(qystyng songhy kýni)

Birikken Últtar Úiymynyng bas assambleyasy «Halyqaralyq Nauryz kýni» dep bekitip, YuNESKO adamzattyng materialdyq emes mәdeny múra tizimine engizgen úlyq merekemiz turaly ghylymy tújyrymdar men bayypty boljamdar jetkilikti. Osy kýndi oiyn-sauyqpen atap ótetin halyqtardyng baspasóz betterinde aitylyp jatatyn jekelegen pikirlerden tipti ayaq alyp jýrgisiz. Alayda osy payym pardasynan iriktelgen tolymdy tolghamdardy qorytyp, týpkilikti baylam jasaghan jýieli ghylymy enbek joq dese de bolady. Sol ýshin býginde elding tanym-týsinigin ekiúday oy keuley bastaghany jasyryn emes. Óitkeni shyn mәninde búl qanday mereke jәne jyl basy Nauryz aiynyng naqty qay júldyzynda bastalyp, qansha kýn toylanugha tiyis degen súraqtar kýni býginge deyin basy ashyq mәsele kýiinde qalyp otyr.

Keyingi kezde Nauryz diny mereke retinde topshylana bastaghan bolsa, etnograf ghalymdar múny әrisi jalpy Shyghys halyqtarynyn, berisi týrki taypalarynyng mýshel esebi boyynsha jyl basy ekenin aitudan tanghan emes. Atalmysh halyqtyq merekening qazaq topyraghynda jappay atap ótiluine 1926 jyldan keyin jol berilmeui onyng birynghay diny renk alyp, әuelgi maghynasy alashúbarlana bastaghandyghynan bolatyn.

Jalpy, Nauryz tabighat-anamen egiz órim ilki tegin úmytpaghan halyqtardyng ortaq merekesi ekeni dausyz. Óitkeni ony bir zamanda Europa, Iran, Ýndistan, Aldynghy jәne Ortalyq Aziya, Kavkaz, Ontýstik pen Soltýstik Amerika, tipti Afrikanyng ýndieuropa tilderi tobyndaghy halyqtar, әrtýrli mәdeniyet ústanyp, san aluan kýshterge tabynghan rimdikter, yahudey dinindegiler men ejelgi orystar ózderining últtyq bolmysyndaghy ruhany erekshelikterge beyimdep, týrlishe toylaghany mәlim. Amerika kontiynentin jaylaghan halyqtar men europalyqtar da Iusus Hristos tughan qantar aiyn jana jyl esebinde keyin atap óte bastasa kerek. Al Orta Aziya, Parsy, Shyghys halyqtary men týrkining zandy júraghaty – qazaqtar ýshin búl tabighattyng qayta týleu merekesi – jyl basy. Endeshe halyqtyng súrsanasy men túrmys-saltymyzda ózindik orny bolghan, keyin kele mәn-maghynasy kómeskilenip, úmytylugha ainalghan Nauryzgha qatysty bir tabighy jaytty uaqyt órnegi totyqtyra bastaghan jadymyzda qayta janghyrtyp óteyik.

Sonymen qazir kópshiligimiz jyl basy 21–22 nauryz degen úghymgha den qoyyp, daghdy aldyra bastaghanymyz jasyryn emes. Alayda biz onyng astarly maghynasyna jiti mәn berip jýrmiz be? Olay bolsa jyl basy nauryz aiynyng naqty qay júldyzynda bastalugha tiyis? Búghan oray bayyrghy boljamdar men dala qazaghynyng tabighatty jiti baqylaghan biliginen kimning ne bilgeni bar? Álde «kóp aitsa kóndinin» kerimen búdan bylay da eski sýrleu izimen jýre beremiz be?

Nauryz aiynyng nәti bilingennen bastap tirshiliktegi tabighy bastaulardy úlyqtau mәdeniyeti men keyingi kózqarastardyng itjyghys kýresining halyq sansyndaghy jemisti-jemissiz joldaryna qosa tym qarabayyr týsinikter jauynnan keyingi qúrqúlaqtay qaptay bastaydy. Ári-beridesin parsy júrty «novruz», yaghny «jana kýn» atandyrghangha deyin bizding qazaq kýn men týnning tenesuine qatysty Shyghys kýntizbesimen egiz tól úghymdardy bilmegen siyaqty jaghymsyz әser qaldyrady.

