Leninnen keyin Stalinning biylikke kelui KSRO-da týbegeyli ózgeristerge alyp keldi. Ol óz pikirine, әreketine qarsynyng kózin qúrtyp, partiyany ózining baghytynda júmys isteuge júmyldyrdy. Eldegi «jaularyna», oppozisiyalyq kýshterge qarsy jazalaushy organ Ishki Ister Halyq Komissariatyn (NKVD) qúrdy. Organ Stalinning jeke ózining qol shoqparyna ainalyp, «mәrtebesin» sharyqtatyp jiberdi. Halyqta qatty ýrey men qorqynysh qalyptasty.
Birneshe jylgha sozylghan repressiya 1934 jylghy 1-jeltoqsanda Sayasiburo mýshesi jәne VKP(b) OK hatshysy, Leningradtyq obkomnyng bas hatshysy S.M.Kirovting atyp óltiriluinen bastaldy.
Kirovting jerleu rәsimine deyingi bes kýn ishinde jalghan aiyppen, Leningradta 39 adam, Mәskeude 29, Minskide 9, Kiyevte 28 adam atylghan. Olardyng barlyghy jazyqsyz jandar bolatyn.
Kirovting ólimi Stalinge ózining qarsylastary men halyqqa qarsy kýsh qoldanugha mýmkindik berdi. Búrynghy Stalinge qarsy oppozisiya ókilderi jәne sayasy qyzmetten ketken túlghalardyng barlyghy da tútqyndaldy.
1937 jyldyng basynda Ishki Ister Halyq Komissariatynyng basshysy qyzmetinen airylghan G.G.Yagodanyng ózi aqpan-nauryz ailaryndaghy OK-ning Plenumynda ýlken syngha úshyrap, 28-nauryzda tútqyndaldy. Ol kezinde ýlken qyzmette jýrgende Stalinmen araqatynasy jaqsy edi jәne NKVD-ng basshysy retinde de jeke tapsyrmalaryn oryndaytyn. Yagoda bolsa, Stalinning qylmysynyng kuәgeri edi. Sondyqtan Stalin odan sypayy jolmen, yaghny «onshyl troskistik bloktyn» ókili dep aiyptap qútylghysy keldi. Yagoda barlyq taghylghan aiyptardy moyyndady.
Osy kezderde «satqyn», «halyq jauy» degen týsinikter sinonim retinde paydalanyldy jәne jauapqa 12 jastaghy baladan bastap tartylsyn degen búiryq ta boldy.
Ejov júmysqa kiriskennen keyin NKVD júmysshylarynyng jaghdayy jaqsaryp, «jendetterdin» ailyq jalaqylary kóbeyip, әr týrli marapattargha ie boldy. NKVD qyzmetkerleri barlyq kýshin «kontrrevolusiyalyq úiymdardy», «ziyankesterdi», «shpiondardy» ústaugha júmyldyrylyp, olar óz josparyn asyra oryndau ýshin barlyq jauyzdyqqa bardy. Sotsyz ýkim shygharushy organdar «ekilik» jәne «ýshtikter» kýsheye týsti. Olar tútqyndaghylardy syrttay jogharghy jazagha úshyratty.
Odaqtas respublikalardyng barlyghynda búrynghy «últtyq auytqushylyqqa» aiyptalghandaryna jәne partiya ókilderine qarsy jappay repressiya úiymdastyryldy. Áriyne birinshi soqqy VKP (b) OK-nyng ókilderine tiydi. Kezinde 1934 jyldyng 10 aqpanyndaghy partiyanyng HYII sezinde VKP(b) OK-ge alynghan 71 mýshe men 68 mýshelikke kandidattyn, bes jyl ótkennen keyin, yaghny sol 139 adamnyng ýshten ekisi zansyz repressiyalanghan. Naqtyraq aitqanda óz әriptesteri tarapynan óltirilgen.
1937-1938 jyldary adam shoshyrlyq repressiyagha jalpy barlyq respublikalyq, oblystyq, obkom jәne oblispolkomdyq, kenestik úiymdar ókilderi, qalalyq jәne audandyq partiya basshylary úshyrady. Osynday qyzmettegi túlghalardyng RSFSR boyynsha 90% kózi joyyldy. Basshylyq kadrlargha ýlken soqqy berildi. Tipti, Mәskeu oblysynyng partiyalyq hatshylarynyng 136-nan 1939 jyly tek jeteui ghana qalghan.
Osynday qiyn sәtte Stalin Qyzyl Ásker kadrlaryna da soqqy berudi úmytpady. 1937 jyly ataqty qolbasshy marshaldar M.N.Tuhachevskiy, I.E.Yakiyr, A.IY.Egorov, V.K.Bluher t.b. atu jazasyna úshyrady.
