Latyn әlipbii ýlgisine jana úsynys
Abaydyng zamanyna deyingi oqighalardy bylay qoyghanda, odan beri ótken 114 jyl ishinde qazaq halqy tarihtyng tayqazynynda tayday tulap qaynap, aram kóbikteri ayausyz alynyp, odan býlkildep babymen pisip, býgingi zamangha jetti. Abay aitqan orystyng tili ekinshi tilimizge ainalyp, jappay sauattanyp aldyq. Áytse de qazaq halqy ýshin orys tili óz missiyasyn oryndap bitkeni tarihy shyndyq. Ári qaray damu ýshin IT-tehnologiya salasyn «jaulap alghan» latyn tilin mengeru qajet. Tipti kýlli әlemmen tike tiresken Reseyding ózi de 10-20 jyldan keyin latyn әrpine kóshuge mәjbýr boluy mýmkin. Búl zaman talaby...
Qazaq halqynyng latyndyq ýlgidegi jana әlipby jýiesine kóshuine ishtey qarsylyq kórsetip jýrgen Reseyde latyn әrpine kóshu әreketi 1680-1690 jj. jazbalardan bayqalady. Petr I patsha túsynda kirillisa men latyn әripterin jarym-jartylay qamtyghan azamattyq әripter engizildi. HIH gh. orys tilin latyn әlipbiyine kóshiruding jekelegen jobalary payda boldy. [1] 2000 jyldan bastap Reseyding latyn әrpine kóshkeni jón degen maqalalar qylang bere bastady. [2]
1920 jyldardan bastap KSRO túsynda jappay latyn әrpine kóshiru jýrgizildi. Osy nauqangha sәikes Qazaq KSR-inde 1929-1940 jj. arasynda jogharydan tanylghan latyn әlipbiyi, sol kezde qoldanylyp jýrgen arab әripteri negizindegi әlipbiydi almastyrdy. [3] Arada ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt ótkende jana ýlgidegi latyn әlipbiyin ózimiz tandau jasap qayta qabyldaghaly otyrmyz. Latyn әlipbiyining mәselesine kirisip ketuimizding sebebi, shamamen 4-5 jyldan keyin qazaq elinde barlyq resmy jәne resmy emes jazba mәdeniyeti týgeldey osy latyn әlipbii negizinde jýrgiziletindigin sezinuden tuyndap otyr. Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining 2018 jylghy 19 aqpandaghy № 637 Jarlyghynda jariyalanghan jana әlipbiyde diakritikalyq belgiler qoldanylady. Alysqa barmay-aq, ózim júmys isteytin mekemening IT-tehnologiya salasynyng mamandary jer-kókten izdep, osy songhy әlipbiydi әli taba almay otyr. Onyng ýstine, diakritikalyq tanbamen belgilengen «surettik» beynedegi 6 (alty) әripti 60-qa juyq kez-kelgen әlemdik ghalamtor (1 glossariy) jýiesining «esikteri men tesikteri» bolyp tabylatyn bir de bir brauzer (mysaly, Microsoft Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Yandex, Rambler-Brauzer, Google Chrome) [4] eshqashan da ish tartyp qabyldamaytyny belgili. Yaghni, latyn әlipbiyimen qazaqsha jazylghan sózder týsiniksiz simvoldarmen beriletin bolady. Odan qalsa, balalarymyz ben nemerelerimizding latyn әlipbii boyynsha dúrys oqyp, bilim aluyna jәrdemdesuimiz ýshin jana әlipbiydi әueli ózimiz jaqsy biluimiz kerek jәne t.t. Sol sebepti, aqyry qabyldaytyn bolghan son, latyn әlipbiyining eng ondy ýlgisin qabyldaugha atsalysuymyz azamattyq paryzymyz bolmaq.
2017 jylghy 12 sәuirde «Egemen Qazaqstan» respublikalyq gazetinde Qazaqstan Respublikasynyng Túnghysh Preziydenti – Elbasy N.Á.Nazarbaevtyng «Bolashaqqa baghdar: ruhany janghyru» atty maqalasy jariyalandy. Osy maqalanyng «II. Tayau jyldardaghy mindetter» atty bóliginde Elbasymyz: «Men 2012 jylghy jeltoqsan aiynda jariya etken «Qazaqstan-2050» Strategiyasynda «2025 jyldan bastap latyn әlipbiyine kóshuge kirisuimiz kerektigin» mәlimdedim. Búl – sol kezden bastap, barlyq salalarda biz latyn qarpine kóshudi bastaymyz degen sóz» dep shegelep aitty. [5]
Kýndelikti san-salaly túrmysta qoldynylatyn «Sandyq» (Digital) IT-tehnologiyanyng kýrdeli tanbalarymen bite qaynasyp ketui ýshin qazaqsha ýlgidegi latyn әripterining asty-ýsti, ortasyna qoyylatyn syzyq-belgilerding (ǠÄǢÊÕÝŁŖŲŢ jәne t.t.) bolmaghany jaqsy edi. Nege deseniz, europanyng eng beldi memleketteri bolsa da, qazirgi fransuz, nemis, ispan jәne ózimizding týrki t.b. elderding әlipbiyleri negizinde jazylghan sózderdi ghalamtordyng jogharyda aitqan brauzerleri «qabyldamaytynyna» óziniz de talay kuә bolghan bolarsyz dep oilaymyz. Jalpy latyn әlipbii men onyng ghylymiy-taldaulyq tújyrymdamalaryn ghalamtordan onay tauyp alyp, kenirek tanysugha bolady. [6]
Dýniyejýzilik dengeydegi tanbalardy kodtau standarty (Unicode [7]) latyn әlipbiyine qatysty barlyq әripter men tanbalardy býge-shegesine deyin nómirlep rettep qoyghan. Ghalamdyq atyshuly konsorsiumdar bekitken «Unicode/ISO/IEC 8859-1» [8] standartynan bir ghana nýkte-ýtir-syzyqqa auytqu, bir qaryn maydy shiritken «qúmalaqtyn» tap ózi bolady. Sol sebepti osy reformagha júmsalatyn qyruar qarajatty jelge shashpau ýshin jana әlipbiydi asyqpay, aq-qarasyn әbden ajyratyp alyp qabyldaghanymyz dúrys bolady.
