1710 jyly Aral tenizining soltýstigindegi Qaraqúmda Qarakesek qúryltayy ótti. Ony tarihta Qaraqúm qúryltayy dep te, Qarakesek qúryltayy dep te tanbalay beredi. Óitkeni búl jiyn ótken Qaraqúm alqabyn negizinen Qarakesek ru-taypalary mekendeytin. Osy halyq qúryltayyna shartaraptan jinalghan júrtshylyq ókilderi (tóreler, biyler, rubasylar, ózge de týrli shonjarlar, aqsaqaldar, batyrlar, sarbazdar) ózderinen kýshi basym qaharly jaugha júmyryqsha júmylyp, býkil el-júrt bolyp birigu jolymen qarsy túramyz dep bir auyzdan sheshken. Sheshim asa kýrdeli, qayghyly-zarly jan kýizelisi búrqaghan auyr ahlaqtyq ahualda qabyldandy. Qúryltayda әuelde kýizelisti elding ýmitin ýze týsken kýnirenis ornap túrdy.

Aqylman aqsaqaldyng biri mәseleni terennen qozghap tolghanghan-dy. Qasym han zamanynan beri biz salt etken ústanym qanday edi dep ah úrghan... Auyzdan auyzgha berilip keledi – sonau úly әmirshi bizdi dala tólimiz degen. Bizde qymbat mýlik joqtyghyn aitqan. Bizding bar baylyghymyz – jylqy, sol kezde de, qazir de biz ýshin jylqynyng eti men terisi as әri kiyim, sýti susyn. Áli kýngi kónil kóterer ornymyz – mal jayylymy, jylqy ýiirleri. Qashannan at kórinisine sýisinetinbiz. Býgingi jau bizdi atam zamannan ústap kele jatqan osy saltymyzdan aiyrdy. Atamekenimizden tyqsyruda. Jer-suymyzdy basyp aluda... júrt bosyp ketti. Qaytip jan saqtaymyz? Eldigimiz qayda qalmaq? Dúshpan atynyng túyaghy astynda taptalyp qala beremiz be? Op-onay jan bere salamyz ba? Álde bir aqtyq serpilisimizdi kórsetemiz be? Babalar jolyna salsaq, kýresken jón. Qasyq qanymyz qalghansha soghysu lәzim. Elimizdi, jerimizdi, ata-ana, әiel, qyz-kelinshek, bala-shaghamyzdy, bir-birimizdi, oshaghymyzdy bir jennen qol, bir jaghadan bas shygharyp qorghaghan dúrys bolmaq. Biraq qaytip? Ne isteu kerek bizge qazirgi asa auyr jaghdayda? Jan-jaqtan at sabyltyp Qaraqúm qúryltayyna kelgen aghayyn, osy jayynda keleli kenes qúrayyq degendi aitty. Jiyn barysynda týrli dauys shyqty, toryqqan pikir estildi. «Toz-tozy shyqqan el-júrtty saqtau ýshin, tym qarsylasa bermey, qalmaq qontayshynyng meyirimine ýmit artayyq, – dedi әldebir bas adam qoyanjýrek qorqaqtyq kórsetip, – sonda qalghan mal-janymyzdy aman alyp qalarmyz, búdan arghy ómirimiz qauipsizirek bolar». Tap sonday kónil-kýidegi ekinshi bireui: «Qoy, keteyik búl jaqtan, Edil asayyq, shalghaygha qonys audarayyq, pәleden sóitip qashyp qútylayyq», – dep, ýrey ýstine ýrey qosyp jatty. Ony ýshinshisi: «Alysqa ýdere kóship nemiz bar, jan-jaqqa, sekseuil arasyna qoyansha bytyray shashylyp ketsek te bolmay ma, toptalyp qarsylyq kórsetpesek bizdi jau izdey de, ala da qoymas», – dep tolyqtyra týzetip jatty.

Osynau jeniliske beyil toptyng aitqandary qúryltaygha ýmit arta kelgen kópshilikting oi-pikirine qobalju kirgizgendey boldy. Halyq jinalysyn shaqyrudyng bel ortasynda jýrgen Ábilqayyr bahadýr múndaydy kýtpegendikten týiilip otyr edi, bir kezde nayzaghaysha jarq etip, qamyqqan júrttyng ensesin kýrt kótergen jәit oryn aldy. Ortagha Bókenbay batyr júlqyna shyqty. Tәuke hannyng aqylymen úiysqan Jetiru birlestigining Tabyn ruyn basqaratyn, erjýrektigimen el auzyna kópten iligip jýrgen batyr, jigit aghasy.  Ol mәjilis qúrghan júrtshylyqqa ainala qarap, qatty aitys ýstinde kiyimining ónirin  aiyryp jyrtyp jiberdi. Qylyshyn qynynan suyryp alyp, keneske jiylghandar aldynda ýiire kóterdi de, ýzdige sóilep, jan aiqaygha basty: «Dúshpanymyzdan ósh aluymyz kerek! – dedi ol emosiyagha toly jarqyn da qozdyrghysh dauyspen. – Talqany shyghyp tonalghan kóshterimiz ben tútqyngha týsken úrpaghymyzdyng qor bolghanyn sharasyzdana baqylaumen shekteletin beyshara bolmayyq! Biz kek qaytarugha tiyispiz! Qolymyzdan qaruymyzdy tastamay, qylyshymyzben dúshpanymyzdy shauyp túryp  jan tapsyrayyq! Qypshaq jazyghyndaghy, ata-babamyz aunap-qunaghan osynau qazaq dalasy tósindegi sarbazdar qay kezde jýreksinip edi! Men qolymdy jau qanyna malghanda – myna saqalgha aq kirmegen edi ghoy! Endi men pútqa tabynghan jabayylardyng óktem zorlyghyn jaybaraqat qabylday bermekpin be?! Shýkir, tabyndarymyzda sәigýlikter jetkilikti, shayqasqa minetin myqty túlpar azayghan joq! Beldegi qoramsa ótkir súr jebeden ortayghan joq! Keruli sadaqtyng quatty jaghy serpimdiligin joghaltqan joq! Qylysh mayyrylghan joq! Shayqasamyz!» Bókenbay batyrdyng osynau jýrekjardy sózi jeniluge moyynsúnghandargha eltigenderding kónil-kýiin shapshang óz jaghyna búryp aldy. Jer-jerden jinalghan rular men atalyqtardyng basshylary, aqsaqaldar, biyler men súltandar birinen song biri sóilep, qazaq jer-suynan jaudy quyp shyghudy, qaytkende jeniske jetudi maqsat etken sózder aitty.