Bes mýsheldi, soghan say on eki jylda auysyp otyratyn bes týsti (aq, sary, kók, qyzyl, qara), yaghny alpys bir belesti «bir jas» dep tújyrym jasaytyn bayyrghy qazaq ózining jyl qayyru dәstýrin tym erte dәuirlerden bastaydy. Belgili etnograf ghalymdar, marqúm Erik Kókeev pen Talasbek Ásemqúlovtar aityp, jazyp qaldyrghan dәleldi derekterde adamnyng jasyna qatysty osy alpys bir jyldyq tarmaq dala mәdeniyetinde on alty myng ret qaytalanypty. Atalghan bes mýshel arasyndaghy qara týs qay jasqa (13, 25, 37, 49, 61) tura kelse, sol beles iyesi ýshin óte qauipti degen senimde bolghan babalarymyzdyng alpysqa tolmay ólgen kisini «eki jastyng birine kelmey óldi» deytini de sondyqtan. Osy ólshemdi úly tariyhqa, yaghny on alty myng jyldyq merzimge shaqqan әrbir adam bizding bәsimizdi ózge halyqtar ýrdisimen qatar qoyyp salmaqtaghanda, qazaq salt-dәstýrlerin tym kenje damyghan nemese ózgelerden enshilengen kóshirme dep te aitugha auyzdary barmas edi.

Keyingi kezde halyq arasynda belgili bir dәstýrdi taldap, týsinuge qatysty shiyelenisti týsinikter saldarynan jyl basy Nauryzgha baylanysty qazaqy úghymdardyng deni kirme ekendigi jii aitylyp qalyp jýr. Qazaqtaghy Kórisu dәstýrining tújyrymdamasyn ózinshe anyqtap «Amal merekesining tamyry monghol men tuva halyqtarynda jatyr» dep topshylaytyn orys ghalymy Andrey Astafievting pikiri biz ýshin sonsha manyzdy ma? Sonda bizding babalarymyz Nauryz aiynyng birinshi júldyzyn Amal (Hamal – parsy tilinde Toqty-Zodiak shoqjúldyzy, 21 nauryz ben 20 sәuirding aralyghy) atandyryp, kóktem kelgende «Amal keldi, Amal kirdi» dep, jana kýn kirgende bir-birimen kórisu rәsimin jasaytyn qazaq osy dәstýrdi monghol men tyvadan aldy degen osynday dolbar tújyrymgha ilanyp, kózsiz kóbelektey kóne beruge bola ma?

Mysaly, parsy tildi halyqtar Nauryz merekesin toylaghanda әr jerden laulatyp ot jaghyp, oghan may qúyady. Dәl osynday rәsimdi bizding babalarymyz da jasaghan jәne múnday yrymdar qazaq túrmysynan kýni býginge deyin qalmay, ilesip kele jatyr. Olay bolsa endi osyny da qazaq atam parsylardan alghan deuimiz kerek pe?

Auyldyq jerlerde shanyraqqa jas kelin týskende Ot-Ana qúrmeti ýshin otqa qúiryq may salyp, jer-oshaqqa sәlem saldyru rәsimi әli de bar ekenin kózimiz kórip jýr. Al endi osy qanday salt, nendey kýshke ie rәsim? Sóz joq, búl bayyrghy babalarymyzdyng ejelgi qonsylastary ýndi-iran júrtymen qatar qasiyet tútqan joralghylar. Zoroastrizm seniminde bolghan dәuirde Ahura Mazdagha tabynghan kóne grek júrty kәduilgi otty ýsh týrge bóletin. Olar – oshaq, ot jәne kýl. Bir ghajaby olar osy ýsh asyldy oy men sózdin, әri әreketting birligi dep bilgen. Demek, oiy búzyq kisining sózi de búzylady, al sóz búzylghan jerde әreket te soghan say siyr qúiymshaqtana bermek. Osy ýshtik (ejelgi orystar ýsh degen sangha asa mәn beretindikten jyl basy merekesinde dastarhangha ýsh bas sarymsaq qoyady) negizge qúrylghan qarapayym pәlsapany jatsynbay qabyldap, oshaghyna ter tókken búrynghylar qyzdaryna Kýlbarshyn, Kýlbaram, Kýlayym, Kýljamal, Kýlәnda, Kýldana, Kýlpash, Kýlbala dep at qoyatyn. Sonyng bәrin irandyq «gýl» týbirge ainaldyryp alyp jýrgen de ózimiz, ózge eshkim emes.

