi dalany mekende­gen alandar, astar boldy (1).

Oghyz memleketi turaly alghashqy mәlimet beretin shygharmalardyng biri - Ibn Badih әl-Yaku­biy­ding «Kitab al budan» geografiyalyq enbegi. Onda avtor týrk tildi halyqtar men taypalar turaly aita kelip: «...Týrkistan jәne týrkter birneshe halyqtar men memleketke bólindi. Sonyng ishinde: qarlúq, toghyz-oghyz, týrgesh, kiymek jәne ghúndar bar» dep sipattama be­redi (2). Sonymen qatar, Ibn әl-Fakihtyn «Kitab-ahbar al buldan» shygharmasynda oghyzdar kiymek, toghyz-oghyz taypalary sekildi «biyleu­shi» taypa dep eseptelip, týrkter arasynda bede­li ýstem bolghandyghy aitylady (3).

Orta ghasyrlarda ýstirt oghyzdary jayynda mә­limetterdi A.Kovalevskiy týsinikteme berip basyp shy­gharghan, arab missioneri Ahmet Ibn-Fadlannyng qoljaz­balary da beredi. Ol qoljazbalarynda Ho­rezm­­nen elu farsah qashyqtyqtaghy Djurdjammo (4), odan shamamen 30 shaqyrym jerde oranalasqan týrk­terding qaqpasy Zamdjan, Zam­djan­nan kýndik jerde­gi Djit dep atalatyn týrk meken­derining atau­la­ry kezdesedi (4). Ál-Mukkadiydin derekterinde «Djit - oghyzdardyng jerin­degi halqy jii qonystanghan ýlken bekinisti qala».

Oghyz memleketining әleumettik stratifikasiyasy men qoghamdyq ómirindegi әdet-ghúryptar men rәsimder jóninde Ahmet Ibn Fadlan: «...Taudan asyp týrk taypalary ghúzdardyng eline keldik. Búlar basqa da týrk taypalary tәrizdi kóshpeli halyq. Kiyiz ýide túrady. Kiyizden túrghyzylghan ýilerin bir jerden ekinshi jerge tigip, kóship jýredi. Ghúzdar allagha mo­yynsúnbaydy, ghylym degendi bilmeydi jәne esh­tenege tabynbaydy. Ózderining aqsaqaldaryna siy­nyp, olardy qúdayday kóredi. Búlardyng mәseleleri keneste sheshiledi» deydi (4).

«...Belgili aqsýiekterding bireui qaytys bolghan jaghdayda, oghan arnap ýy tәrizdes ýlken shúnqyr qazady. Marqúmdy shúnqyrgha jatqyzyp, ton kiygi­zip, sadaq pen kisenin qoyyp, qolyna susyn qúiylghan qúmyra ústatady jәne osynday susyny bar ydys­ty onyng aldyna qoyady. Marqúmmen birge shúnqyrgha onyng mýlki qoyylady. Odan keyin ýy shúnqyrdyng tóbesi jabylyp, topyraqpen ýiiledi. Sodan keyin marqúmnyng әleumettik jaghdayyna baylanysty bir jýz nemese eki jýz bas jylqy qúrbandyqqa sha­lynady. Basy, terisi, siraghy men qúimyshaghy aghash syryqtargha ilinip «búl atpen marqúm júmaqqa je­tedi» degen sózder aitylady. Eger marqúm batyr bolyp, tiri kezinde jaudy óltirip, erlik tanytqan bolsa, óltirilgen adam sanyna baylanysty, aghash­tan olardyng beynesi mýsindelip, mola basyna qo­yylyp: «Búlar saghan júmaqqa barghanda qyzmet etedi» delingen (4).

Oghyzdardan qaytar jolda pechenegterge soqqan Ahmet Ibn-Fadlan olardyng tirshiligin oghyzdargha keri­sin­she sipattaydy. «...Kelbetteri qara-tory, saqal-múrttary qyrylghan pechenegterding oghyzdarmen salystyrghanda tirshiligi әldeqayda tómen» (4).

Tarihy túrghydan Batys Qazaqstan dalasy tura­ly eng alghashqy derek osy kezenmen baylanysty aityla­dy.

Batys Qazaqstan dalasynda dәlirek aitsaq, Manghystau men Týpqaraghan audandarynda orta­gha­syrmen baylanysty tórt eldi meken qaldyq­tary belgili. Solardyng birining qazirgi atauy - Qyzyl­qala. Ol Sherqara tauyna jaqyn Aqmysh degen jerde ornalasqan. 2004 jyly Qyzylqalanyng azda­ghan jerine zertteu júmystary jýrgizildi. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde tabylghan әinek ydystyng synyqtary boyynsha Qyzylqalanyng qúrylysy X-XI ghgh. kezeninde jýrgizgeni anyqtaldy. Zertteushiler Qyzylqalany әigili Manghyshlaq qalasy dep boljaydy. Osyghan oray mynaday dәlelder keltiriledi: birinshiden, qalanyng gýldengen shaghy XI-XII ghgh, ekinshiden, Qyzylqala beki­nisi­ning irgetasy X gh. II jartysynan búryn qalanbaghan jәne Manghystaugha geografiyalyq jaghynan jaqyn Orta Aziya qalalyq mәdeniyetining ortalyghy Horezmge tәn sәulet tәsilderi saqtalyp salynghan. Ýshinshiden, XIgh. mәdeny kóldeneng syzyghynyng ózara ornalasuyna sәi­kes qabyrghalaryna jaqyn baspana qúrylysynyng esebinen bekinis qabyrghalary keneytilip, qayta ja­sau­­gha kópe-kórneu mәjbýr etken bir oqighadan keyin taspen qalanghan (5).