Aldaghy myng jyldan keyin Jer betinde Úlybritaniya (Angliya) degen azuly el bolmauy da mýmkin, biraq aghylshyn tili myndaghan jyldar boyyna әlemdik qatynas tili qyzmetin atqara beretin bolady. Sebebi, býkil IT-tehnologiya osy 26 latyn әrpine negizdelgen. Ejelgi shumer-babyl, grek, islamdyq arab tilderining (2-6 glossariy aralyghy aralyghy) tarihynda osynday ýrdister bolghany belgili. Endigi jerde basqa әriptermen almastyru óte qymbatqa týsetin IT-tehnologiya salasyndaghy latyn әripteri, әlemdik túrghyda «mәngilik» ghylym tili bolyp qaluy mýmkin ekenin alysty boljay biletin bizding Elbasymyz siyaqty sayasatkerler óte jaqsy týsinip otyr. Biraq Elbasy aldynda «úpay» jinaghysy kelgender búl manyzdy isti ózara taytalasqan kókpar jarysqa ainaldyryp jibergendey seziledi.
1 suret. Asty-ýstine ýtir-nýkteler qoy arqyly jasalghan jaramsyz әlipbiy
2017 jylghy 29 mamyrda Avstriyadaghy Qazaqstan elshisi Qayrat Sarybay myrza bolashaq qazaq әlipbii 35 әripten túratyn bolady dep, 1 surettegi әripterdi kórsetkende, [9] «mәssaghan, myna әripterdi IT-tehnologiya da, Ghalamtor (Internet – 6 glossariy) da qabyldamaydy ghoy» dep shoshyp ketken edik. Sóitsek, búl «әzil-qaljyny tausylmaytyn» Ýkimetimizding latyn әripterin qoldanatyn europadaghy shet memleketterding jәne bauyrlas Týrkiyanyng «tamyryn basyp kórgen» әreketi eken. Arada bes ay uaqyt ótkende jana әlipbiyding «jyry» bastaldy...
2 suret. I ýlgi: Taza latyn әripteri negizinde jasalghan qazaq әlipbiyining jobasy*
* Jana әlipbiyding birinshi ýlgisinde syrt kózge kórinbeytin dúrys jýielilik bayqalady.
3 suret. I ýlgi: Digraftardyng kómegimen oqylatyn – «gh, ch, sh, j» әrip tanbalary:
4 suret. I ýlgi: Digraftardyng kómegimen oqylatyn – «ә, ó, ý» әrip tanbalary:
5 suret. I ýlgi: Digraftyng kómegimen oqylatyn – «n» әrip tanbasy:
Elbasymyzdyng maqalasy shyqqannan keyin arada tura bes ay ótkende (11.09.2017 jyl) Sh.Shayahmetov atyndaghy tilderdi damytudyng respublikalyq ýilestiru-әdistemelik ortalyghynyng diyrektory f.gh.d. Erbol Tileshov latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaq әlipbiyining jana ýlgi jobasyn Mәjilis deputattaryna tanystyrdy. Jogharydaghy jaydan keyin, eshbir ýtir-nýktesiz berilgen latyn әripterining qazaqsha jana әlipby ýlgisin kórgen song ghana kónilimiz ornyna týsti (2 suret).
6 suret. II ýlgi: Apostroftar negizinde jasalghan qazaq әlipbiyining jobasy
Qazaq tiline tәn «n» әrpi – digraf (7 glossariy), al «ә, ó, ý, gh, ch, sh, j» әripteri digraftar jýiesin qoldanu arqyly oqylatyn bolady. Jana latyn әlipbiyin әzirleushiler әzirge búl joba ekenin eskertip, songhy núsqa ghúlamalardyng pikirin eskeru arqyly jasalatynyn mәlimdedi. [10] Biraq, nege ekeni belgisiz, kóp úzamay búl jobadan Ýkimetimiz bas tartty. Bir jaghynan ol da dúrys sheshim boldy. Sebebin tómende aitamyz...
Qazaq tili әlipbiyin kirillisadan latyn grafikasyna kóshiru turaly Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining 2017 jylghy 26 qazandaghy № 569 Jarlyghymen engizilgen eski әlipby әrip janyna qoyylatyn apostroftarmen (8 glossariy) belgilendi.
