Halqy men elining aldyndaghy ózderining perzenttik paryzyn aiqyn da anyq týsingen, qanday qiyn-qystau jaghdayda ony adal oryndaudan jaltarmaghan adamdar qay dәuirde ómir sýrse de, dәiim júrtynyng naghyz azamaty bolyp qala bermek. Tarihtyng qay kezeninde bolsyn olar óz últynyng betke ústar maqtanyshy bolyp kelgen jәne qoghamnyng býgingi ruhany janghyruy kezeninde de jeke túlghalardyng qúbylysy erekshe oryn alady. Bizde kóptegen oqighalargha, tipti adam taghdyryna da óz maqsat-mýddemiz emes, ózgelerding kózimen, qoghamdyq qúbylystardyng barlyghyn esh renksiz, «aq» pen «qaragha» bóle saralaytyn iydeologiya túrghysynan qaraushylyq yzghary әli de seziledi.

Tarihymyzda ózindik airyqsha oryny bar  taghylymdy túlghalardy tanu, bilu ýzilissiz prosess. Árbir tarihy kezeng qaytalanbas túlghalaryn ómirge әkeledi. Sol túlghalargha qoghamdaghy tarihy ornyna, atqarghan enbegi men qyzmetine oray әrqily bagha beriledi. Tarihy túlghany birjaqty baghalamay, ómirdegi shynayy beynesin tanu kýrdelirek mәsele.  Búghan deyingi tarihtyng damu belesteri kezinde keybir iri sayasy túlghalar sayasattyng yqpalyna oray, iydeologiyalyq tar shenberding ayasynda baghalandy. Kóptegen tarihy túlghalarymyzdyng jarqyn beyneleri, halyqqa sinirgen ólsheusiz enbekteri jóninde jan-jaqty taldanyp, olargha realistik túrghydan  bagha berilmedi. Sonday tarihy túlghalardyng biri – Uәlithan Sharafiddiynúly Tanashev.

Alash qayratkeri U.Sh.Tanashev turaly «Qazaqstan» Últtyq ensiklopediyasynda  qysqasha mәlimetter berilgen.

Uәlithan Sharafiddiynúly Tanashev 1887 (keybir derekterde 1882 j.)  jyldyng shildesinde búrynghy jer bólinisi boyynsha Astrahan guberniyasyna qarasty Ishki Qyrghyz Ordasynyng Ekinshi teniz jaghalauy okrugi, № 4 auylda (qazirgi Atyrau oblysy, Qúrmanghazy audany, Maqash auyldyq okrugi) balyq óndirisi iyesining otbasynda dýniyege kelgen.

U.Tanashev 1917-1924 jyldar aralyghynda tughan respublikamyzda jana sosialistik qoghamdy qalyptastyrugha aitarlyqtay ýles qosty.

1920 jyldyng 26-tamyzynda Qazaq AKSR-ning qúryluymen Resey imperiyasynyng bodandyghy túsynda ydyrap ketken Qazaqstannyng aumaqtyq tútastyghyn qalpyna keltire bastady. Qazaqstannyng shekarasy alghash ret 1920-1925 jyldary Qazaq AKSR-i qúrylghan kezde mejelendi.

Qazaqstannyng aumaqtyq tútastyghyn qalpyna keltiru qazaq halqynyng bolashaq tarihy taghdyry ýshin asa manyzdy ról atqardy. Sondyqtan da búl asa qiyn da kýrdeli mәseleni sheshu ýstinde alash qayratkerleri A.Baytúrsynov, Á.Ermekov, U.Tanashev, A.Túrlybaev Gh.Tәjibaev, M.Kókebaev t.b. últ mýddesi ýshin, bar jan-tәnderimen júmys istedi. Qazaq revolusiyalyq komiyteti Qazaqstan Kenesterining Qúryltay sezin shaqyrudyn, bolashaq respublikanyng shekaralaryn anyqtaudyng barlyq dayyndyq júmystaryn jýrgizdi. Búl kýrdeli mindetterdi jýzege asyruda Qazaq revkomnyng janynda úiymdastyrylyp, A.Baytúrsynov basshylyq etken Qazaq Respublikasynyng shekaralaryn anyqtau jónindegi komissiya erekshe yqpal etedi. Qazaq jerin biriktirude kýrdeli de qiyn júmys alghashqy kezekte úlyderjevalyq pighyldaghy shovinistermen tolassyz kýres barysynda jýzege asyryldy. Ýlken talas-tartystar úiymdastyrylyp jatqan Qazaq AKSR-ining qúramyna Oral, Torghay, Aqmola, Semey oblystarynyng edәuir aimaghyn engizu mәselesi boyynsha tuyndady. Dauly mәselelerdi sheshu ýshin Qazaq revolosiyalyq komiyteti óz ókilderin Semey, Omby, Chelyabi oblystaryna jiberdi. Tarihy әdilettilik ýshin qazaq jerining aumaghyn belgileude bolashaq Qazaq respublikasynyng shekaralaryn anyqtauda RFKSR Halyq Komissarlar Kenesining tóraghasy V.IY.Leninning qazaq halqynyng ókilderin qoldaghanyn atap ótken jón dep bilemiz.