Bir-birine «Shyraghyng sónbesin!» dep tileytin bizding júrttyng Nauryz kelgen týni Qyzyr Baba qúrmetine әr shanyraqta qos shyraq jaghyp qoyatyn rәsimi de eskiden kele jatqan nanym-senimderining júqanaghy. Býgingi islam mәdeniyeti boyynsha búl músylmanshylyqqa jat әdet bolghanymen, dәstýrli qazaq qoghamynda әulie adamdyng mazaryna, kiyeli sanalatyn jerlerge sham jaghu, dýniyeden ótken jannyng tuystary qaytys bolghan marqúmdy jatqyzyp, auashalaghan ýige sýiek shyqqan keshten bastap, әr kýni ymyrt jabylghanda kisining ruhy jer betin tastap mәngi mekeni – baqigha attangha deyin qyryq kýn shyraq jaghu rәsimi zoroastrizmnen qalghan, negizinen Yahudy (Iudaizm) men Hristian dinine tәn ghúryptar keybir qoghamdastarymyzdyng arasynda әli kýnge deyin saqtalyp keledi. Nauryz merekesi kýnderi jighan-tergen dýniye-mýlkin qaghyp-silkip otpen alastap alatyn qazaq balasy ghasyrlar boyy jinaqtap, әrtýrli senimder men mәdeny auys-týiister tolqynynda sinirgen salt-dәstýrleri men yrym-tiymdarynyng barlyghyn osy kýnderi qayta janghyrtugha tyrysady. Óitkeni, salt-dәstýr janghyryp, eski yrym, joralghylar men belgili bir maghy rәsimder qaytalanghan sayyn adam balasy ózining ilki bastaularyna qaytyp, ruhtar qauyshyp, qayta týleydi degen týsinik sana týkpirine jazylghan, baltalasang da búzugha kelmeytin jasyryn mәlimetter jiyntyghy bolyp sanalady.

Dәstýrli qazaq qoghamynda Nauryz toyy toghyz kýn boyy toylanghandyghy aitylady (Mәshhýr Jýsip derekterinde segiz kýn, alayda býgingidey bir ay emes. – B. J.). Óitkeni Nauryz aiynyng 13 júldyzynda toqsan kýnge sozylghan qytymyr qys mausymy tolyq kýrmelip, kelesi jyldyng shyraghy jaghylady. Sharuanyng jayyn biletin qazaq qys aiynyng osy songhy kýnderin «juannyng jinishkerip, jinishkening ýziler shaghy» atandyrghany da sondyqtan. Olay bolsa tútas bir jyldyng keyin qaluy, 12 jylda bir keletin mýshelding kirui (kóktem merekesinde bayyrghy orys halqy as mәzirining qataryna mindetti týrde on eki sabaq jas jua qosady), kóktemning kelui, yaghny jyl basy 14 nauryzgha sәikes keledi. Dәstýr boyynsha Nauryznama (key derekterde Nauryzdama. – B. J.) merekesining segizinshi kýni «toytarqar» rәsimin jasap, kýn men týn tenesken sәtte, yaghny 22 nauryzda biyik qyrdyng basyna shyghyp tang shapaghyn qarsy alyp, kelesi jylgha aman-esen ótkenine quanghan qazaq toghyz degen sandy da kezdeysoq tandamaghan. Kóne numerologiya ghylymynda toghyz – adam degen sózding isharasy. Osydan kelip «ýiirimen ýsh toghyz» úghymy, yaghny bir aidyng jәne toghyz sanyna qatysty barlyq qasiyetter jiynynyng tini tarqatylady. Óitkeni adam balasynyng ómir tishiligi belgili bir tylsym sandardyng zandylyghyna baylauly ekenin kónedegiler jaqsy bilgen.

Áriyne, bizding búl oiymyzben kóp adamnyng birden kelise ketui ekitalay. Biraq bayyrghy qazaq basqany bilmese de, tabighattyng tilin jetik mengergenin eshkim joqqa shyghara almasy anyq. Men sol ghazizderden qalghan tabighy bilikting bir ýzigimen ghana bóliskeli otyrmyn. Óitkeni ghylymy enbekterding deni 12 jyldyq kýntizbelik tarmaq «qytay mәdeniyeti arqyly tiybet, monghol, úighyr hәm qazaqqa singen» degen pikirlerge iyek artudan aspay otyr. Al osy halyqtarmen ómir boyy qonsy bolyp, baytaq dalany bólise jaylaghan bizding eski ru-taypalarymyz tútynghan dәl osynday eski mәdeny ústyndar turaly aitugha kelgende nege ekeni belgisiz, kegejegimiz keyin tarta beredi. Amal qansha, ghalymdardyng basym bóligi osylay dep belgisin bekitip qoyghan song әzirge osy mәlimetterdi maldana túrugha mәjbýrmiz. Áytse de, týbirimen qayta qarap, zamanauy zerdemen zertteuge súranyp túrghan mәselening biri de osy.