7 suret. III ýlgi: Diakritikalyq belgiler negizindegi qazaq әlipbiyining jobasy
«Qazaq tili әlipbiyin kirillisadan latyn grafikasyna kóshiru turaly» Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining 2017 jylghy 26 qazandaghy № 569 Jarlyghyna ózgeris engizu turaly Qazaqstan Respublikasy Preziydentining 2018 jylghy 19 aqpandaghy № 637 Jarlyghynda jariyalanghan jana әlipbiyde diakritikalyq belgiler (9 glossariy) qoldanylatyn boldy. Biraq, ghalamtordy paydalanushylar «Shyghys Qazaqstan» sózi qúlaqqa týrpidey, kózge oghashtau kórinetin bolghandyqtan, búl joba dereu toqtatyldy.
Jana әlipby ózgertuge bolmaytyn «Qúran» emes dep ony 1 jylgha jetpeytin uaqytta eki ret ózgertuding keri әseri de boldy. Jogharghy basshylar aldynda «úpay» jinaghysy kelgen kishi basshylar 26.10.2017 jylghy әlipby ýlgisi boyynsha qyp-qyzyl aqshagha memlekettik mekemelerdin, kabiynetterding ataularyn jazyp qoydy. Jana әlipby boyynsha (19.02.2018 jyl) ataulardy taghy da ózgertu ýshin qomaqty qarajat júmsau qajet. Eng jamany, jana әlipbiyge elding senimin joghaltyp aluymyz mýmkin. Osy jobamen ainalysyp jatqan memlekettik mekemeler jana әlipby «úpay» jinaytyn sport jarysy emes, «Mәngilik el» bolghysy keletin qazaq últynyng myndaghan jyldargha eseptelgen bolashaghy ekenin jaqsylap týsinip aluy tiyis, sonda ghana is algha basady...
Áldebir jana isti qolgha alghanda, ótken tarihymyzdy elep-ekshey otyryp jýzege asyrudy ýirenetin uaqyt jetken siyaqty. Osy maqalany jazu barysynda IT-tehnologiyanyng jetistikteri men negizinen aghylshyn tilindegi әdebiyetterdi molynan paydalandyq. Eger biz siyaqty paqyrdyng pikirimen sanasatyn kóz ben qúlaq bolsa, bizge sәl ghana ózgertuler engizu arqyly qayta jasalghan I ýlgining únaytynyn aitqan bolar edik. Tek digraftar (qosaqtalghan eki әrip) emes, qajet bolsa trigraftardy (qosaqtalghan ýsh әrip) oryndy qoldanu arqyly IT-tehnologiya men aghylshyn tildi әlemning «esigi men tesigine» erkin kirip shyghugha bolady. Búl jaghdayda jogharyda aitqan «Unicode/ISO/IEC 8859-1» qatang da qatal erejeleri [7] [8] latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyine eshbir kedergi jasay almaydy.
- Jalpy latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaq әlipbiyining ýsh ýlgisine ortaq bir kemshilik bar. Jana latyn әlipbiyining jobalary bәrin taza aq paraqtan bastaugha arnalghanday әser qaldyrady. Ótken tarihymyzdaghy kirillisamen jazylghan jazbalardy jana latyn әlipbiyimen jazugha әreket jasar bolsaq, keybir eski kirill әripterining jana әriptik balamasy qazaqy latyn әlipby qorynda joq ekenin kóremiz. Sonda úrpaqtarymyz ótken tarihymyz dúrys jazylmasa, ony qalay tanidy?
- Búl jobany jýzege asyrugha eng bastan qazaq tilin jaqsy mengergen IT-tehnologiya salasynyng mamandaryn da til mamandarymen birge qatystyru qajet edi. Olar jogharyda biz aitqan qiyndyqtarmen sonau 1990 jyldardan beri alysyp kele jatqany belgili. [11] Latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyinde 26 әrip bola ma, әlde eskishe 42 әrip bola ma, manyzdy nәrse ol emes. Manyzdy nәrse, qazaqtyng jana әlipby әripteri keshendi týrde kompiuterding pernetaqtasynan (klaviatura) onay tabylyp, jadymyzgha onay saqtaluy kerek. Sonda latyn әrpi negizindegi jana pernetaqtalardy shygharudyng qajeti bolmaydy (yaghny qyruar memleket qarajaty ýnemdeledi) jәne jana әlipbiydi mengeru elge qiyn bolmaydy. Ári qaray aghylshyn tilindegi materialdardyng 70-80 payyzyn týsinetindey etip avtomatty onlayn audarghyshtar bir sekund ishinde qalasang qazaqsha, qalamasang orysshalap audaryp beredi.
- Jana әlipby jobasynda tótenshe janashyldyq engizudi kózdegen «populizm» emes, bir maqsatty kózdegen salqyn (holodnyi) amal-esep (raschet) qajet. Eng birinshi kezekte eldi kóp әurege týsirmeudi birinshi kezekke qoyghanymyz dúrys. Qazaq elining jastary, qazirgi uaqytta әleumettik jelilerde aqparat almasqanda, kóbinese ghalamtorda әlemning barlyq tilderine audaratyn «Google» audarma brauzerin [12] paydalanady. Búl brauzerde qazaqtyng sózderin asty-ýstinde arnayy belgileri bar әripterimen transkripsiyalaydy. Mysaly, «Qazaqtyng últtyq kýntizbesi» sózin «Qazaqtıñ ulttıq küntizbesi» dep jazady. Yaghni, kýlli әlem qoldanatyn búl әigili sózdikke, jana ýlgidegi әlipby әripterin endirudi úmytpau qajet t.t.