Qazaq AKSR-ining qaramaghyna 1917 jylgha deyingi shekaradaghy Oral (Oral, Guriev, Ilbishin, Temir uezderi), Torghay (Aqtóbe, Yrghyz, Qostanay, Torghay uezderi), Semey (Óskemen, Zaysan, Pavlodar, Semey, Qarqaraly uezderi), Aqmola (Aqmola, Petropavl, Atbasar, Kókshetau uezderi men Omby uezining bir bóligi), sonday-aq Manghystau uezi, Zakaspiy oblysyndaghy Krasnovodsk uezining 4-shi jәne 5-shi Aday bolystary, Astrahan guberniyasynan Siynemorie bolysy, Bókey Ordasy, Birinshi jәne Ekinshi Primorskiy okrugining qazaqtar qonystanghan jer aumaqtary engizildi. Qazaq AKSR-ining qúramyna  Orynbor guberniyasy endi. Al Orynbor qalasy 1925 jylgha deyin  elimizding túnghysh astanasy boldy. Sol kezendegi resmy mәlimetter boyynsha 1920 jyly kýzde respublikanyng jer aumaghy 1 871 239 sharshy versti qamtydy, halqynyng sany – 5 046 000 adam, onyng 46,6 payyzyn qazaqtar qúrady.

Sonymen joghary da esimderi atalghan Alash arystarynyng ishinde U.Sh.Tanashevqa toqtalsaq.

Ol 1919 jyldyng ayaghynan bastap Orynbor qalasynda «Qyrghyz» (Qazaq) әskeriy-revolusiyalyq komiytetining apparatynda bolyp, negizinen Qyrghyz (Qazaq) Avtonomiyaly Kenestik Sosialistik respublikasyn úiymdastyru isterimen ainalysady.

1921-1924 jyldar aralyghynda U.Tanashev Býkilodaqtyq Ortalyq Atqaru komiytetinde (Qyrghyz (Qazaq)  AKSR-nyng Mәskeudegi ókildik alqa tóraghasynyng orynbasary), Últtar Isteri Halyq komissariatyndaghy, sonday-aq, basqa da jalpyodaqtyq mekemelerdegi Qyrghyz (Qazaq) AKSR-nyng ókiletti ókili qyzmetin atqardy.

Qazaq AKSR-ynyng eki birdey shaqyrylymynda Ortalyq Atqaru Komiytetining mýsheligine saylandy, tórt jyl qatarynan sol kezde IY.V.Stalin basqarghan Últtar Isteri Halyq Komissariaty Ýlken alqasynyng mýshesi, sonday-aq Federalidyq komiytetting jәne Jer isteri jónindegi Joghary Baqylau erekshe alqasynyng mýshesi boldy.