Qúryltaygha jana serpin endi. «Qúp aldym Bókenbay batyrdyng sózin!» – dep jariya etti el aghalarynyng biri. «Ant etem jaudan ósh alugha!» – dedi ekinshisi ony qostap. Osylay, saltanatty ant beru rәsimi kenetten bastalyp ketti de, jyldam úlghaya týsti. Bir jigit ortagha suyryla shyqty da, sapysyn kókke kótere jalandatty. Sodan song bilegin tilip jiberdi. Búrq etip  aqqan qandy ortada janghan alaugha tamyzyp túryp: «Ant ishem!» – degen sózdermen, bilegin otqa keptirdi. Onyng ýlgisin qoldaghandar kóbeydi. Jigitter qandy bilekterin týiistiristi. Tós qaghystyrysty. Ata jaudan qorghanu, tughan jerdi azat etu barshanyng esil-dertin aldy. Ant bermegen jan qalmady. Biri ortagha aqboz at jetektep әkeldi, tórdegi aqsaqaldan bata súrady. Bata berildi. Qúran oqyldy. Jylqy bauyzdaldy. Qúryltaygha qatysushylar arnayy soyylghan aqboz attyng etin asyp jep, qúrghan odaqtarynyng tabandy da myqty bolmaghyn aityp jatty.

Jer shalghay, Tәuke han alysta. Úly hannyng óz kelisimi bar. Ol búdan búryn aimaqtardy basqarugha óz ókilderin taghayyndaghan, keyingi jyldary jana jaghdaydy eskere otyryp, әr aimaqtyng óz  hanyn saylaudy qosh kórgen. Búdan birer jyl ilgeride, shyghys aumaqtaghy júrtty basqarugha Tәuke hannyng batasymen Qayyp han saylanghan bolatyn. Oghan Orta jýz ben sol jaqty mekendeytin Kishi jýzding bir bóligi qaraydy. Sol shamada Úly jýz Abdolla handy taqqa otyrghyzyp aldy. Endi osynau qúryltayda, osynau keneytilgen biyler kenesinde Kishi jýzding hanyn saylap alghandary oryndy bolmaq.

Han lauazymyna kýni keshe bashqúrt taghynda bolyp kelgen, joryqtarda jihangerlik jaqsy aty shyghyp jýrgen Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi saylau úsynyldy. Qúryltay mýsheleri búl úsynysty qyzu qoldady. Súltandar men biyler Ábilqayyr bahadýr súltandy aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp, júrtshylyq aldynan alyp ótti: han kóterdi. Tabyn Bókenbay batyr halyq jasaghyna jetekshilik etetin sardar retinde tanyldy. Osylay, oirattardyng ýdey týsken agressiyasyna jauap retinde, qazaq elining batysyndaghy ólkede memleket ishindegi jana әkimshilik birlik – ózining әskeri bolatyn Ábilqayyr handyghy payda boldy. (Búl – Joshy әuletinen shyqqan II Ábilqayyr. Búdan búryn aitqanymyzday, I Ábilqayyr Aq Orda әmirshisi Baraq han qaza tauyp, Noghay Ordasy bólingen son, Aq Ordanyng qalghan bóliginde qúrylghan «Ábilqayyr handyghyn» biylegen). Handyqqa Kishi jýzding Álimúly, Bayúly, Jetiru birlestikterining kóp bóligi kirdi, Orta jýzden qypshaq pen nayman rularynyng biraz bóligi endi. El ishine kóterinki kónil-kýy ornady. Basqynshylargha tosqauyl qoygha júrt tas-týiin әzirlendi. Ókilderi qúryltaygha qatysqan aimaqtardan jәne qúryltay sheshimin estigen ózge jerlerden de sarbazdar otan qorghaytyn joryqtargha saylana bastady. Auyl-auylda ústalar, sheberler, ismerler iske kiristi. Qaru-jaraq dayyndady. Dulygha, sauyt tigip, jebe, sadaq, aibalta, qylysh, shoqpar soghyp jatty. Júmys qyzdy.

Taqqa otyrghan bette Ábilqayyr han kóptegen ózekti mәselelermen betpe-bet kelgen edi. Qúryltaydan keyin ile-shala ótken Qaraqúm shayqasy qazaqtyng otanshyldyghy, namysy joghary ekenin kórsetti. Dúshpandy úiymdasqan týrde týre qudy. Alayda Edil qalmaqtary men Jayyq kazaktary, tipti kýni keshe mýddelerin ózi aralaryna baryp qorghasqan bashqúrttar da elding teristigi men teristik-batysyndaghy qúnarly jer-sugha, Edil-Jayyq aralyghyna, Yrghyz, Tobyl ózenderi alqaptaryna sol alapat úrystan keyin de údayy kóz alartyp, әlsin-әlsin qazaqtarmen qaqtyghysyp qalularyn dogharmay túrghan. Al ontýstikte Sevan Ravdannyng jongharlary tegeuirindi joryqtaryn toqtata qoymaghan edi. Osynday kýrdeli ahual saldarynan Ábilqayyr birneshe baghytta bir mezgilde әreket etu joldaryn oilaugha mәjbýr boldy. Halqy ony týsindi, qoldady. Ár atadan iriktelgen jigitter atqa qondy.  Sonda Ábilqayyr han men Bókenbay batyr bas bolyp, az uaqytta qalmaqty Qaraqúm alabynan asyrdy. Jem ózeninen qudy. Jayyqtyng arghy betine deyin tyqsyrdy. Sarysu ózenining syrtyna qashyrdy.

Ábilqayyr hannyng qalyptasqan jaghdaygha baylanysty tastaghan úranyna Qayyp han men Abdolla han óz ýnderin qosty. Tabyn Bókenbay batyr bastaghan qaharman sarbazdar qataryna el ishindegi Tama Eset batyr, Qoshqarúly Shaqshaq Jәnibek, Qanjyghaly Bógenbay, Qarakerey Qabanbay syndy ondaghan aituly batyrlar qosyldy. Solar bastaghan sarbazdar azattyq ýshin alysyp, dúshpan jasaqtaryn elden quyp shyqty. Joghaltqan kóshi-qondyq jerlerin, shúrayly jaqsy jayylymdaryn qaytaryp aldy. Qazaq handyghynyng әskeri 1711–1712-shi jyldary jonghar basqynshylaryna toytarys berumen, olardy handyqtyng jer-suynan alastap, shyghysqa yghystyryp tastaumen ghana shektelmey, olardyng eline – Jonghariyagha basyp kirdi. Sәtti joryq jasap, oljaly oraldy. Oirattardyng qarymta qaytaru maqsatymen  1713 jyly jasaghan qarsy shabuylyn da  jeniliske úshyratty. Aragha az uaqyt salyp, jongharlardyng qazaq elimen shektesetin úlystaryn taghy shapty. Sodan keyin birneshe jyl boyy qazaq jәne jonghar elderimen eki arada úsaq qaqtyghystar ghana oryn alyp túrdy. Biraz uaqyt tynysh ótti. Sevan Ravdan qontayshy әzirge qazaq eline ýlken armiyasyn búra qoymady. Onyng iri shabuyl jasamauynyng bir sebebi qytaymen eki aralarynda jana soghystyng bastaluynda jatqan.  Oirattardyng negizgi әskery kýshi Siyn-Qytay imperiyasy әskerlerine qarsy soghysqa júmyldyrylghan bolatyn.  Búl 1715 jyl edi. Qazaqtargha ishki jaghdaydy túraqtandyryp, nyghayta týsu mýmkindigi tudy.