Batys Qazaqstan dalasynda ortaghasyrlyq týrk taypalary qaldyrghan eskertkishterding biri - jerleu oryndary. Olar adamdy nemese januar­dy arnayy rәsimdep jerleuge arnalghan, onda «o, dý­niyege» attandyru ghúrpy zattay derek arqyly kórinis tabady. Jerleu eskertkishteri jerleu orny, jerleu kesheni (qorghan, kesene) men jerleu keshenderining jiyntyghy - qorymdardan túrady (6).

Batys Qazaqstan aimaghyndaghy týrkterding jer­leu eskertkishterining zerttelui ózge aimaqtarmen salys­tyrghanda artta qalyp otyr desek, asyra siltegenimiz emes. Degenmen de aimaqtaghy týrktik jerleu eskert­kishterining zertteluine A.Biysembaev, S.Gusalov (7, 8), G.Tas­ma­gambet (9) syndy ghalymdardyng qosqan ýlesi zor.

Bolgarka I, Atpa II, Orkash, Esen-Amantau, Solyan­ka qorymdaryndaghy týrk dәuirine tәn jekelegen jerleu oryndary tabyldy. Múnda mәiittermen birge qabirlerge marqúmnyng aqyrettik zattary salynghan. Zertteu júmystary kezinde qonaq asynan qalghan iri qara mal men úsaq mal sýiekterin de kezdestiruge bolady. Aqyrettik zattar kóbine at-әbzelderi, әshekey men ydys synyqtarynan túrady. Tabylghan búiymdar qúramy men jerleu dәstýri jәne jerleu ornynyng qúrylysyn taldap, búlardyng analogtaryna jýgingen ghalymdar jerleu oryndarynyng hronologiyalyq uaqytyn VI-VIII, IX-XI ghgh. belgileydi.

Qarastyrylyp otyrghan aimaqta týrk dәuiri eskertkishter tobyn Aqtóbe oblysynyng tarihiy-ólketanu múrajayyndaghy tas mýsinder tolyqtyra týsedi. Múrajayda týrk dәuirining bes mýsini kórmege qoyylghan. Olardyng analogiyasy, oryn­­da­lu stiyli, ikonografiyasy men sujeti jóninen Jeti­su, Altay, Ontýstik Oral jәne Shyghys Europa mýsin­de­rine jaqyn. Mýsinder VII, X-XIII ghgh. kezendeldi. Bet-әlpetteri anyq somdalghan mýsinderding bireuinde kiyim jaghasy, ekin­shisining sol qúlaghyna taghylghan syrgha­sy surettelse, ýsheuining qaryn túsynda qoldary kór­se­­til­gen. Qoldary kórsetilgen mýsinderding biri­ning qolynda qúmyra tәrizdi ydysy bar (10). Mýsin qolyn­daghy ydys qasiyetti Sugha arnalghan. Búl jóninde tas mýsinderding qoldaryndaghy ydystardyng siym­­vo­liy­ka­lyq belgilerine taldau jasaghan ghalym A.Dosym­ba­­­eva ydysqa baylanysty keng kólemde taral­­­­­­­­ghan dýniyetanymdyq týsinikterdi taldady jәne «...kóshpe­lilerding dýniyetanymyndaghy myndaghan jyldar bo­yyn­da ózin qorshaghan ortagha - Aspangha, Jerge, Sugha, Elge degen sýiispenshiligine ant beru daghdysy bolghan jәne búl qasiyetti ghúrypty jýzege asyrudaghy negizgi atributtardyng birin - ýlgisi antromorfty bolyp keletin ydys iyelengen» - deydi (11).

Týrk dәuiri býgingi úrpaqqa óz mәdeniyetining tamasha arheologiyalyq jәne jazba eskertkishterin qaldyrdy. Búlar qazaq halqynyng tarihy múrasy retinde úrpaqtan-úrpaqqa auysyp, býgingi kýnge de­yin saqtaldy. Tarihiy-mәdeny eskertkishter jazba de­rek­termen ýn­de­­sip, sol aimaqtyng tarihy oqighalarynan syr sherte­di. Qazirde búl eskertkishterdi qazaq dala­synyng әr aimaghyna baylanysty keshendi týrde zert­teude mýmkindik óte zor jәne qolgha alynyp, óz jemisin de bere bastady. Sonday jetistikterding biri Aral men Kaspiy aralyghyndaghy Ýstirt jazyghy men Manghystau týbegining tarihiy-mәdeny jәdigerlerine arnalghan ghalym Z.Samashevting bastauymen jazylghan «Ýstirt pen Manghystau qazynalary» atty monografiya bolyp tabylady.

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