Al endi biz býgingi Batys aimaghynda túratyn qazaqtardyng (Aqtau, Atyrau, Oral, Aqtóbe) ne ýshin 14 nauryzdy «Kórisu» nemese «Amal» merekesi dep ataytynyna jiti mәn berip jýrmiz be? Jalghyz Batys aimaghyn jaylaghan aghayyndar, Resey men Qaraqalpaqstanda túratyn qandastarymyz ghana emes, barlyq Daghystan halyqtary, sonyng ishinde Ázirbayjandar da jyl basy dep bir-birimen tap osy 14 nauryzda kórisetinin qanday tabighy qúbylyspen nemese etnikalyq baylanyspen týsindiruge bolady?

Tabighattyng tilin bir kisidey týsingen babalarymyz Jerding on eki aida Kýndi bir ainalyp shyghuyn «jyl» dep ataghan. Jalpy júrtqa belgili, jyl basy – tyshqan. Halyq arasynda «Tyshqan qalay jyl basy atandy?» deytin balalargha arnalghan ertegide osy mәrtebege ie bolu ýshin talasqan hayuanattar arasyndaghy onyng ailakerlikpen jetken әreketi erekshe aitylady. Al búl ertegining balalargha arnalu sebebin týsindirmey-aq qoysa da bolatyn shyghar. Óitkeni kóshpendiler ózining ghasyrlar boyy jinaqtaghan tabighy tәjiriybesin bauyryndaghy balasyna tal besikte jatqanda anasynyng aq sýti men әldii arqyly darytugha tyrysqan.

Býgingi Povoljie, Resey, Orta Aziya, Ózbekstan, Týrkimenstan, Aughanstan, Iran, Qazaqstannyng qúmshauyt pen taqyr jerlerin mekendeytin, úsaq kemirgishter tobyna jatatyn, qorqu degenning ne ekenin bilmeytin ójet әri óte saq tyshqannyng Balpaq degen týri bolady. Ózi ýsh-tórt jyldan artyq ómir sýrmeydi. Jynystyq zerektigi ómirining ekinshi-ýshinshi jyly ghana kemeline kelip, tolysa bastaydy. Otyzgha tarta shópting týrimen qorektenip ýnemi ósimdik tamyrynan ylghal soratyndyqtan sugha da asa qúmar emes. Onyng asa baghaly jon terisi sәuir aiynyng ortasyna qaray týlep, kýn kózine shyghylysyp qyp-qyzyl bolyp, janardyng jauyn alyp qúlpyra týsedi.

Bir qyzyghy, әlgi maqúlyq jyl on eki ay tirshiligining toghyz aigha juyghyn jer astynda, qalyng úiqynyng qúshaghynda ótkizedi. Qúm shyjghyrghan shilde aiynyng ishinde әuelgi jazghy úiqygha ketkennen kýzdik, qystyq úiqysyn әbden qandyryp, qys kýrmeler kýni, yaghny 13 nauryzda bir-aq oyanady. Soghan qaraghanda jyl mezgilining auysuyna baylanysty tabighatta bolyp jatatyn erekshe ózgeristerdi birinshi osy tyshqan túqymy sezetin bolsa kerek. Qysqy úiqydan aldymen erkegi, sosyn úrghashysy, sonynan baryp balpanaqtary túrady. Sóitip, sol kýni tabighattyng qanday minez tanytyp túrghanyna qaramastan, qystay jatqan inderining auzyn, ishin tolayym tazalap alyp, bir-birimen kisi siyaqty kórisedi. Eger kýn rayy jyly bolsa, sol sәtten bastap tirshiligin jalghastyrady. Al auanyng әli de bolsa synbaghan, qytymyr ekenin bayqasa, Balpaq qalypty әdetimen inine kirip alyp kýn jylynghansha qaytadan kóz shyrymyn alugha kirisedi.