Osy rette úlan-ghayyr Úly dala tósin alyp jatqan qazaq elin zamana dauyldaryna tótep beretindey dәrejede damytyp, basqara aludy kózdegen jana jýiening engizilgeni ondy bolghanyn aita ketu lәzim. Jýzder óz aralarynda әldebir basymdyqqa qol jetkizudi eshqashan maqsat etken emes, bir de bir ret  ózara qaqtyghystargha barghan joq. Kerisinshe, aralas-qúralas, aghayyngershilikpen kýn keshti. Al qajettilik tughanda, ru-taypalardyng bәri ýsh jýzding birikken әskerine sarbaz berdi, syrtqy jaudan birlesip qorghanudan esh uaqytta bas tartpady. Tәuke han men onyng ýzengilesterining jogharyda aitylghan nәtiyjege jetkizgen sayasy tvorchestvosy shyn mәninde  el aghalaryna layyq danyshpandyq pen kóregendikti tanytqan edi. Alayda әbden qartayghan Tәuke han ózining osynau reformasy mýmkin etken jana tarihy jaghdaydaghy elin úzaq basqara almady. Ol 1715 jyly dýnie saldy. Sýiegi Qoja Ahmet Yassauy kýmbezi janyndaghy qazaq handary panteonynda mәngi tynshugha qoyyldy. Búl kezde zamana qazaq eline jana syndaryn әkele jatqan. Tarih ghylymynda qalyptasqan kózqaras túrghysynan qarasaq, Tәuke han qazaq elining tarihyndaghy handyq dәuir dep atalatyn tarihy kezenning eng songhy jәne eng kemenger hany bola bildi, ol qaytys bolghannan keyin birtútas memleketting de tarihy ayaqtaldy, sóitip, qazaq elining әr jýzindegi kishi handyqtardyng tarihy bastaldy – kәsiby de, әuesqoy da tarihshy bitken býginderi osylay sanaydy. Áytse de, belgili bir dәrejede jany bar bolghanmen, búl sonshalyqty әdil tújyrymgha jata qoymasa kerek.  Bizding oiymyzsha, Tәuke han túsynda qazaq handyghynyng konfederativtik sipatta damu kezeni bastaldy deu әdil bolmaq.  Al ol qaytys bolghannan song búl joba qanday ýderisterdi bastan keshti – búl aldaghy әngimeler ýlesinde...

Alapat apat qarsanyndaghy jaghdaylar

Qaraqúm qúryltayynan keyingi jyldary Ábilqayyr hannyng әskery jasaqtary teristik-batys shekarany qorghaugha batyl kiristi. Edil qalmaqtarymen, Jayyq kazachestvosymen, tipti bashqúrttarmen de jiyi-jii shayqasyp qalyp jýrdi.

Ábilqayyr hannyng ózi de әlsin-әlsin el tynyshtyghyn búzushylargha qarsy shabuyldar jasap qoyatyn. Qazan qalasyna deyin bardy. Jayyq qalashyghyn aidan astam uaqyt boyy qorshaugha alyp túrdy. Ontýstik Oral, Edilding orta aghysy jәne Sibir aimaqtaryndaghy qazaq elimen shektesetin jerlerde óte shapshan, júldyzsha aqqan  túlparlarmen shapqan qazaq sarbazdarynyng kórinui patsha әkimshilikterine edәuir qobalju tughyzdy. Jigitterding patshalyq jerine tereng súghyna joryqtar jasauy Astrahan, Qazan, Sibir guberniyalary әkimshilikterine qorqynysh tughyzyp qana qoymay, solardyng bas qolbasshysy Ábilqayyr hannyng esimin әbden tanyp aldy. Resey guberniyalary men Qazaq handyghy arasynda elshiler tolassyz jýrip jatty. Eki jaqtan alynghan tútqyndardy bosatudyng yaky ózara almasudyng joldaryn kelisu, qazaqtar men reseylik bodandar (Jayyq jәne Sibir kazaktary, qalmaqtar, bashqúrttar) arasyndaghy әskery qaqtyghystardy, týrli ózge de kiykiljinderdi sheship, retke keltiru, sonday-aq sauda-sattyq baylanystaryn damytu, kópesterding qazaq halqy ishine baruyna jaghday tughyzu, dala ýstimen ótetin sauda keruenderining qauipsizdigi mәselesin sheshu – kelissózderding negizgi taqyryptary boldy.

1715 jyly Týrkistanda Tәuke han dýnie saldy. Qazaqtyng bas hanyn arulap qonggha ýsh jýzding de handary, keybir qalalardaghy kishi handardyng bәri, súltandar, biyler men el ishindegi ózge de bas adamdar týgel qatysty. Qaraly astan keyingi mәslihatta el basqaru tizginin kim ústaytyny talqylandy. Qazaqtyng kóne zamannan kele jatqan jasy ýlkendi syilau haqyndaghy jol-jorasyna sәikes,  jalpyqazaq әmirshisining ókilettilikteri han taghynda otyrghan merzimi men jasy esepke alynyp, jýzderdegi handardyng birine berilgeni jón dep sheshildi.  Solay tandalghan agha han óz aimaghyndaghy biyligimen qosa, basqa әriptesterimen aqyldasa otyryp Áz Tәukening mindetin atqarsyn, sonday tәrtip el birligine tiyimdi qyzmet etedi degen úigharymgha toqtasty. Sóitip, qazaqtyng agha hany  retinde Tәukening kózi tirisinde eng birinshi bolyp shyghys ólkede han mәrtebesine kóterilgen Qayyp han tanyldy. Osy oqighanyng artynsha, sol 1715 jyly, búl jayynda Ábilqayyr han orys patshasynyng Tobyl (Tobolisk) qalasyndaghy sibirlik ókimetine hat jazyp habarlady. Qayyp hannyng ózi de Tobyldaghy gubernator әkimshiligine jibergen arnayy elshisi arqyly hat joldap, Áz Tәukening izbasary bolghanyn bayan qyldy.