Uәlithan Tanashevtyng taghy bir este qalar isi onyng Mәskeude Últtar Isteri Halyq Komissariatynda qyzmette bolghan jyldary. U.Sh.Tanashevtyng Mәskeude Qyrghyz (Qazaq) ASSR-ning ókiletti ókili bolyp jýrgende berilgen Mәskeu qalalyq milisiyasy №9 bólimining Qyrghyz Respublikasy Orynbor guberniyasy bergen №61182 enbek kuәligi negizinde toltyrylghan enbek kitapshasynda aiqyn kórinedi. 1921 jyldyng 26 qyrkýieginde berilgen №17260 sandy búl qújatta Qyrghyz Respublikasynyng Bókey guberniyasyndaghy 2-okrugting 3-bolysynda 1882 jyly tughan, Qazan uniyversiytetining zang fakulitetin bitirgen joghary bilimdi zanger, búl kýnde 37 jastaghy Hadisha Zariyfqyzy Tanashevamen otbasylyq ghúmyr keshetin Uәlithan Sharafitdenúly Tanashev Mәskeuding Moskva kóshesindegi 60-ýi, 22 pәterinde túrady. Ózi Trubnikov búrylysynyng 19 ýiinde ornalasqan Últtar Isteri Halyq Komissariatynda 1920 jyldyng 20 jeltoqsanynan beri alqa mýshesi, Qyrghyz (Qazaq A.A.) elining ókili» dep jazylghan.

Jalpy, Uәlithan Tanashev aralasqan qyzmetterding qay-qaysysy da sol kezde әli qanday ma bir iste tәjiriybesi joq jas respublikamyz ýshin asa qajetti júmystar bolatyn. Sonyng biri – 1920 jyldyng 17 tamyzynda V.IY.Leninning tóraghalyghymen ótken qazaq ókilderi qatysqan Halyq Komissarlary kenesining mәjilisi. Onda Qazaq avtonomiyasy turaly mәsele qaralyp, onyng sony aita qalarlyqtay qyzyl ónesh tartysqa ainaldy. Mәselening mәni, janadan Kenestik Resey qúramynda Qazaq avtonomiyalyq respublikasy qúrylmaq. Osy kezde búrynghy Bókey Ordasynyng jeri endi kimning iyeliginde bolmaq?

Búl ózekti mәsele jóninde Alashorda ýkimetining mýshesi Á. Ermekovting «Men Leninmen nege sóz jarystyrdym» atty esteliginde: «Qyrghyz» (Qazaq) әskeriy-revolusiyalyq komiytetining 1920 jylghy 18 mamyrdaghy qaulysy boyynsha janadan qúrylmaqshy Qazaq avtonomiyaly respublikasy Qyzghyz (Qazaq) ólkesining jalpy jaghdayy jәne onyng shekara mәselesi jóninde bayandama jasau ýshin №2043 sandy mandatpen meni Mәskeuge jiberdi. Qyrghyz (Qazaq) әskery revkomnyng Býkilodaqtyq Ortalyq Atqaru Komiyteti janyndaghy ókildigi alqasynyng tóraghasy bolyp bekitilip, odan keyin BOAK Prezidiumnyng qaulysymen Qyrghyz (Qazaq) әskery revkomy mýsheligining qúramyna engizildim.

Mәskeude júmys istegen tórt aiday uaqyt ishinde V.IY.Leninning tóraghalyghymen ótken komissiyanyng mәjilisinde Qazaqstannyng jaghdayy jóninde bayandamada Kaspiy tenizining soltýstik jaghalauyn Astrahan oblysynan alyp, bizding respublikanyng shekarasyna qosu turaly úsynys jasadym. Mening búl úsynysyma mәjiliske qatysushylar ýzildi-kesildi qarsy shyqty.

Lenin Astrahan guberniyalyq atqaru komiyteti tóraghasynan teniz jaghalauynda túratyn qazaq jәne orys halyqtarynyng ara salmaghy turaly súrady. Ol statistikalyq derekterding joqtyghyn syltauratyp, tótesinen qoyylghan súraqtardan jaltaryp ketpek bolyp edi, Vladimir Iliich: «O, ne degeniniz, o ne degeniniz... Statistikanyng búl aragha qanday qatysy bar? Men sizden óz jerin jaqsy biletin basshy  retinde sol janaghy jaghalauda qazaqtar kóp pe, orystar kóp pe, sony bilgim kelip túr» - dedi qadalyp...

-Qazaqtar kópshilik, Vladimir Iliich, qazaqtar kóp, - dep, ol qúlaq shekesine deyin qyzaryp, sasqalaqtap qaldy.

-Solay desenizshi... Endi mәsele aiqyn.

-Sonda qalay bolghany, Vladimir Iliich, Ermekov joldas Dansig dәlizin jasaghaly túr ma? – dep osy arada Ortalyq Komiytetting hatshysy Krestinskiy kiylikken.