Ózimiz týzgen algoritm negizinde jasalghan jana әlipby jýiesinde 26 latyn әrpining bәrin paydalanyp otyrmyz. Sebebi, IT-tehnologiya men basqa «sandyq [Digital]» salalarda әrbir latyn әrpining óz orny bar. Kýndelikti túrmysta 1-den 26-gha deyingi – jeke әrip týrindegi («A» men «Z» әripterining aralyghy) jәne 27-den 33-ke deyingi qos әripti digraf әripter týrindegi («Á» men «J» әripterining aralyghy) latyn әripteri qoldanylady. Kirillisamen jazylghan tarihymyz ben jәne t.b. jazbalardy jana әlipbiyge kóshiru ayaqtalyp bitkenshe jәne «ótpeli kezende» jana әlipbiyge elding kózin ýiretu ýshin 34-ten 42-ge deyingi («Ch» men «Ya» әripterining aralyghy) qos әripti digraf jәne ýsh әripti jalghyz trigraf (37-shi Ssi ssi – Shsh) týrindegi latyn әripteri uaqytsha qoldanylyp, birte-birte qoldanystan shygharylady.
Múnda digraftardyng songhy әrpine juyq týrde – dauysty dybysqa sәikes keletin tek qana «i» jәne juyq týrde – dauyssyz [qatan, túiyq] dybysqa sәikes keletin tek qana «h» әripteri algoritm boyynsha kezektesip qoyylyp otyrady. Búl jana әlipbiydi jadymyzgha saqtaudy әldeqayda onaylatady. Búghan deyingi 1-jobadaghy digraftar sonyna dybystaluy úqsas dep búdan basqa әripterdi jýiesiz tirkestire beru jana әlipbiydi ýirenudi qiyndatatyny sózsiz edi. Biz týzgen algoritm negizinde týzilgen latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyin qoghamymyz kóp qiyndyqsyz mengerip ketedi dep oilaymyz.
1 keste. IV ýlgi: Jogharydaghy ýsh eskertpening negizinde ózimiz týzgen әlipby jýiesi
- Latyn әripteri negizindegi jana qazaq әlipbii (Q.Á.Qambar jasaghan ýlgi)
| Aa | Bb | Ss | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | |||||||
| 1 | Aa | 2 | Bb | 3 | Cc | 4 | Dd | 5 | Ee | 6 | Ff | 7 | Gg |
| Hh | Ii | Ýý | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | |||||||
| 8 | Hh | 9 | Ii | 10 | Jj | 11 | Kk | 12 | Ll | 13 | Mm | 14 | Nn |
| Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | ||||||||
| 15 | Oo | 16 | Pp | 17 | 18 | Rr | 19 | Ss | 20 | Tt | 21 | Uu | |
| Vv | Úú | Hh | Yy | Zz | Áә | Ghgh | |||||||
| 22 | Vv | 23 | Ww | 24 | Xx | 25 | Yy | 26 | Zz | 27 | Ai ai | 28 | Gh gh |
| Iiy | Nn | Óó | Shsh | Jj | Chch | Yoyo | |||||||
| 29 | Ji ji | 30 | Nh nh | 31 | Oi oi | 32 | Sh sh | 33 | Zi zi | 34 | Ch ch | 35 | Ei ei |
| Ee | Shsh | nn | i | Yy | Yaya | ||||||||
| 36 | Eh eh | 37 | Ssi ssi | 38 | Jh jh | 39 | Xi xi | 40 | Xh xh | 41 | Yi yi | 42 | Yh yh |
- Qazirgi kezde qoldanylatyn 42 kirill әripterining ornalasu reti
| 1 | Aa | 2 | Áә | 3 | Bb | 4 | Vv | 5 | Gg | 6 | Ghgh | 7 | Dd |
| 8 | Ee | 9 | Yoyo | 10 | Jj | 11 | Zz | 12 | Iiy | 13 | Yy | 14 | Kk |
| 15 | 16 | Ll | 17 | Mm | 18 | Nn | 19 | Nn | 20 | Oo | 21 | Óó | |
| 22 | Pp | 23 | Rr | 24 | Ss | 25 | Tt | 26 | Uu | 27 | Úú | 28 | Ýý |
| 29 | Ff | 30 | Hh | 31 | Hh | 32 | Ss | 33 | Chch | 34 | Shsh | 35 | Shsh |
| 36 | 37 | Yy | 38 | Ii | 39 | i | 40 | Ee | 41 | 42 | Yaya |
- Qazirgi kezde qoldanylatyn 26 latyn әripterining ornalasu reti
| 1 | Aa | 2 | Bb | 3 | Cc | 4 | Dd | 5 | Ee | 6 | Ff | 7 | Gg |
| 8 | Hh | 9 | Ii | 10 | Jj | 11 | Kk | 12 | Ll | 13 | Mm | 14 | Nn |
| 15 | Oo | 16 | Pp | 17 | 18 | Rr | 19 | Ss | 20 | Tt | 21 | Uu | |
| 22 | Vv | 23 | Ww | 24 | Xx | 25 | Yy | 26 | Zz |
Latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipby jobasymen tanysyp boldyq. Biraq jana әlipbiyding lingvistik zandylyqqa sәikes týzilgen fonetikalyq transkripsiyasyn әli kórgenimiz joq. Ol dәl qazirgi kezde qajet emes siyaqty bolyp kóringenimen, uaqyt óte kele ómirding ózi búl mәseleni aldymyzgha kóldeneng tartatynyn boljap bilu ýshin asa ghúlama boludyng qajeti joq. Eger jogharydaghy latyn әripteri negizindegi jana әlipbiyding jobasyn jasaushylar qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyine mindetti týrde qajet fonetikalyq transkripsiyany jasaytyn bolsa, tómendegi 8 surette kórsetilgen aghylshyn tili ýlgisindegi fonetikalyq transkripsiyany kóshirip almauyn ótinemiz. Nege?