Stalin eldegi repressiyany jýrgizude birinshi kezekte jazalaushy jәne sot-tergeu organdaryna arqa sýiegen edi. Biraq jappay repressiya san myndaghan NKVD men sot jәne prokuratura ókilderin de nazardan tys qaldyrmady. Auyr soqqy Kenestik barlaushylargha da berilip, әskery barlaudyng basshysy Ya.K.Berzinnen bastap IY.Reyss, V.Kriviskiy taghy basqalary atyldy.
1935 jyldyng qarashasyndaghy NKVD organynyng eng jogharghy әskery sheni 1,2 jәne 3 rangaly komissar ataghyn iyemdengen, jәne elimizde «Ýlken terror», men «tazartu» jýrgizgen 38 adamnyng 1941 jyly tek ekeui ghana tiri qalghan.
Al, Qazaqstangha keletin bolsaq, osylardyng biri ekinshi rangaly memleket qauipsizdigi komissary P.B.Zalin Qazaqstanda tura ýsh jyl (09.01.1935-20.01.1938) NKVD bastyghy bolyp istedi. Sonyng songhy bir-eki jyly tikeley N.Ejovtyng qaramaghynda ótti.
1937 jyly Qazaqstan Kompartiyasy OK-ning qúramyndaghy 85 mýshe, 35 mýshelikke kandidat, 11 revkom mýshesi – barlyghy 131 adam bolsa, jyl ayaghynda odan 68 adam ghana qalghan.
Qazaq elinde NKVD basqarghan P.B.Zalin Mәskeuge auysuyna baylanysty onyng ornyna ortalyq S.F.Redensti jiberdi. 1938 jyly qantardyng sonynda qyzmetine kirisken ol Almatyda 37-de bastalghan qyzyl terror qarqynyn óristete týsti. Ol on kýn ishinde býtindey Qazaqstannyng ýkimetin atyp tastaghan. Kelgen on kýni ishinde Jogharghy Sovetting tóraghasy Qúlymbetovten bastap segiz ministrdi, Ortalyq partiya Komiytetining bas hatshysyn, tórt mengerushisin, buro mýshesin týgel, Jogharghy Sovet tóraghasynyng orynbasarlaryn, ministrler Soveti tóraghasynyng orynbasarlaryn atyp tastaghan. Solardyng qatarynda 14 oblystyq atqaru komiytetining tóraghalary, 13 obkom hatshysy bar. Qazaq memleketining basshylaryn jappay joy sayasaty osylay jedel, jantýrshigerlik kýide jýrgizildi.
Sóitip, repressiyanyng naghyz sharyqtau kezeninde, 1937-1938 jyldarda, qazaq elinde tipti NKVD-ny basqarghan Zalin men Redenster de repressiyadan qashyp qútylmady.
Sol jyldary bir ghana repressiya saldarynan qazagha úshyraghan qazaqstandyqtardyng sany 25 myng adamnan asyp jyghylady. 1937-1938 jyldardaghy qughyn-sýrginnen bastap Qazaqstanda 103 myng adam sayasy aiyp taghylu arqyly sottalsa, onyng tórtten biri «NKVD ýshtikteri» ýkimimen, sot ýkimimen atylyp ketken.
Múnday qyzyl qyrghyn qazaq halqyn erekshe oisyratty. Demograf M.Tәtimovting aituynsha, 1937-1938 jyldary «halyq jauy» bolyp atylghan qazaqtar payyz jaghynan gruzinderden eki ese, orystardan ýsh ese, tatarlardan tórt ese, ózbekterden bes ese kóp bolghan. Elining erkindigin ansap, armanda ketken alash arystary, ghalymdar, әuliyeler, aqyn-jazushylar boldy.
Sifrgha sener bolsaq, biz býkil soghys jyldary 600-dey generaldan airyldyq. Stalin bolsa, 1937-1938 jyldary 43 myng әskery basshyny repressiyagha úshyratqan.
Keybir derekterge qaraghanda 30-shy jyldardyng sonynda 23000 chekist óltirilgen. Naghyz qylmyskerler Yagoda, Ejov, Beriya, Vyshinskiy jәne Ulirihter bolatyn. Olar Stalindik jazalaushy jýiening 30-shy jyldardaghy iriktelgen belsendi mýsheleri edi. Sol belsenip jýrgen Ejovqa da «Polisha, Germaniya, Japoniyamen satqyndyq, shpiondyq baylanysta bolghan» degen aiyp taghylyp, 1940 jyly 4 aqpanda atu jazasyna úshyrady.
Keybir mәlimetterge qaraghanda 1935 jyldyng 1 qantarynan 1941 jyldyng 22 mausymy aralyghynda KSRO-da 19 mln. 840 myng «halyq jauy» tútqyndalyp, onyng 7 milliony atylsa, qalghandary lagerilerde ólgen.