-O, ne degeniniz, Nikolay Nikolaevich? Týsinbegeniniz be,  mәselening týp tórkinin... Kristinskiy joldas, mәselening bayybyna barmaghan ekensiz Dansig dәlizin jasaghysy kelip túrghan kim deseniz, ol bizding ekonomisterimiz, sharuashylyq basshylarymyz, myna otyrghan guberniyalyq atqaru komiytetining tóraghasy ghoy, qazaqtardyng ata mekenin oiyp alyp, Astrahangha qosqaly otyrghan...

Jaghalaudaghy alqap Astrahan guberniyasynyng iyeliginen alynyp, Qazaq avtonomiyaly respublikasynyng qaramaghyna beriletin bolyp, kópshilik dauyspen qabyldandy» (Keykin J. Zamanym, ózim, zamandastarym Almaty: «Joldas jәne kompaniya»,  2003 j. 137-138 bb.).

Al, búl jayynda osy isting basy-qasynda bolghan Uәlithan Tanashev: «Men, ómirding ashy-túshysyn ózgelerge qaraghanda kóbirek kórgen adammyn. Biraq, sonyng ashylau jaghy tipten kóbirek jәne tym artyqtau boldy ma dep oilaymyn. Áytse de, mening arym aldyndaghy jýregim aq, kónilim taza. Japadan jalghyz qalghan songhy sәtterimde ózimmen-ózim otyryp, múngha batamyn. Múng – mening syrlasym. Oilap qaranyzshy, odan basqa kimim bar menin. 86 jyldyq ghúmyrymda búl ómirde ne istep, ne qoydym, әsirese ózimning tughan respublikama, Otanyma ne jaqsylyq jasadym. Ras, mandayymnyng terin aghyzyp, janymdy shýberekke týiip jýrip, jeti jyl qyzmet ettim sol elime. Ásirese, respublika shekarasyn belgilude dosym Álimhan Ermekov ekeumizding V.IY.Leninning bir kýnde eki ret qabyldauynda bolyp, Ya.Sverdlovpen jagha jyrtysa salghylasqanymyz esimde.

Ózekke týsken ókinish kóp. Ózimizdiki dep jýrgen kóp jer ózbek bauyrlargha ketti. Orman-toghayly Omby men Orynbor, teristik arqa orystargha ótti. Endi qalghany Edilding tómengi saghasy. Sverdlov bolsa, Ordannan Gurievke bir-aq tart dep jenistik bermeydi. Tipti ózara kesip-piship qoyghan, biz bolsaq, Álimhan ekeumiz әr sýiem jerdi dәleldep, qazaqsha qoyylghan jer ataularyn tilge tiyek etemiz. Noghayly zamany jyraularynyng ólenderin oqimyz: aqyry Vladimir Iliich «Olay bolsa myna jer qazaqtiki» dep qyzyl qaryndashpen Qighash ózenin boylay Kaspiyge tóte shyqty. Búl biz ýshin songhy ýmit. Al, men ýshin osyghan deyin Resey territoriyasyna kirip kelgen Ekinshi Teniz jaghalauy okrugi – tughan auylymnyng Qazaqstan qúramyna mәngilik enui edi. Quanyshtan jýregim jarylyp kete jazdady. Eki kózim jasqa toly. «Eng bolmasa, osynyng ózi!» men shap berip, Álimhandy qúshaqtay aldym. Ol bolsa «Ókinish kóp qoy, aghatay. Ókinish» dep jylap túrdy.

Qúdaydan kýshtising be, barymyzdan airylyp qala jazdadyq qoy. Kózdegi jas tiylar emes, sonda da bolsa, qaltamdaghy oramalgha qolymdy aparmadym, óitkeni ólgende bir kórgen quanysh jasy edi...».

Shyndyghynda búl ata-babamyzdyng qanyn tógip, janyn berip qorghaghan shekara mәselesinde ketken ese, orny tolmas ókinish kóp edi.