8 suret. Aghylshyn tilindegi fonetikalyq transkripsiyanyng 45 tanbasy
Álemdegi eng kemel degen aghylshyn tilining ózi bәrimiz biletindey – fonetikalyq transkripsiyany paydalanady. Fransuz lingvisti Pauli Eduard Passy (fr. Paul Édouard Passy, 1859-1940) – 1886 jylghy Halyqaralyq fonetikalyq әlipby ýlgisin әzirleushilerding bireui. Osy ghúlama ghylymy ainalysqa tik búryshty jaqshagha alynyp jazylatyn fonetikalyq transkripsiyanyng simvoldaryn endirgen. Eng damyghan dep esepteletin aghylshyn tilinde 26 әrip jәne 44 dybys bar (olardyng 20-sy dauysty, 24 dauyssyz dybys). Yaghni, 6 dauysty әripke – 20 dauysty dybys sәikes keledi. [13] Ár týrli orynda túrghan әrip әr týrli oqylady. Búl jaghday әlemning barlyq tilderine ortaq mәsele dep aitugha bolady.
Kórip otyrghanymyzday, aghylshyn tilindegi fonetikalyq transkripsiya tanbalarynyng bәri de latyn әripterinen qúralmaghan. Búlardyng ishinde aghylshyndar latyn әrpimen jazghangha deyin qoldanylghan ejelgi ata-babalarynyng keybir әripteri bar. Latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyine de mindetti týrde «fonetikalyq transkripsiya tanbalary» qajet. Jana әlipbiydi qalyptastyra almay jatqanda, qosymsha tanbalardy qaydan tabamyz dep bas qatyrudyng qajeti joq. Búl salada bizderge әldeqashan «óli til» jәne «óli әripter» sanatyna engen Kók Týrik babalarymyzdyng kóne týrki runika jazulary kómekke keledi. Yaghni, qazaq tilining 42-den kem bolmaytyn fonetikalyq transkripsiyasynyng tanbalaryna kóne Týrki jazuy (Kýltegin, 684-731 jj., Bilge qaghan, 681-734 jj., Tonykók, 646-731 jj.) nemese Orhon-Enesey jazuynyng (b.z.d. V gh. – b.z. X gh.) tanbalaryn (2 keste) alugha bolady.
Aziyalyq týrki runalary soghdy jazuynyng negizinde b.z. VIII gh. búryn jasalghan dep esepteledi. Onyng әlipbiyinde 40-qa juyq grafema qoldanylghan. Kóne týrki runika jazuynyng ereksheligi – onda negizgi velyarlyq jәne palataldyq dauyssyzdargha arnalghan birneshe júp derbes әripter bar. Kóne týrki runika jazuynyng júmbaghyn 1893 jyly daniya ghalymy V.L.P.Tomsen (1842-1927) sheshken. Orhon eskertkishterining túnghysh tәrjimalaryn 1894 jyly V.V.Radlov (1837-1918) jasaghan. [14] Qarap túrsanyz, 2 kestedegi qazaqtyng fonetikalyq transkripsiyasyna paydalanugha úsynys jasalyp otyrghan kóne týrki runikalyq әripterdin, 8 surettegi aghylshyn tilindegi fonetikalyq transkripsiya tanbalarynan eshbir kem týsip túrghan jeri joq.
2 keste. Kóne Týrki әripterin – fonetikalyq transkripsiyagha paydalanu
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 |
| 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
| 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 |
| 37 | 38 | 39 | 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 |
Kóne týrki runika tanbalaryn latyn әripteri negizindegi qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyining – dauysty jәne dauyssyz dybystaryna ynghaylap, jýielesek jetip jatyr. Tildik grammatikany jilikting mayynday shaghatyn lingvist mamandarymyz ýshin búl asa qiyn sharua emes. Eger qazaqtyng jana әlipbiyine qosymsha jýrgiziletin fonetikalyq transkripsiya tanbalary tolyq qamtylmay jatsa, jana tanbalardy Kýltegin, Bilge qaghan, Tonykók balbaltas jazularynan alugha bolady. «Babalarymyzdyng aruaghy riza bolsyn» dep jasaghan búl әreketimiz óz kezeginde qazaqtyng býgingi tarihyn keshegi ótken danqty Kók Týrikter dәuirimen jalghastyrady jәne últymyzdyng boyynda patriottyq sezimdi oyatugha sebepshi bolady dep oilaymyz. Osynday iygi isterimizben kýlli iyisi týrki әlemning elderine ýlgi bolarymyz anyq!
