Kenestik kezeng tarihy turaly aitqanda qazaqtyng asharshylyq apatynyng qyryluy eriksiz eske týsedi.
Bolishevikter ókimetti basyp alghannan keyingi jyldary qazaq jeri eki dýrkin - 20-shy jәne 30-shy jyldar basynda jan týrshigerlik asharshylyqty bastan ótkerdi. Osy ashtyqtarda qazaqtyng qyrylghany qyrylyp, aman qalghany bas saughalap, toz-toz bolyp, halyq retinde joyyludyng az-aq aldynda qaldy.

Kenestik kezeng tarihy turaly aitqanda qazaqtyng asharshylyq apatynyng qyryluy eriksiz eske týsedi.
Bolishevikter ókimetti basyp alghannan keyingi jyldary qazaq jeri eki dýrkin - 20-shy jәne 30-shy jyldar basynda jan týrshigerlik asharshylyqty bastan ótkerdi. Osy ashtyqtarda qazaqtyng qyrylghany qyrylyp, aman qalghany bas saughalap, toz-toz bolyp, halyq retinde joyyludyng az-aq aldynda qaldy.

Qazaq qalay ashtyqqa úryndy? Múraghat qoynauynda saqtalghan kóptegen resmy qújattar oqyrmandy shatastyryp, búl súraqtyng jauabyn aua-rayynyng qolaysyz bolyp, egin shyqpay qalghanynan әri ketkende jergilikti jerdegi asyra silteuden izdeydi.
Aqiqatqa jýginsek, ashtyqtyng tórkininde bolishevikter partiyasynyng kósemi Leninning jәne onyng partiyalas serikterining búralang izderi sayrap jatyr. Sózimiz dәleldi bolu ýshin «Úly kósemnin» kózi tiri kezindegi zobalangha bir sәt kóz jýgirtip óteyik. M.Tynyshpaev aghamyzdyng esebi boyynsha 1917 jyly Qazaqstanda 2910000 qazaq ómir sýrgen bolsa, M.G.Siriustyng 1924 jylghy jýrgizgen sanaghy boyynsha qazaqtar sany 1965443-ke әreng jetip jyghylghan. Tabighy ósimdi eseptemegenning ózinde 1 mln. qazaq qayda? Professor S.P.Shvesov esep-qisap boyynsha tek 1921 jylghy asharshylyq saldarynan Qazaqstanda bolghan kemuding ózi ghana 30 payyzdan kem emes ekendigin aita ketedi. Múny naqty derekter de maqúldaydy.
Desek te, keybir zertteushilerding «múnday ashtyq Reseyding ózinde de Edil boyynda boldy emes pe?!» deui әdben mýmkin. Ol ras. Biraq mynany nege úmytamyz: orys jeri aq pen qyzylgha bólinip alyp, qyrylyp azamat soghysyn jandandyrdy da, auyl sharuashylyghymen shyndap ainalysugha ózderine de ózgelerge de mýmkindik bermedi. Qazaqstandaghy 1921-1922 jylghy asharshylyqqa, shyndyghyna kelsek, aua rayynyng qúrghaqshylyghy emes, ózderi ókimetti bir týnde basyp alghan son, keshikpey-aq azamat soghysy tútanatynyn, al odan sharuashylyq kýizelip, halyq ashtan qyryluy mýmkin ekenin bile túra qaterli baghyttarynan qaytpay qoyghan bolishevikter jәne olardyng partiyasynyng birjaqty sayasaty kinәli.
Ókimet biyligin óz qoldaryna alghan Staliyn, Goloshekin tәrizdi Lenindik baghyttyng mýsheleri, Leninning shәkirtteri alghashqy ashtyqtan qajetti tarihy taghylym almady.
Qazaqtyng alghashqy asharshylyqta da Qytay men Mongholiya aua kóshkeni belgili. Son-dyqtan jogharyda biz atap ketken belgili orys ghalymy S.P.Shvesov «ýdere kóshu» (otkochevka) degen sózdi 1926 jyly Mәskeuden jaryq kórgen ózining enbeginde alghash paydalanghan edi. Dәl osyghan úqsas jaghday Qazaqstanda 1930-1933 jj. da qalyptasty.
Qazir kópshilikke belgili T.Rysqúlovtyng Stalinge L.Kaganovichke, V.Molotovqa jazghan (1933 jyl 9-nauryz) hatynda múnday ýdere kóshu kólemi tómendegidey suretteledi: «...Qonysyn tastap Qazaqstanmen kórshiles ólkelerge kóshken qazaqtardyng meken jaylarynan kelip týsken, shamamen alynghan songhy derekterge qaraghanda: qazir Orta Edilde 40 myn, Qyrghyzstanda 100 myn, Batys Sibirde 50 myn, Qaraqalpaqstanda 20 myn, Orta Aziyada 30 myng qazaq bar. Qonysynan aughandar qalmaq jerinde, Tәjikstangha, Soltýstik ólkege jәne basqa da osy siyaqty shalghay jerlerge de kóship ketti. Baylar bastaghan bir qauym Batys Qytaygha audy... Búl qazaqtardyng kóshi-qony (әdette jaz ailarynda qolynda bar malyn jaylaugha shygharyp, óris úzatqan siyaqty) emes, kóp rette adamdardyng talghaju izdep, bas aughan jaqqa ketui. Keybir audandarda qonysynan aughandardyng sany sol audandarda túratyn barlyq halyqtyng 40-50 payyzyna deyin jetedi...»