Sibir aimaghy ókimetining basshylyghyna taghayyndalghan Matvey Gagarin gubernator qyzmetine 1711 jyly kirisken-tin. Ol múnda Qayyp  qaza tauyp, Ábilqayyr agha han  bolghan 1719 jylgha deyin istedi. Guberniya әkimi kezinde Tәuke hanmen, Qayyp hanmen, Ábilqayyr hanmen hat jazysyp, elshilerin qabyldap, ózi de olargha elshi jiberip, jiyi  baylanys jasap túrdy. (Ol erterekte Nerchinskide voevoda bolghan. Tobylda gubernator lauazymynda otyrghanynda Sibirdegi obalardy qazghyzyp, kóne zaman kósemderimen birge kómilgen altyn búiym, әshekeylerdi jiyp alghan da, I Petrge jiberip túrghan. Mәskeu men Petrborda zәulim saraylary bar, Reseydegi eng bay adamdardyng sanatyna jatatyn. Gubernator shaghynda Qytaymen jasyryn sauda-sattyq jasaghany, Sibirden ýkimetke tólenui tiyis alym-salyqty kem bergeni, tipti Sibirdi derbes memleket retinde bólip almaq oiy bary anyqtalghan da,  Petr patsha ony 1721 jyly sybaylas jemqor retinde Sankt-Peterburgte dargha astyrghan. Eldegi ózge korrupsionerlerdi ýreylendiru ýshin, mәiitin birneshe ay boyy dargha asuly túrghan kýii alannan alangha kóshirip, el nazaryna ashyq kórsetip qoyyp otyrghan desedi). Gagarin atalghan handardyng ýsheuine de  jonghar qontayshysynyng Qazaq handyghyn jaulap aludy kózdeytin  orasan zor jospary bar ekenin aityp, orys patshasynan qoldau izdegenderi jón degen maghynada kenes bergen. Eger olar Resey memleketine baghynar bolsa, atalmysh jaudan qorghanularyna ózining kómektese alatynyn aitqan. Alayda jeme-jemge kelgende olay etpedi. Qayyp han men Ábilqayyr han jonghargha qarsy orys әskerimen birlesip joryq jasau jayynda 1717–1718 jyldary úsynys bildirgen, biraq qoldau tappady. Óitkeni orys ýkimeti, shyndap kelgende, Jonghariyanyng әlsiregenin qalamaytyn. Reseyge búl kóshpendi handyq sol shamada kýsheyip kele jatqan Siyn-Qytay imperiyasyna qarsy kýsh retinde qajet edi. Ári, jongharlar da, Edil boyyndaghy qalmaq tuystary sekildi, orys patshalyghynyng bodandyghyn qabyl eter dep te ýmittenetin. Sondyqtan Gagarin qazaq handarynyng jonghargha qarsy birlesip qimyl jasau jayyndaghy naqty úsynysyn qúrghaq uәdemen aldausyratyp,   әskery kómek súraghan ótinishine syrghytpa jauap berumen shekteldi. Al orys ýkimetinen әskery jәrdem ala almaghan  qazaq armiyasy 1917 jylghy jazda Ayagóz  ózeni manynda qalmaqtardan oisyray jenildi. Býginde búl jәitti tarihshylar  Qayyp han men Ábilqayyr hannyng alauyzdyghy saldarynan oryn aldy dep baghalaugha qúlaghan...

Shyghysta Sevan Rabdan qontayshy orys ekspansiyasyna azu tisin kórsetip qalyp jýrdi. Gagarin Sibirge әkim bop taghayyndalar qarsanda, I Petrding jarlyghymen Bie jәne Katun ózenderining qúiylysyndaghy qazirgi Biysk qalasynyng ornyna 1709 jyly Bikatun qamaly salynghan bolatyn, jongharlar sony jana әkim túsynda tas-talqan etken. Odan olar Petr patshanyng Ertis aimaghynan altyn izdeuge attandyrghan ekspedisiyasyn joyghan. (Podpolkovnik Buhgolis basqarghan ýsh myng adamdyq ekspedisiya  1715 jyly Tobyldan shyqqan edi, ony jasaqtaugha Gagarin jauapty bolatyn. Ekspedisiya sәtsizdikke úshyraghan son, ony joryqqa dayyndaudy úiymdastyru júmysyn nashar jýrgizgen dep, ýkimet Gagarindi aiyptaydy). Ekspedisiyagha qatysushynyng birazy tútqyngha alynghan-dy. Tútqyndar ishinde  shved artilleriya serjanty Yuhan-Gustav Renat bolatyn. Ol 1709 jylghy Poltava shayqasy kezindegi soghys tútqyny edi, sodan orys әskerinde qyzmet etip, patshalyqtyng shyghys sheginen bir-aq shyqqan. Renattyng qolgha týsui Jonghar handyghy ýshin naghyz olja boldy. Ol handyqta 17 jyl qyzmet etti. Zenbirek qúyatyn zauyttar saldy. Ken óndiru zauyttaryn ashty. Oq-dәrimen atylatyn qaru-jaraq jasaudy jolgha qoyyp berdi. Óstip, jonghar tútqynynda jýrgen reseylik әskery adamdardyng arqasynda, Jonghar handyghynda soghys óndirisi payda boldy. Handyqtyng әskery kýsh-quaty artty. Múnyng I Petrdi alandatyp, oilandyrghany sonday, mәselening nasyrgha shabuy yqtimaldyghynyng aldyn alu ýshin, 1716 jyly Sevan Rabdangha arnayy elshi jiberuge mәjbýr boldy. Sosyn kazaktar men soldattar qaytadan Ertis boyymen joghary órley bastady. Olar әr basqan jerlerine qamaldar salyp, qaruly  garnizon qaldyryp otyrdy. Al jonghar qontayshysy orys syndy kýshti qarsylaspen tikeley aiqasa ketuden tartyndy. Áskery teke-tireske barudan, soghysudan qashqandyqtan, orys ekspedisiyasynyng shyghysqa qaray tek Ertis boyymen jasaghan ekspansiyasyna kóz júma qarady. Ertis pen Obi arasynda kóship-qonyp jýrgen Altay kóshpendilerin ishki audandaryna qonys audartty. Syrtqy sayasy jaghday kýrdeli sipat aldy.  Handyghyna qaraytyn aumaqtyng birazynan airylugha tura keldi. Degenmen Jonghariyanyng óz ishinde halyqtyng tyghyz boluyn qamtamasyz etti.  1715 jyldan beri jongharlardyng negizgi әskeriy-soghys qimyldary ekinshi oirat-sin soghysy maydandaryna auysqan bolatyn. Al 1717 jyldan bastap soghys Kukunor (Kók kól) aumaghy men Tiybet jerlerinde jýrip jatty. Kukunor handyghy Tiybettegi buddizm ortalyghynyng ýstinen qaraytyn, al búl Siyn-Qytay biyleushileri ýshin – jol beruge bolmaytyn jәit edi, sondyqtan olar óz әskerin solay qaray baghyttap, 1719 jyly Tiybetke basyp kirdi. Onyng aldynda oirattar Tiybetti basyp alyp, Lhasany talan-tarajgha týsirgen. Endi ózderine soghys asha kelgen sin әskerin talqandady. Sonda Siyn-Qytay imperatory Kansy Tiybetke arnayy әskery ekspedisiya jiberip, oirattardyng sondaghy handyghyn 1720 jyly mýldem joydy. Odan Hami, Túrpan alqaptaryn aldy. Jonghar handyghyna kiruge dayyndaldy. Tiybettegi jenisti sheruining jalghasy retinde, 1720–1721 jyldary Shyghys Týrkistangha joryq jasady. Ýrimshini basyp aldy. Jeri men qalasyn ózine qaytaru ýshin jongharlargha ýlken kýsh-jiger júmsaugha tura keldi. Osy shaqta Qara Ertispen jýzgen Reseyding ekspedisiyalyq  kýshteri Jonghariyanyng tap ortasynan shygha keldi.  Jongharlar olardyng ózen boyymen ilgerileuin kórmegensigenmen, tap múnysyn kýtpegen bolatyn. Onsyz da sindermen, halhalarmen, qazaqtarmen soghysyp jýrgendikten, endi orystarmen arada jana maydan tuuy olar ýshin  mýldem qolaysyz edi. Sondyqtan Sevan Rabdan shúghyl attandyrghan elshilik I Petrge kómek súray barady, alayda ong nәtiyjege jete almaydy.