PAYDALANGhAN ÁDEBIYETTER
| 1 | Shamin S. Russkoyazychnye zapisy latiniysey na knigah, ikonah y drugih predmetah (XVII – nachalo XVIII v.) // Drevnyaya Rusi. Voprosy mediyevistiky : jurnal. – 2007. – № 3. – S. 122 – 123. |
| 2 | «Daeshi latinisu, job tvoju maman!»., Aleksandr Trifonov, 16.01.2008 g., Elektrondy resurs: http://www.kasparov.ru/material.php?id=478E0C2F48B7D. |
| 3 | Elektrondy resurs: https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazaq_әlipbiyi
Elektrondy resurs: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazahskaya_pisimennosti |
| 4 | Elektrondy resurs: http://www.freeadvice.ru/browsers.php |
| 5 | QR Preziydenti N.Á.Nazarbaevtyng «Bolashaqqa baghdar: ruhany janghyru» maqalasy., «Egemen Qazaqstan» gazeti, 12.04.2017 jyl, Elektrondy resurs: https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru, http://www.inform.kz/kz/elbasy-makalasy-bolashakka-bagdar-ruhani-zhangyru_a3016293 |
| 6 | Elektrondy resurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_alphabet
Elektrondy resurs: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinskiy_alfaviyt Elektron. resurs: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfavity_na_osnove_latinskogo |
| 7 | Elektrondy resurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode |
| 8 | Elektrondy resurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet
Elektrondy resurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1 jәne t.b. |
| 9 | 29.V.2017 jyl, Kak, vozmojno, budet vyglyadeti novyy kazahskiy alfaviyt., https://www.nur.kz/1506309-kak-budet-vyglyadet-novyy-kazakhskiy.html |
| 10 | 11.IH.2017 jyl, Kak vyglyadit proekt novogo kazahskogo alfavita., https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/kak-vyiglyadit-proekt-novogo-kazahskogo-alfavita-326238/ |
| 11 | S.M.Kikkariyn, f-m.gh.k, Aqparattyq tehnologiyalar zerthanasynyng mengerushisi, 2002, 2003, 2006 jj., Qazaq tilining kodtamalarmen kórgen beynetimiz, sebebi – standartty búzghan onbaydy: http://www.sci.kz/~sairan/kazcode/kazcode_kk.html |
| 12 | Elektrondy resurs: https://translate.google.com jәne t.b. |
| 13 | Fonetikalyq transkripsiya turaly derekter: Elektrondy resurs: http://my-en.ru/phrase_book/proiznosheniye_angliyskikh_zvukov.php jәne http://my-talk-hamster.ru/transkripciya/ |
| 14 | Oryssha-qazaqsha týsindirme sózdik: Lingvistika / Jalpy redaksiyasyn basqarghan e.gh.d., professor E. Aryn – Pavlodar: «EKO» GhÓF. 2007. |
MAQALAGhA GLOSSARIY
| 1 | Ghalamtor – dep bir-aq atpen atap jýrgen qazaqy týsinigimiz aghylshyn tildi aqparattarda «Dýniyejýzilik shyrmauyq» (aghyl. World Wide Web, WWW [1]) jәne Internet (Internet [2]) dep eki bólek aitylady jәne búl eki úghymdy bir-birimen shatastyrmaudy ótinedi.
1. World Wide Web (qysqasha WWW nemese veb-web) – qújattar men basqa veb-resurstar ózara giypermәtindik siltemelermen baylanysqan jәne Internet arqyly qol jetkizu mýmkin bolatyn resurstardyng birkelkilengen (sinoniym. birynghaylanghan, jýielengen, sәikestendirilgen) kórsetkishi (Uniform Resource Locator – URL) boyynsha anyqtalatyn aqparattyq kenistik bolyp tabylady. Elektrondy resurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web 2. Eng jana jәne kópshilikke keng taraghan Internet qyzmeti WWW giypermәtin qaghidatyna negizdeledi jәne mulitiymedia resurstaryn (beyne, audiografika t.b.) mýmkindiginshe paydalana otyryp, aqparat beruge qabiletti. SLIP, RRR nemese internetpen tikeley qosyludy, sonday-aq arnayy baghdarlama Internet navigatorlarymen (Mosaic nemese Netsape tipti) qamtamasyz etudi talap etedi. Elektrondy resurs: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet |
| 2 | Mesopotamiya (kóne grek. Μεσοποταμία, [μέσος «orta» + ποταμός «ózen»], arab. الرافدين بلاد Bilad әr-Rafidain [الجزيرة, әl-Jazira, النهرين بين ما Ma-Bayn-әn-Nahrayn], parsy. Miyan Rudan, siriya. Bet Nareyn, aghyl. Mesopotamia, týrik. Mezopotamya, kurd. Naçeman) – Tigr jәne Evfrat ózender jýiesining shegine ornalasqan tarihiy-geografiyalyq aimaq. Adamzat tarihyndaghy eng ejelgi órkeniyetterding bireui sanalyp kelgen Shumer jәne Akkad elderining Sippar, Kiysh, Nippur, Shuruppak, Uruk, Larsa jәne t.b. qala-memleketteri, qazirgi Irak pen Kuveyt, Siriya (shyghysy), Týrkiya (ont.-shygh.), týrik-siriya, iran-irak shekaralarynyng boyyndaghy ónirlerge ornalasqan. |
| 3 | Shumer (shum. ki-en-ĝir [órkeniyetti patshalar eli], keyingi atauy: ùĝ saĝ gíg-ga [qara bas], akkad. Šumeru, aghyl. Sumer) – ejelgi Egiypet (Mysyr) pen Inda (Ýndi) alqabyndaghy órkeniyettermen bir kezende (erte qola dәuiri) payda bolghan túnghysh qala órkeniyeti dep sanalady. Tigr men Evfrat ózenderining aralyghynda salynghan ejelgi Uruk jәne Djemdet-Nasr qalalarynan tabylghan saz taqtadaghy synalap jazylghan kóne mәtinderding (shumerler óz ana tilin «eme-gir» dep ataghan) jazylghan uaqyty әuelde b.z.d. 3300 jyldar degen bolatyn. Biraq, qazirgi tarihshylar (2003 jyl) shumer tilinde sóilegen Ubaid órkeniyeti (ghylym tilinde «proto-evfrattyqtar» nemese «ubaydtar») b.z.d. 6200 jyldary (qalyptasuy b.z.d. 5500-4000 jj. aralyghy) payda bolghan dep otyr. |
| 4 | Grek tili (qazirgi grek. ελληνικά [elinika], elliniká, ελληνική γλώσσα [elinici ɣlosa], ellinikí glóssa) – ejelgi zamandarda shyghys Jerorta tenizining barlyq derlik elderine taralghan ýndieuropalyq tilder әuletining tәuelsiz tarmaghy bolyp sanalady. Onyng tarihy juyq týrde b.z.d. jәne b.z. 34 ghasyrdy qamtidy. Finikiya qalybymen payda bolghan grek әlipbii – latyn, kirillisa, armyan, kopt, gotika jәne t.b. jazba jýielerining negizine alyndy. Grek jәne latyn әlipbiyleri astronomiyada jәne halyqaralyq ghylymy sózdikte jana sózderdi jasauda keng qoldanylatyndyqtan, tómende grek әlipbiyining 24 әrpin berip otyrmyz: 1. Α α (άλφα alifa); 2. Β β (βήτα vita beta); 3. Γ γ (γάμμα gamma); 4. Δ δ (δέλτα delita); 5. Ε ε (έψιλον epsilon); 6. Ζ ζ (ζήτα zita dzeta); 7. Η η (ήτα ita eta); 8. Θ θ (θήτα fita teta); 9. Ι ι (γιώτα yota); 10. Κ κ (κάππα kappa); 11. Λ λ (λάμ(β)δα lamda lyambda); 12. Μ μ (μι my mu); 13. Ν ν (νι ny nu); 14. Ξ ξ (ξι ksiy); 15. Ο ο (όμικρον omikron); 16. Π π (πι piy); 17. Ρ ρ (ρο, ρω ro); 18. Σ σ2 ς3 (σίγμα sigma); 19. Τ τ (ταυ taf tau); 20. Υ υ (ύψιλον ipsilon); 21. Φ φ (φι fiy); 22. Χ χ (χι hiy); 23. Ψ ψ (ψι psiy); 24. Ω ω (ωμέγα omega). |
| 5 | Arab tili (arab. العربية, al-'arabiyyah nemese عربي' arabī) – Arab jarty aralynyng solt.-bat. bóliginde payda bolghan negizgi semittik tilder keshenine jatady. Birikken Últtar Úiymyndaghy 6 resmy tilding bireui, 26 memleketting resmy tili, shamamen 422 mln. adam arab tilinde sóileydi, әlemdik dengeyde keng taralghan 5 tilding bireui. Islam órkeniyetining «altyn dәuirinde» (VII-XIV ghgh.) ortaq ghylym tili – arab tili bolghan. Qazirgi astronomiyada kóp júldyzdar arab tilinde atalady. Tómende arab әlipbiyining 28 әrpin berip otyrmyz: 1. ﺎ أَلِف ’alif a a; 2. ﺐ بَاء bā’ b b; 3. ﺖ تَاء tā’ t t; 4. ﺚ ثَاء s̱ā’ s̱ ṯ; 5. ﺞ جِيم djӣm dj/g ǧ; 6. ﺢ حَاء ḥā’ ħ ḥ; 7. ﺦ خَاء ḫā’ x ḫ; 8. ﺪ ﺩدَال dāli d d; 9. ﺬ ذَال ẕāli ẕ ḏ; 10. ﺮ رَاء rā’ r r; 11. ﺰ زَاي zāy (zayn) z z; 12. ﺲ سِين sӣn s s; 13. ﺶ شِين shӣn sh š; 14. ﺺ ﺼصَاد ṣād ṣ ṣ; 15. ﺾ ضَاد ḍād ḍ ḍ; 16. ﻂ طَاء ṭā’ ṭ ṭ; 17. ﻆ ظَاء ẓā’ ẓ ẓ; 18. ﻊ عَيْن ‘ayn ‘ʕ/ʿ; 19. ﻎ غَيْن gayn g/g̣ ġ; 20. ﻒ فَاء fā’ f f; 21. ﻖ قَاف ḳāf ḳ q; 22. ﻚ كَاف kāf k k; 23. ﻞ لاَم lyām l l; 24. ﻢ مِيم mӣm m m; 25. ﻦ نُون nӯn n n; 26. ﻪ هَاء hā’ h h; 27. ﻮ وَاو vāv (uau) v w; 28. ﻲ يَاء yā’. |