Búdan shyghatyn qorytyndy, S.Kirovting qazasynan keyin bastalghan elimizdegi jappay qughyn-sýrgin adamzat tarihynda bolmaghan qatygezdikpen jýrgizildi. Zúlmat Kenes Odaghy qúramyndaghy barlyq respublikalardy qamtydy.
Stalindik zorlyq-zombylyq aqyrynda tarihy jeniliske úshyrady. Stalindik jýiening 30 jyldyq tarihyndaghy KSRO-daghy adam shyghyny, Romanovtar әuletining 300 jyldyq tarihyndaghy adam qúrbandyghynan birneshe ese kóp.
Álem tarihynda HH ghasyrdyng beybit kezenderinde әlemning týrli elderinde 170 million adam qyrylyp joyylypty. Solardyng 110 milliony, nemese shamamen ýshten ekisi, kommunistik baghdardaghy elderding ýlesine tiyedi. KSRO-da 1917-1987 jyldary 62 million adam joyylghan, «kommunistik Qytayda» (1949-1987) – 35 million, Germaniyada (1933-1945) – 21 million, «últtyq Qytayda» (1928-1949) – 10 million, Japoniyada (1936-1945) – 6 million, Týrkiyada (1909-1923) – 2,8 million» «Sosialistik qauymdastyq» dep atalatyn búrynghy 23 elde 110, 286 million adam joyylypty. Sonday-aq adamdardy joyqyn qyrghany ýshin basshylardyng jeke jauapkershiligi turaly aitatyn bolsaq, búl tizimning eng basynda Stalin túr. Onyng moynyna 42,6 million adamnyng qany jýkteledi. Odan keyin: Mao Szedun – 37,8 mln, Gitler – 20,9 mln, Chan Kayshy – 10,2 mln, Lenin – 4 mln, Hideky Todzio – 3,9 mln, Pol Pot – 2,4 mln adam.

jedel súhbat

Talas Omarbekov
– Qazaqstan tәuelsizdigin alghannan keyingi kezendegi qughyn-sýrgin mәselesining zerttelu dengeyi qalay?
– Qughyn-sýrgin, jalpylama alghanda nauqandar boyynsha zerttelui bitti deuge bolady. Mysaly, týrikshildikke aiyptau, újymdastyru, kenestendiru, qazaqty últshyldyqqa aiyptau jolyndaghy qughyn-sýrginder, elde bolghan kóptegen sharuashylyq sayasy nauqandar, deportasiya da birshama dúrys zertteldi.
Bizding qoghamda osy mәselege turasynda shatastyru oryn aldy. Asharshylyqty 1929-1931 jj bolishevikterding әleumettik-sayasy reformasynyng qateligi. Ony aparyp qughyn-sýrginge jatqyzdyq. Asharshylyq qúrbandary eshqanday qylmystyq issiz әrtýrli nauqandargha baylanysty qyryldy. Al, olardy sayasy qughyn-sýrginge jatqyzugha bolmaydy. Qughyn-sýrginder arnayy aiyptaumen, jala jabumen joyylghan adamdar. Endi osy túrghydan asharshylyq qúrbandaryn qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandarynan ajyratu kerek. Olardy atap ótu ýshin arnayy kýn belgileu kerek. Asharshylyq qúrbandaryna (2 mln astam qazaqqa) arnap barlyq oblystaghy qalalargha eskertkish ornatsaq, artyq bolmaydy. Al, qughyn-sýrgin qúrbandaryna da monumentter ornatayyq. Mine, osy mәseleni zertteushiler kýn tәrtibine qoyyp, aityp keledi, biraq ony tyndar qúlaq joq. Jalpy men qughyn-sýrginning kóp tomdyq kitabyn shygharu kerek dep oilaymyn.
– Qughyn-sýrgin mәselesine shetel tarihshylary qanshalyqty mәn berip otyr?
– Shetel tarihshylary qughyn-sýrginge de, asharshylyqa qasiretine de jaqsy mәn beredi. Osy jyly ghana menen eki sheteldik kelip, ashtan qyrylghan qazaqtargha baylanysty arnayy leksiya tyndady. Onyng bireui Amerikandyq, ekinshisi Italiyandyq doktarant. Mine, Evropalyq tarihshylar bizding tariyhqa qyzyghyp jatyr. Sebebi, óz tarihyn zerttep bitti. Olargha memleket jaghday jasady. Sondyqtan zertteytin obiekti tappay bizding tariyhqa kóship jatyr.
Postkenestik elderding tarihshylarynan qazirgi kezde qol ýzip qalghanbyz. Olarmen baylanys óte nashar.
Biz halyq bolamyz desek, tarihymyzdaghy qughyn-sýrgin sekildi aqtandaq mәselelerdi shynayy týrde zerttep, oghan obiektivti týrde bagha beru kerek. Sonda ghana últ ózin-ózi tolyq tanidy.

Talghat JOLDASÚLY, tarihshy
«Ýsh qiyan» gazeti 28 mamyr 2009 jyl