...1921 jyldyng 31 mamyryndaghy Astrahan guberniyalyq Jer bólimi kollegiyasy mýsheleri qatynasqan mәjilis jurnalyna nazar salsaq (Resey Federasiyasy Memlekettik arhiyvi (odan әri RF MA), R-3260 qor, 1-tizim, 31-is, 8, 8 artqy p.p.).  Halyqty jerge ornalastyru boyynsha Astrahan guberniyasy men Bókey guberniyasy arasyndaghy shekarany belgileu turaly mәsele kýn tәrtibine shygharylghan. Dauly jer Enotaev uezining Basqúnshaq traktisimen shektesetin jer aumaghy 10677 desyatina jәne «Kezekti  qonystaghy» (kóship kelip qonatyn jer A.A.)  jer aumaghy 50, 997 desyatinany qúrady. Osy mәjilisting hattamasynan bayqaytynymyz 1920 jyldyng 16-17 qantar kýnderi shekarany belgileu jónindegi Aralas komissiyanyng otyrysy Zolotuhe selosynda ótedi. Nikolaev  pen Volhun selolarynyng qauymy Enotaev jәne Lenin uezderining qazaq jerlerimen shektesetin bóligine 4 verst ishkeriley enip paydalanghan. Sonymen birge, Jana Nikolaevka, Bolhun selolarynyng túrghyndary da jyl sayyn belgilengen shekaradan ishkeriley enip, jer jyrtyp, egin egip, ony jinau júmystaryn jýrgizgen. Orys túrghyndarynyng paydalanu aumaghy 6. 800 desyatina jer, sonyng ishinde 3500 jyrtylghan jer, qalghan jerdi mal janggha paydalanghan. Orys túrghyndary búl jerlerding Enotaev uezine qarasty ekendigin algha tartsa, Qazaq  jaghynyng Ekinshi bolys aumaghynyng ókili Grachev búghan mýldem kelispey 1905 jylghy 25-tamyzdaghy  bolystyq jiynnyng hattamasyn kóldenen tartady. Onyng pikirinshe búl jerlerdi orys qauymy jalgha alghan emes, tek jalghyz jarymdary ghana jalgha alghan. Sonymen qatar, orystarmen birge qazaqtarda búl jerlerdi jyrtyp, egin egip paydalanghan. Ony Jer Halyq Komissiriatynyng 1919 jylghy 9-qazandaghy №40 sirkulyar hatymen naqtylaydy.

Guberniyalyq jer ólsheushilerding aimaqtaghy hutorlar men auyldargha, qonystargha bara almau sebebi, búl jerler sol uaqytta aq gvardiyashylar men bandylar iyeliginde bolatyn.

1921 jyldyng qazan aiynda RKFSR Federalidyq Jer komiytetine Astrahan guberniyalyq RKP (b) hatshysy, guberniyalyq Atqaru komiytetining tóraghasy, guberniyalyq  Tótenshe komissiyanyng tóraghasy jәne guberniyalyq jer bólimining mengerushisi qol qoyghan qúpiya habarlama jiberilgen. Qúpiya habarlamada atap ótilgendey, Bókey guberniyasymen aradaghy jer mәselesi Astrahan guberniyalyq Atqaru komiytetinde arnayy qaralghan. Birinshiden, dauly Basqúnshaq traktesi men «Kezekti  qonys almastyruda»  orys últy ókilderining basymdylyghyn, ekinshiden, tónkeriske deyin orys sharualary búl jerlerdi shart arqyly jalgha alghan, keyin Ólkelik Kenes sezderining sheshimderi arqyly  rettelgen (búl arada Bókey oblysy kezinde Astrahan guberniyasynyng qúramynda bolghan degen shovinistik kózqarastaryn bildirip ketudi de úmytpaydy), biraq búl sheshimder dúrys emes, әsirese sayasi-ekonomikalyq jaghynan dey kelip, Enotaev uezindegi orys sharualarynyng qúm arasyna bara almaytyndyghyn, azdaghan zaemgha alghan jerde túraqtap túra almaytyndyghyn atap ótedi. Shygharylghan sheshim eki shekaralyq aumaqta qalyp qoyghan sharualar men olardyng sharuashylyghyna keri әserin tiygizip qana qoymaydy, olardyng qazaq dalasynda qaluy, jýrgizip otyrghan sharuashylyqtarynyng tolyq kýireuine alyp keledi degen synarjaqty pikirlerin bildiredi. Ekonomikalyq jaghymen birge,  sayasy qaterli jaghy bar ekendigin, yaghny guberniya aumaghynda qaruly qaqtyghystargha alyp kelu qaupi barlyghyn jәne banditizmning óristeuine jol ashatyndyghyn nazargha beredi.  Shekaradaghy dauly aimaqty qayta qaraugha úsynys bildiredi.