Sol 1721 jyly  I Petr Coltýstik soghysynda jeniske jetip, el aumaghyn Baltyq tenizi jaghyna qaray keneytken. Sodan song patshalyqty imperiya, ózin imperator dep jariyalaghan. Al senat imperatorgha Úly Petr degen ataq bergen. Jana mәrtebe Úly Petrge úlan-ghayyr jana jospar jasatty. Ol ontýstik-shyghys baghytqa nazaryn tikti. 1722 jyldyng basynda Jonghar әmirshisi Sevan Rabdangha arnayy elshilik attandyrdy. Qúramynda geodeziya jәne tau-ken isi mamandary bar, yaghny ghylymy sipatty búl ekspedisiyany artilleriya kapitany Ivan Unkovskiy basqardy. Unkovskiy basqarghan osynau elshilikting aldyna tek qana qontayshymen diplomatiyalyq kelissózder jýrgizu ghana emes, sonymen birge Sibirden Orta Aziyagha baratyn ózen joldaryn zerttep, altyn kenin izdey qaytu mindeti qoyylghan bolatyn. Missiya kerueni erte kóktemde Tobylgha keldi, odan jalpaq taban qayyqtargha minip, Ertis boyyndaghy Semeyge, sosyn Ertisting sol jaq salasy Shar ózeni angharymen Qalba qyrqalaryna bardy, ýlken qiyndyqpen qalyng qarly Tarbaghataydan asty. Emil ózeninen ótti. Sodan keyin Altyn-Emil qyrqalarymen jýrip,  kýzde Jonghar qaqpasy arqyly jazyqqa shyqty, taghy biraz jer-sudy artqa salyp, 1722 jylghy qarashanyng sonyna qaray Ile ózenining orta aghysyndaghy qontayshy ordasyna jetti.

Búl kezde Sevan Rabdan qytay qateri jәne qazaq elin shabu jayyn oilastyryp otyrghan...

Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama...

Jonghar handyghynyn  әmirshisi Sevan Rabdan siyn-qytay armiyasyna qarsy túru sharalaryn jasaumen qatar qazaq eline jana shapqynshylyq jasau josparyn da oilastyryp otyrghan shaqtaghy, yaghny qayghy-qasireti úshan-teniz әigili apat qarsanyndaghy qazaq elining basqarylu qúrylymyn shola keteyik.

Keyingi jyldarghy bedeldi zertteushilerding ghylymy ainalymgha qosqan sony mәlimetterine qaraghanda, Úly jýzdi 1720 jyldan bastap Abdolla hannyng úly Jolbarys han basqaryp túrghan. Onyng ordasy, әkesining múrageri retinde, Tashkentte boldy. Jazghy kóshpeli ordasy Shyrshyq, Arys ózenderi angharlarynda kóship-qonatyn jayylymdarynda, sonday-aq Tashkent pen Týrkistannyng arasynda tigilip jýrgen. Tәuke han 1715 jyly dýnie salyp, Qayyp han agha han mәrtebesine kóterilgennen keyin, shamamen «Aqtaban shúbyryndy...» bastalghan jylgha deyin, Orta jýz aumaghynda Tәukeúly Bolat han,  odan onyng inisi Sәmeke han biylik jasady (kópten qalyptasqan úghym boyynsha Bolat han Anyraqay shayqasy kezinde, yaghny 1729–1730 jyldardyng birinde ómirden ótti, Tәuke hannan keyingi úly han sol bolghan delinedi. Alayda ghalymdardyng qily derekkózderdi zerttey kelip qorytqan búltartpas tújyrymdaryna qaraghanda, Bolat han jongharlardyng 1723 jylghy shabuyly shaghynda, yaky sodan kóp úzamay dýnie salghan. Ári Tәuke hannan keyin saylau ótkizilgen joq. On shaqty jyldan beri Orta jýzde әmirshi bop kele jatqan Qayyp Áz Tәukeni jerleu rәsimi kezinde agha han retinde moyyndalghan. Tәukening balasy Bolat úly han bolghan emes, ol әkesining ordasynda túra bergen, biraq Orta jýzdi basqarghan. Biylikti belgili bir kezende inisi Sәmekemen bólisken. Bolat han ómirden ótkennen keyin, 1724 jyldan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke boldy). Degenmen múnday ahualgha súltandardyng bәri birdey kelise qoymaghan da, ishki yryn-jyryng órshy bergen. Sonyn  saldarynan  baqtalastary, aqyry, 1718 jyly Qayyp handy óltiredi. Barlyq kishi handar men súltandar 1719 jyly Týrkistanda taghy da bas qosady. Oilasa kele, batyrlyghymen, qolbasshylyghymen kópke tanylghan, barshasynan han taghynda otyrghan merzimi de úzaq, jasy da ýlken, el basqarudaghy tәjiriybesi de mol, 1710 jyldan Kishi jýz ben ishinara Orta jýzding bir bóligining hany bolyp kele jatqan Ábilqayyr bahadýrge agha han tizginin bergendi qosh kóredi.