Arada 20 kýnnen keyin, yaghny 1933 jyldyng 29 nauryzynda osynau soraqy jaghdayda Qazaqstannyng jana basshysy Levon Mirzoyan Stalin men Molotovqa tómendegidey habarlaydy: «...Qonysynan aughandardyng jaghdayy kýrt auyrlap barady. Bizding derekterimiz boyynsha qonysynan aughandar 71 audandy qamtyp otyr: onyng 50-i kóshpendi jәne jartylay kóshpendi, al 21-i otyryqshy eginshilik audandar. Olar әsirese Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysynyn, Almaty oblysynyng audandarynda, Qaraghandy oblysynyng ontýstik bóliginde, Shyghys Qazaqstan bóligining batys bóliginde, Aqtóbe oblysynyng ontýstik bóliginde, Batys Qazaqstan oblysynyng birqatar audandarynda qaptap ketti. Búrynghy eginshilik audandarynan, mәselen, Áulieata, Taldyqorghan, Merke, Talas, Shu, Sozaq, Qorday, Ile, Qaratal, Jitiqara, Semiozer jәne t.b. audandarda qonysynan aughandardyng sany óte kóp. Barlyq oblystardy alatyn bolsaq, shamamen halqynyng sany 300.000 adam bolatyn 90.000-nan asa qojalyq (respublika shenberinen tys jerlerdegini eseptemegende) ózderining tughan jerlerinen basqa mekenderge kóship jatyr, yaghny qonysynan auushylyq jaghdayyna dushar boluda.
Búdan basqa songhy eki aidyng ishinde qonysynan aughandar ishinen Orta Aziyadan, Sibirden jәne Edil boyynan keri qaytyp kelushiler tasqyny kýsheye týsti, ol kýni býginge deyin toqtalmay otyr».
Múnday bosqynshylyqtyng jalpy qazaqtar sanyn shúghyl kemitkeni jәne belgili. Búl turaly arhiv qoynauynda biraz mәlimetter barshylyq. Olardyng ishindegi eng qúndysy jәne eng manyzdysy, bizding oiymyzsha sol jyldary halyq sharuashylyghy esebining bastyghy bolyp júmys jasaghan M.Samatovtyng 1937 jyldyng basynda (1937 j. 5-nauryz) L.Mirzoyangha jәne Mәskeudegi ózining bastyghyna jazghan haty. Onda mynaday joldar: «... Biz әr jyldardyng 1-mausymyndaghy salyq esepteri negizinde Qazaqstandaghy auyl halqy sanynyng ózgeris qataryn jasap shyqtyq. Búl qatar tómendegidey, - dep statistikalyq mәlimetter beredi.
1930 jylghy sanaq boyynsha auyl halqy 5.873.000 adamdy qúrasa, qaladaghy halyq sany 1930 jyly birinshi qantarda 732,7 myng adamdy qúraghan. Arada ýsh jyl ótkende, yaghny 1933 jyly auyl halqynyng sany 2493,5 myng adamdy qúrap, ýsh jarym milliongha juyq adamgha azayghan. Esesine qala halqynyng sany 1933 j 1 218 900 adamgha jetip, nebary jarty milliongha kóbeygen. Jalpy ashtyqtyng saldarynan qazaq halqy ýsh million adamnan aiyrylghan.
Al endi ashtyqtyng naqty da jantýrshigerlik kórinisi qalay boldy? Ol turaly múraghat qoynauynda derekter barshylyq.
Jeti adam qol qoyghan Shu eldi mekenindegi jaghday turaly tómendegi qújat osyny dәleldeydi: «...«Shu poselkesining manayyndaghy tónirekte № 75 baraqtaghy bosqyndar jataghynyng jәne tamaqtandyru ornynyng sanitarlyq jaghdayyn tekserip shyqtyq. Sonda mynalargha kezdestik: ishinde bosqyndardyng jataqhanasy jәne tamaqtandyru orny ornalasqan № 75 baraq jan tózgisiz jaghdayda. Baspana әl dәrmeni tausylghan, kóbi әzer degende qozghalatyn bosqyndargha lyq toly. Baspana ishi bylghanysh, sasyq. Jýzge tarta ash adamdar jerde jatyr. Baspananyng ainalasy lastanyp ketken. Barlyq jerde sýiekter, jyrtylghan kiyimder, adamdardyng qúqystary jәne shyghys jaghynda toghyz ólik jatyr, baraqtan biraz jerde soltýstikke jerde taghy da ólik.