RKFSR Últ Isteri Halyq Komissiratyna qarasty Federalidyq Jer komiytetining 1923 jyldyng 23-sәuirdegi  Sedelinikov, Astrahan guberniyalyq Atqaru komiytetining ókili Muraviev, Qazaq AKSR Jer Halyq Komissariatynyng ókili  Ivanov qatynasqan mәjiliste atap kórsetilgendey astrahandyqtar osy jerge baylanysty mәseleni dýrkin-dýrkin kýn tәrtibine shygharghanyn atap ótedi (RF MA, R-3260 qor, 1-tizim, 30-is, 21 p.). Al Federalidyq Jer komiytetining 1923 jyldyng 24-sәuirdegi mәjilisine komissiya mýsheleri U.Tanashev, Berziyn, Strelkov, Astrahan guberniyalyq Atqaru komiytetining ókili Muraviev, Qazaq AKSR Jer Halyq Komissariatynyng ókili  Ivanov qatynasqan  (RF MA, R-3260 qor, 1-tizim, 30-is, 19  p.).  Mәjilisting kýn tәrtibi 1923 jylghy 23-sәuirdegi Federalidyq Jer komiytetinde qaralghan Astrahan guberniyasy men Qazaq AKSR-ining Bókey guberniyasy arasyndaghy shekaralyq jerge baylanysty talas mәselesi.  Komissiyanyng sheshimi boyynsha Astrahan guberniyalyq Atqaru komiytetine auyl sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn guberniya túrghyndarynyng bir bóligining kórshi Qazaq avtonomiyalyq respublikasynyng jerin zansyz paydalanudyng ekonomikalyq saldarlaryn jәne әreketterine tosqauyl qoi, onyng saldarlaryn anyqtau, sonday-aq Astrahan guberniyasynyng jerin kórshi Qazaq respublikasy jerleri arqyly úlghaytpau sharalarynyng aldyn-alu tapsyrylady. Atalghan hattamagha komissiya mýsheleri, sonyng ishinde U.Tanashevta qol qoyghan.

Memlekettik dәrejedegi barlyq qújattardy dayyndau, ony naqtylap qaghaz betine týsiru Mәskeudegi qazaq elining ókili U.Tanashev syndy eki tilde birdey jazatyn sauatty adamgha tirelse kerek.

Qazaqstannyng memlekettik shekarasyn ornatudyng ózine tәn erekshelikteri boldy. Shekaranyng grafikalyq qosymshasy bar jәne mәtindik sipattauy bayandalatyn kartografiyalyq materialdar is jýzinde mýldem bolghan joq. Sonymen qatar, 1920 jyly Qazaq KASR-i qúrylghan kezden bastap Qazaqstan – Resey shekarasy birneshe ret ózgeriske týsti.

Qazirgi Astrahan oblysynyng Qyzyljar, Volodar audandary, kerek dese Astrahannyng ózi de, territoriyalyq jaghynan bir kezdegi qazaqtyn, dәldep aitsaq, Deshti Qypshaqtyng jeri. Ókinishke oray, keyinnen orystardyng jaulap aluy nәtiyjesinde Resey patshalyghynyng qol astyna ótui, key jerlerdi qalmaqtardyng basyp aluyna baylanysty ata-júrt tizgini qoldan shyghyp ketti.

Alash qayratkeri Uәlithan Tanashevtyng Qazaqstannyng batys shekarasynyng bir bólegin naqtylauda jәne eki elding shekarasyn shegendeude istegen eren isin, erlikke para-par qaraketin býgingi óskeleng úrpaq jadynda ústap, ýlgi-ónege tútugha, tughan eline emirene biluge jәne patriottyq túrghydan ruhany janghyrugha taghylymdy sabaq ete biluge tiyisti. Sebebi, el aumaghyn týgendeudegi abyroyly is úmtylmaq emes.

Aqqaly Ahmet, professor

Abai.kz