| 6 | Aghylshyn tili (aghyl. English language) – erte orta ghasyrdaghy Angliyada qoldanylghan batysgerman tili. Qazirgi kezde ghalamdyq dengeyde ortaq jalpy til (lingva frank – lingua franca) mindetin atqarady. Angliyagha kóship barghan «Angl» dep atalghan german taypasy men Baltyq tenizindegi Angliya jarty aralynyng qúrmetine osylay atalghan. Soltýstik teniz jaghalauyndaghy Niyderlandiya men Germaniyada 500 mynday adam sóileytin friyz(isk) tilimen tyghyz baylanysty bolsa da, aghylshyn tilining sózdik qoryna – nemis, latyn, roman, әsirese fransuz tili kóp yqpal jasaghany bayqalady. Aghylshyn tili songhy 1400 jyl boyyna ýnemi damyp keledi. Ár eldegi aghylshyn tilinde eleuli aksentter men dialektiler bolsa da, kýlli әlem búl tilde bir-birimen jenil týsinisedi. Ónerkәsip pen óndiris, qoghamdyq ómirimiz ben jeke túrmysymyzgha IT-tehnologiya ónimderi jappay enip, kompiuter negizge qúralgha ainalyp jatqan qazirgi kezen, osy ózgeristermen tyghyz baylanysqan aghylshyn tilin ýirenuge mәjbýrleydi. Tómende aghylshyn әlipbiyining 26 әrpin berip otyrmyz: 1. A a ā; 2. B bee bē; 3. C cee cē; 4. D dee dē; 5. E e ē; 6. F ef ef; 7. G gee gē; 8. H aitch haitch hā; 9. I i ī; 10. J jay jy; 11. K kay kā; 12. L el ell; 13. M em em; 14. N en en; 15. O o ō; 16. P pee pē; 17. Q cue qū; 18. R ar er; 19. S ess es; 20. T tee tē; 21. U u ū; 22. V vee; 23. W double-u; 24. X ex ex; 25. Y wy ī graeca; 26. Z zed zēta. |
| 7 | Digraf, digramma (kóne grek. δίς [δῐ-] – «eki ret, eki mәrte» jәne kóne grek. γράφω [gráphō] – «jazamyn») – jazbada fonem men olardyng negizgi ýlgilerin tanbalau ýshin qolydanylatyn, eki әripten túratyn qúramdas jazu tanbasy. Mysaly, polyak tilinde – cz [ch], sz [sh], aghylshyn tilinde – th, ch, sh, oo, al fransuz (eau) jәne nemis tilderinde (sch) tipti ýsh әripten túratyn – trigraftar qoldanylady. KSRO kezinde, týrki tildes qúmyq tilinde kirill әripteri – G, Gi, Oi, ingushtarda – Ai, abazinderde – Gv, adygeylerde – Gu, altay, yakuttarda – Di t.t. әrip tanbalary bolghany belgili. |
| 8 | Apostrof (kóne grek. ἀπόστροφος – «keyin qaratylghan», fr. apostrophe) – týrlishe maqsatty kózdegen әrtýrli tilderding әlipbiylik jazbasynda qoldanylatyn jazba jolynyng ýstingi jaghyndaghy «ýtir» (’), «syzyq» (') nemese «shtriyh» (#) týrindegi әlipbiylik emes orfografiyalyq belgi. Sheteldik adam esimderinde apostroftar jii týrde bastapqy elementterden keyin qoyylady. Mysaly, Janna d’Ark, O’Konnor, d’Artaniyan, Bren-l’Alle jәne t.b. |
| 9 | Diakritikalyq belgiler (kóne grek. δια-κρῐτικός – «ajyratu ýshin qyzmet etetin» sózi kóne grekting κρῐτῐκός – «ajyratugha qabiletti» sózinen alynghan) – [Lingvistikada] әlipbiyding (ýndestirudi qosa alghanda) jәne dybystyq jazu jýielerining dybystyq tәuelsiz belgileri retinde emes, basqa belgilerding mәnin ózgertu nemese týsindiru ýshin jazba jolynyng ýstine, astyna, siyrek týrde jazba jolynyng ishine qoyylatyn belgiler. [Tipografikada] belgilerding qúrylymyn ózgertetin jәne әdette bólek jinaqtalghan jazu elementteri. Keybir jaghdaylarda eki әrip, ýsh nemese tipti tórt diakritikalyq belgiler birdey әrippen qoldanyluy mýmkin: ặ, ṩ, ᶑ jәne t.t. |
Qaldarhan Áliseyitúly Qambar
Abai.kz