Ábilqayyr ýlken ordasyn Aral tenizi aimaghynan jalpyqazaq astanasy Týrkistan shaharyna kóshiredi, otbasy men jaqyndaryn (eki әieli, tórt úly men eki qyzy, eresek inileri jәne ózge de jaqyn aghayyndaryn) sonda ornyqtyrady, han qazynasyna Týrkistan men Tashkent jәne olargha qarasty qalashyqtar men auyldardan belgili dәrejede tabystar týsirip túrady. Búl kezde qazaq-oyrat shekarasy, úsaq qaqtyghystardy esetemegende, birshama tynysh bolatyn. Óitkeni jongharlar ekinshi oirat-sin soghysyna kiyligip, sol shaqta qytay әskerining shabuyldarynan qorghanu mәselesimen  bas qatyryp jýrgen. Sol sebepti Ábilqayyr han búl jaqqa asa alandamay, elding teristik-batysyna nazar audardy, sebebi ol jaq  mazasyz bolatyn. Sondyqtan ol 1720 jyly  atqa qonyp, aldynghy tarauda aitylghanday, orys patshalyghymen shekarada joryqtaryn jalghastyrghan. Jenisti sheruimen Qazan guberniyasyna terendep, taza orys ýiezderine jetti. Tútqyndar alyp, soghys oljalaryn óz eline qaray asyrdy. Al ontýstik pen shyghys aimaqtardyng qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu Úly jýz ben Orta jýz biyleushilerining qúzyrynda qala berdi. Alayda ontýstik pen ontýstik-shyghysqa shoghyrlanghan tóre túqymdarynyng el tútastyghynyng sharty haqyndaghy týsinigi ala-qúla, tiyisinshe auyzbirligi kem boldy. Olar ózara baqtalastyqpen jýrip, elding qorghanys qabiletin arttyru sharalaryn oilastyra qoymady.

Tap osy jәit jonghar qontayshysy Sevan Rabdangha 1640 jylghy «Dala erejesi» orayyndaghy úly jospardy oryndaugha qolayly kórinetin. Ol ordasyna Reseyden Unkovskiy elshiligi kelgen kezde tuystarynyng sonau Edil boyyndaghy handyghy ornalasqan aumaqqa deyingi óz eli irgesinen bastalatyn alyp aralyqty qúzyryna qaratyp alu jayyn payymgha salyp otyrghan. Qazaq elin baghyndyru arqyly kóshpendiler imperiyasyn janghyrtu, sonday jolmen shyghysy men ontýstigindegi siyn-qytay, teristigindegi orys memleketterine erkin tótep beru dәrejesine jetu – oirattardyng ózine deyingi basshylary sekildi, múnyng da kózdegeni edi. Jauyngerlik qabileti zor jasaqtaryna sengendikten de, Sevan Rabdan quatty Qytaymen jana әskery qaqtyghystargha baryp, ýnemi soghys jaghdayynda boludan tayynbaghan. Biraq әiteuir ebin tauyp, mýldem jenilip qaludan aman jýrgen. Sonday jaghdayda teristiginen taghy bir qaterli de kýshti orys syndy kórshi boy kórsetkende, sayasatynda jaghdaygha oray amal qoldanugha mәjbýr bolghan edi. 1721 jylghy qyrkýiekte I Petrge elshi jibergen. Elshisi arqyly joldaghan hatynda qontayshy óz handyghyn qaharly qytay shabuylynan qorghaudy orys patshasynan ótingen edi. Eger Petr patsha Jonghariyany óz qorghauyna әm qamqorlyghyna alsa, ol Qalmaqiya әmirshisi Aike han tәrizdi  Reseyding senimdi bodany bolyp  túrugha uәde beretinin habarlaghan. Reseylikterge óz handyghy aumaghynan altyn, kýmis kenderin izdeuine rúqsat etetinin aitqan. Tiyisinshe, jonghar qontayshysynyng osy ótinishine oray mәseleni pysyqtau ýshin, orys imperatory oghan arnayy elshi jiberetinin bildirgen. Mine sol uәdege say jasaqtalghan  I Petr  elshiligi Ivan Unkovskiyding basshylyghymen  1722 jylghy 20 qarashada qontayshy ordasyna jetti. Sonda qystady.