Baraqtyng ornynan shyghysqa qaray bir jarym shaqyrymday qashyqtyqta shúqyrda taghy bes ólik jatyr. Kómilmegeni, siraq jәne qar etterining kesilip alynghany kisi etin jeu bolghanyn aighaqtaydy. Qazaq beyiti jas molagha toly».
Múnday masqara qúbylystan basqa mynaday mysalgha dushar bolyp otyrmyz: Stalin atyndaghy kolhozdyng № 12 «Aqtas - Jartas» auylynda tórt adam on toghyz adamdy jep qoyypty. Olardan adam etterin jәne ólekselerin tauyp aldyq.
Álibek kolhozynda 22 adamnyng 21-i ólgen kezde qalghan bireui ózining tughan aghasynyng etin jegen. Arhiv qoynauyndaghy derekterden úghatynymyz, alapat ashtyq, әsirese 1933 jylgha qaray órship ketken. Hat iyeleri qol qoymaghan taghy bir qújatta mynaday mәlimetter bar:
«1933 jyldyng qantarynan 31-nauryzyna deyingi uaqytta Qorday audany boyynsha jinalyp alynghan ólikter; auyldyq kenesting bergen mәlimetteri:
auyldyq kenesterde ólgen adamdardy attary,... 671 adam.
«... Uspen auyldyq kenesinde bir baydyng balasy kóshede eki adamnyng basyn sýiretip jýrdi. (ol ústaldy OGPU tútqynynda otyr).
Taghy bir qújatta osyghan úqsas tómendegidey jan týrshigerlik derekter bar: «... Kemshilikterge mynalardy jatqyzugha bolady:
Qaratal audandyq atqaru komiyteti jәne Ile poselkelik kenesi ashyghyp ólgen bosqyndardyng ólikterin jinap alugha nemketti qarady. 1933 jyly 23 qarashada Ýshtóbening operativtik punktining bastyghy joldas Soloviev jәne... jol. Kashkirov Ýshtóbe poselkesindegi sýt fermalaryna baratyn jolgha jaqyn manayda shashylyp jatqan birneshe ólikterge kezdesken. Onyng ýstine bir ólikting kózin qústar shoqyp tastapty. Súrastyra kelgende búl ólikterding jatqanyna on kýndey bolghany anyqtaldy. Birneshe ólikter temirjol boyyndaghy jaghalyq oryndardan tabyldy. Olargha mola qazbau ýshin osylay istegeni kórinip túr. Al jalpy túrghyndar әngimesine qaraghanda poselkedegi barlyq shúnqyrlar óliktermen toltyrylghan, jәne qarmen býrkemelengen. Poselkeden bes-on shaqyrym qashyqtyqta jol boyynda kóp ólik shashylyp jatyr.
Bayqaghanymyz: ólgenderding esebin eshkim de jýrgizbeydi. Óitkeni ólgender sanyna baylanysty qoyylghan súraqqa poselkelik kenes tóraghasynyng orynbasary Sihymbaev bylay dep jauap berdi: «Qar eriydi emes pe, mine sonda ólgender qanshama ekenin kóretin bolamyz».
Jylqynyng qiynan súly jinau, ólgen maldyng terisin jep qong jaghdaylary jii kezdesedi. Songhy kýnderi adamdy jep qon turaly sózder jii taralyp jýr. Ýsh jaghdaydy teksergenimizde múnyng ózi azyq-týlik alu ýshin arandatugha úqsady. Biraq senuge bolatyn da jaghdaylar kezdesude (audandyq atqaru komiytetining tóraghasy T.Tynysbaevtyng mәlimdemesi). Búl iske baylanysty kinәliler ústaldy.
Tynysbaev joldastyng mәlimdeuinshe, qamaudaghy eki tútqyngha әielderi alyp kelgen shelekterde pisirilgen adam eti bar bolyp shyqty. Audandyq komiytet uәkilining aituynsha búl adamdar údayy tayaz molalardy ashumen ainalysyp, ólik etimen tamaqtanyp kelgen.
Búl memlekettik bank mengerushisining orynbasary Q. Osmanovtyng aitqany: olardyng aulasyna kirgen jiyrma jeti jasar shamasyndaghy jigit әjethanada adamnyng nәjisimen tamaqtanghan. Sýiek-sayaqty nemese kóshege laqtyrylghan jeuge jararlyqtay әiteuir bir nәrselerdi jep jatqandardy men Izrinovich, Masin joldastarmen birge Ýshtóbe BK(b)P audandyq komiyteti aldynda jәne Aqsuda kezdestirdim».
Mine, 1930-1933 jyldardaghy asharshylyq kelbeti osynday! Múnday qasiretti tarihty, 31-mamyrda asharshylyq qúrbandaryn әrqashan eske alyp otyru býgingi jәne keyingi úrpaqtyng әruaqtar aldyndaghy basty boryshy. Etek-jeni jinalghan últ bolamyz desek, osyny úmytpay, jadymyzda ústauymyz kerek.

Talas Omarbekov,
tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor

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