Múnday tabighy qúbylystargha tang qalugha da bolmas. Mysaly, kemirushiler otryadynyng tiyin tәrizdiler túqymdasyna jatatyn, Qazaqstannyng ormandy dalasy, shóldi jerleri men tauly aimaqtarynda úshyrasatyn, terisi asa baghaly, mayy halyq medisinasynda әr týrli syrqattargha em retinde kәdege jaratylatyn Suyr degen sýtqorekti bar. Solardyng óz arasynda bolatyn adam aitsa nanghysyz «Suyrdyng qyz úzatu» rәsimin anshylyqpen ainalysatyn aghayyn biluge tiyis. Qaz qatar tizilip túryp úyalastaryn úzatqan sәtte Suyrlar adamsha qimastyq tanytatyndaryn anshylar әngime etkende ony bey-jay otyryp tyndaudyng ózi mýmkin emes. Al Qazaqstannyng Jayyq, Syrdariya, Ertis, Ile, Shu, Tentekqara, Qobda ózenderinde kezdesetin, tirshiligining kóbi suda ótetin, asa baghaly terisining erekshe júpar iyis shygharatyn qylshyqtarynan parfumeriyada qoldanylatyn «qúndyz júpary» alynatyn, su týbindegi Shamshyraq atalatyn erekshe jaryq tastyng saqtaushysy әlgi kemirgishter otryadynyng qataryndaghy Qúndyz degen tyshqan eken.

...Sol Balpaqtyng әlgi ghajayyp әreketi jyl basy Nauryz kelgende auyl-ýding ainalasyn tazartyp, kir-qondaryn juyp, kiyim-keshekterin qayta janartyp kiyetin dala halqynyng tirshiligine qatty úqsaydy. Olardyng jyldaghy osy әdetinen bir tanbaytynyn biletin jәne tabighy qúbylystardy qalt jibermey ýnemi baqylap jýretin búrynghynyng eskerimdi aqsaqaldary Balpaq innen shyqqan kýndi jyl basy deytin.

Búghan baylanysty halyq jady da kóp nәrse saqtaghan. El arasynda «baydyng úly balpanaq» degen sóz qalghan. Búl әlgi tyshqan túqymdastyng may basqan, tolyq, balpighan, qobalaq bolmysyna sýisinip aitylghan teneu bolsa kerek. Keshegi ashtyq zúlmaty qúryq salghan jyldary adamdar Balpaqtyng etin jep jan saqtaghan. Kishi jýz qazaqtary arasynda aitylatyn «Tórtqara, balpaghyndy jep qara» degen qaghytpa sóz sonyng belgisi. Qazir úmytyla bastaghanymen búryn qazaq túrmysynda Balpaqqa qatysty atau, esim tergeu, oiyn týrleri de jii kezdesetin. Toghyz ay men bir jastyng arasyndaghy top-tolyq, deni sau perzentin kemirgish túqymdasynyng balasynyng atymen «balpanaqtay» dep erkeletetin qazaq onyng erekshe qasiyetin ejelden bilse kerek. Qazaq balalar foliklorynda «Bala, bala – Balpaq / Basyng nege jalpaq?» degen әzil aralas jyr joldary da kezdesedi. Jalayyrdyng ataqty biyi, kósem, әri әuliyesining esimi Balpyq boluynda da bir tabighy ýilesimdilik pen zandylyqtyng bolu mýmkin.

Sonymen 13 nauryzda songhy nýktesi qoyylatyn kóne jyl 14 nauryzdan bastap jana beleske auysyp, ejelden Kýndi qasiyet tútqan dala júrty jappay toy toylaugha kirisedi eken. Al 22 nauryzda kýn men týn tenesip, aq pen qara bettesip, әri qaray kýn úzaryp, týn qysqaryp, jer bauyry busap, tirshilikting tamyryna qan jýre bastaytyny aitpasa da týsinikti jayt. Sóitip kóktem merekesin toghyz kýn toylap kýrmeytin kóshpendiler sodan song kelesi jyldyng qamyna kirisetin bolghan. Olay bolsa, jyl basy – әz Nauryz merekesi qútty bolsyn, mýshelding tabaldyryghynan aman-esen óteyik.

Qoldan kelse babalar sinirgen dalalyq bilimning qasiyeti men qadirin qashyrmay, tylsymgha toly últtyq ýrdisterimizdi kirshiksiz tútynghangha ne jetsin.

Berik Jýsipov,

foliklortanushy

Abai.kz