Úly Petrding búl kóshpendiler imperiyasyna degen yqylasty meyiri, osynau jauynger júrtty zamanauy ozyq qaru-jaraqpen qamtamasyz etu joly, sóitip osynau jaujýrek jongharlardy proteksiyasyna qabyldau sharty jayynda elshi lauazymyndaghy artilleriya kapitany Unkovskiy men qontayshy arasynda úzaqqa sozylghan mәmilegerlik jәne iskerlik әngimeler bastaldy. Jonghar әskerining soghysu qabiletin arttyrugha baghyttalghan  naqty ister qyzu jýrip jatqan shaqta,  ózara kelisimder jasap otyrghan eki tarapqa da kórshi jәne ekeui ýshin de qauipti Qytaydyng úzaq jyldarghy basshysy imperator Kansy (boghdyhan Suani E) dýnie saldy. Ol kýlli Qytaydy biylegen manchjurlyq Sin әuletining tórtinshi ókili. Alty jasynan taqqa otyryp, eldi alpys bir jyl biylegen. Qytay tarihynda eng kóp uaqyt imperator bolghan. Sol merzim ishinde  lauazymyna oray alghan esimine («Kansi» – maghynasy: «Gýldenip kele jatqan jәne jyly shúghyla shashqan») say halqyn jaqsylyqqa bólep, sәttilik simvolyna ainalghan әmirshi. Osy imperator Kansiyding kezinde  Qytaydyng quaty óte artqan. Odan qanshama jasqanbay shayqasyp jýrgenmen, eki aradaghy soghystar týbi Jonghar handyghyna eleuli qater tóndirip túrghany aiqyndalyp kele jatqan. Sondyqtan da, jonghar qontayshysy orys patshasyna ýmit arta qaraghan. Biraq Sevan Rabdan orys qamytyna moynyn tyghyp ýlgergen joq – Unkovskiyding missiyasy kelgeli bir ay bolghanda, 1722 jylghy  20 jeltoqsanda imperator Kansy qaytys boldy. Búl oqigha qontayshygha birshama tynshu әkeldi.  Óitkeni Qytay taghyna Kansiyding 64 әielining birinen tughan 44 jasar úly knyazi Yun otyrghan.  Úly  knyazi Yun boghdyhan Kansiyding amanatyna qúpiya ózgertu engizu jolymen, biylikke zansyz kelgen dep sanaldy. Solay oilaghan kóptegen tuysqandarymen teketires jaghdaygha týsken jana imperator ishki kýresti qaytkende óz paydasyna sheshuge tiyis edi. Sondyqtan ol oirattarmen sozylmaly jaghdayda túrghan soghysty toqtata túrugha mәjbýr boldy. Qontayshy Sevan Rabdan men imperator Ini Chjeni (Inchjen) ekeui bitim jasasyp, dostyq jaghdayda qarym-qatynas jasap túru jayynda kelisimge keldi. Osy jәit onyng Qytaydan qorghanu maqsatynda jasaqtap jatqan әskerining baghytyn qazaq eline búrugha jәne Reseymen qúrmaq baylanysynyng mazmúnyn alghashqy sipatynan ózgertuge alyp keldi. Ol Resey bodandyghyn Ayke ýlgisinde qabyldaudan da, qytaymen shekarasyna orys qamaldaryn saldyrudan da tayqydy. Áytse de, diplomatiyalyq kelissózderin amaldap soza týsken  Unkovskiy elshiligimen Jonghariyada qystaydy, sosyn, 1723 jyldyng nauryzynan qyrkýiekting ekinshi jartysyna deyin, qontayshymen birge Ile alqabynda jәne Ystyqkólge shyghysynan qúyatyn tau ózenderi angharynda kóship-qonyp jýredi. Ol Úly Petrding tapsyrmasyn oryndaugha janyn saldy. Qontayshyny Resey proteksiyasyna kóshuge ýgittedi. Onyng iyelikterinde orys garnizony túratyn qamaldar salugha kelisimin alugha tyrysty. Múnday qadamnyng Jonghariyany Qytaydan senimdi qorghau ýshin paydaly bolmaghyn dәleldedi. Alayda Sevan Rabdan ózining qytaylarmen jәne qazaqtarmen soghysuyna qajet әskery qaru-jaraqty orys patshasynan alugha keliskenimen, orys әskerining qanday da týrmen bolsyn eli ishine kiruine jol berudi oiyna da almaytyn. Óitkeni sol uaqytqa deyingi Reseymen tatulyq onayshylyqpen kelmegen edi (orystardyng Ertis alqaby men Altaydy mysyqtabandap, «aqyryn basyp otarlauy»  saldarynan jonghar memleketi óz aumaghynyng besten birinen airylghan). Sol ahualgha kóngendikten ghana olarmen beybit qatar ómir sýru mýmkin bolyp túrdy. Unkovskiy jýrgizgen kelissóz kezinde qontayshy dauly shekara men alym-salyq jayyn qozghaghan. Ázirge óz soghys óndirisi zenbirek qúndy jolgha qoyyp ýlgermegendikten,  osynau qaharly qarudy orys patshalyghynan aludy maqsat etken. Sevan Rabdannyng búl pighylyna septese túra,  Unkovskiy missiyasy negizgi maqsatyna qol jetkize almady. Aqyry, kelgen baghytymen keri qaytty. Jonghar әskerining qazaq eline 1723 jylghy erte kóktemde, aqpan aiynda jasaghan joyqyn shabuyly jәne onyng kýsh-quaty men joryghynyng jenisti nәtiyjeleri jayyndaghy naqty derekterdi Reseyge ala keldi...

Qazaq eline tútqiyldan shabuyl jasaghan jonghar әskerine Sevan Rabdannyng úldary Galdan Seren men Lauzan Shono jetekshilik etken bolatyn. Joryqqa әskery jabdyqtary jaqsy, zenbirek, oq-dәrili myltyq syndy qaru-jaraqtary mol, jauynger attary jeldey esken qalyng qosyndar qatysqan edi. Jeti tústan synalay kirgen jýz myng jauyngeri bar bes qaruy say armiya kýrsildetip zenbirek atyp, myltyqtan oq jaudyryp, Shu jәne Talas ózenderi angharynan bir-aq shyqty. Tasqyn seldey tasyp aghylghan basqynshynyng atty әskerine qarsy dәstýrli qylysh-nayzasymen batyl kóterilgen qazaq jasaqtary tosqauyl bola almady. Tosyn da joyqyn soqqydan qatty shyghyngha úshyrady. Halyqqa qorghan bola almay qaldy.  Qorqynyshty qatygezdikpen astasqan shabuyldan el esin jinay almay, beti aughan jaqqa ýdere kóshuge, tipti ýi-jayyn, dýniye-mýlkin, maldaryn tastay qashugha mәjbýr boldy. Jongharlar tez arada Tashkent, Sayram, Týrkistan, Sozaq, Qúmkent, Saudakent sekildi qazaq shaharlaryn, úzyn sany 25 qalany basyp aldy. (Anyzdarda basqynshylardyng talay rulardy tútasymen qyryp jibergeni aitylady. Qazaq halqynyng taghdyryndaghy osynau asa qasiretti kezen  tarihta «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» degen atpen tanbalandy. El auzynda saqtalghan mynanday:  «Qarataudyng basynan kósh keledi, Kóshken sayyn bir taylaq bos keledi. Qaryndastan aiyrylghan qiyn eken, Qara kózden móldirep jas keledi. Myna zaman qay zaman, qysqan zaman, Basymyzdan baq-dәulet úshqan zaman. Shúbyrghanda izinnen shang boraydy, Qantardaghy qar jaughan qystan jaman. Myna zaman qay zaman, baghy zaman, Bayaghyday bola ma taghy zaman. Qaryndas pen qara oryn qalghannan son, Kózding jasyn kól qylyp aghyzamyn», – dep keletin  sheksiz qayghygha túnghan sózderi bar «Elim-ay» atty rekviyem-әnmen bederlendi). Basqynshylyq soghys qazaqtardyng toz-tozyn shyghardy. El tonaldy. Jayylym men egistik taptalyp, bosap qaldy, qolónershiler qanaldy, sauda toqyrady, mal basy kýrt kemidi. Júrt bas saughalap bosyp ketti. Qos úly su Ámu men Syr arasyndaghy otyryqshylar da aityp-jetkizgisiz kýizeliske úshyrady. Ashtyqtyng jaylaghany sonday, shejirelerde saqtalghan habarlargha qaraghanda, adamdar ólikterdi jerlemey, jeuge mәjbýr bolghan.  Bayyrghy Búhara, Hiua, Ferghana, Samarqan bosap qalghan. Áskerining soghys qimyldaryn sәtti jýrgizip jatqany haqynda  habar tiyisimen Sevan Rabdan Edil boyyndaghy oirat tuysqandaryna – Qalmaq handyghyna jaushy attandyrady. Ózining әskery joryghynyng nәtiyjesinde qazaqtardy birjola jenip, aldaghy uaqytta Jayyq pen Edilde Ayke hanmen birge jaylaugha shyghudan dәmelenetininen habardar etedi...

Azattyq ýshin arpalysudyng alghashqy kezeni

Basqynshylardyng qaraqúrym  әskeri ontýstik audandargha tóbeden jay týskendey basa-kóktey kirip, el-júrtty kól-kósir qayghy qasiretke dushar etken «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» tragediyasynyng alghashqy ailarynda qazaq әmirshileri qatty esengirep qalghan.

Dúshpan qazaqtardyng basty sayasy ortalyghy Týrkistan shaharyn basyp aldy. Jeniliske úshyraghan el biyleushileri qandy shayqas barysynda  qalany tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Astanada túratyn basqarushy elitanyng kóship ýlgermegen otbastary, solardyng ishinde agha hannyng bәibishesi, ógey sheshesi, bauyrlarynyng әielderi tútqyngha alynyp, Jonghariyanyng ishki úlystaryna әketildi. Et-jaqyndarynan airylu óz aldyna, kýlliqazaq astanasy men ólkedegi oghan japsarlas otyryqshy eldi mekenderdin  basqynshy oirattardyng baqylauyna ótui  el aghalaryn qatty kýizeltti. Olardyng jaugha qarsylyq kýresti úiymdastyru mýmkindikterin tómendetip, jigerlerin jasytty.

Mine osynday ahualda solardyng ishinen tez es jiyp, jaghdaydy aiqyn saralay bilgen jәne tiyisinshe maqsatty is-әreket úiymdastyra alghan jalghyz ghana túlgha qazaqtyng agha hany Ábilqayyr bahadýr boldy. Ol Aral manyndaghy ru-taypalardyng namysyn janyp, jonghar  agressiyasyn qaytkende keri qaghudy kózdeytin ahual tughyzdy. Ózin sodan bir mýshelden astam uaqyt búryn han kótergen qúmdy ónirdi meken etken barshany otan qorghau isine júmyldyra aldy.  Sondaghy el-júrtynyng qoldauymen qysqa merzim ishinde qazaq jәne qaraqalpaq jigitterinen jiyrma myng sarbazdan túratyn qol úiymdastyryp, jaraqtandyrdy. Áskery ónerge baulydy. Sheshimtal joryqqa dayyndady. Sosyn jer qayysqan qalyng jasaqtyng basyna ózi túryp, jaugha attandy. Biraq ontýstikti, ontýstiktegi qazaq elining bas qalasyn basyp alghan jonghargha emes, soltýstik-batystaghy qalmaq iyelikterine qaray shapty.

Bahadýr han oirattardyng eki qiyrdaghy memleketteri arasynda jýrip jatqan baylanystardyng týpki maqsatyn ne ózining týisigimen boljap, ne barlau retimen jetken týrli habarlar men derekterdi saraptau nәtiyjesinde, aldyn-ala әbden bilip alghan bolatyn. Qalmaq hany Aiykening jonghar qontayshysy bop otyrghan kýieu balasy gha kómektesuge tyrysatyny kýmәnsiz edi. Edilding tómengi aghysyndaghy qalmaq pen onyng Ertisting bastauyndaghy týp tuysy jonghar aralaryn alyp jatqan qazaqty baghyndyryp aludy Boshoqtudyng sonau arnayy zandar jinaghyn  qabyldap alghan zamanynan armandaytyn. Sevan Ravdannyng balalary ot-qaruly ýlken armiyasymen tútqiyldan basyp kirip, qazaq elin qansyratqan qazirgi jaghday kókeylerin tesken sol armandaryn jýzege asyrugha әbden qolayly sәt tughyzghan. Jonghardyng ontýstiktegi jenisin bayandy ete týsu ýshin teristikten qalmaqtyng shabuyldauy ghana qalghan. Ashyq dúshpanymen betpe-bet kelgen qazaqtyng tu syrtynan әne-mine soqqy berui yqtimal edi. Ábilqayyr han sonyng aldyn alugha úmtylghan.

Ol qatelespegen edi. Qyz berip, qyz alysyp túrghan búl eki handyqtyng әmirshileri arasynda jekjattyq alys-beris, әngime-súqbattar astarymen 1640 jyly barlyq oirat túqymdary qúryp túrghan handyqtardyng ókilderi qabyldaghan zannamalyq «Iky Saadjin Bichiyk» qújaty sóz bolatyn. Sonda negizdelgen úly jospar eske alynyp túratyn. Sol boyynsha  әskeriy-sayasy odaq qúru mәselesi qaralyp jýrgen. Al 1723 jyly kóktemgi sәtti soghys sony tiyanaqtaudy kýn tәrtibine shyghardy da, Sevan Ravdan Aikege arnayy jaushy jiberip, qazaqtargha qarsy birlesip әskery qimyl jýrgizudi úsyndy.  Ony Aike han yqylaspen qabyl aldy. Izinshe orys patshalyghyna da qolaysyzdyq tughyzyp jýrgen  qazaqtargha qarsy  joryq jasau ýshin ýkimetten ózine ot-qaruly jasaq bóluin ótingen. Alayda jongharlardyng qazaq jerindegi әskery jenisinen habardar reseylik biylik onyng búl soghysqa aralaspauyn qoshtamady.  Sebebi Resey ýshin eki qiyrdaghy oirattyng tútasyp kýshenginen góri olardyng arasynda derbes kýsh retinde qazaqtardyng saqtala túruy tiyimdi-tin. Ótken jyly ghana Úly Petr qazaq dalasynyng ózderin shyghys elderine shygharatyn qaqpa ekenin, ony paydalaryna asyru qajettigin aitqan. Eger sol qaqpa zengorlardyng qolastyna týsse – orys ýshin jabylghanmen parapar edi. Sebebi sol shamada Sevan Ravdan ordasynan oralghan Unkovskiy onyng orys bodandyghyn qabyldamaytynyn, kytaymen shekarasyna qamaldar da salghyzbaytynyn jetkizgen. Demek, Aykening Sevan Ravdangha qosyluyna jol beruge bolmaydy. Sondyqtan da oghan búl soghysqa aralaspaghany jón degen sypayy kenes berildi.  Alayda qalmaq hany bәribir alghashqy niyetinen bastarta qoymaghan, óitkeni ol qazirgi jonghar soqqysynan qansyrap jatqan qazaq elin orystyng kómeginsiz-aq jaulap alatyn kýsh ózinde de bar dep biletin. Oirattardyng qanqúily  basqynshylyghy úshyratqan «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlama» jaghdayynda ol, shynynda, Qazaq handyghyna  eleuli qauip  tóndirip túrghan. Osyny aiqyn ajyratqan Ábilqayyr han jedel de úshqyr jasaqtarymen Syrdyng orta aghysy túsynan Edil qalmaqtaryna qaray shúghyl attanghan edi.

Qazaq hanynyng ýlken qolmen Jayyqqa qaray jasaghan sheshimdi joryghy qalmaq әmirshilerin әbigerge saldy. Olar bitim jasau jolyn izdep, Ábilqayyrdyng aldynan elshi attandyrady. Alayda Aykening senimdi ókiline Ábilqayyr «qalmaqtar men orystargha qarsy soghysugha kele jatqany, jasaghynda qyryq myng sarbazy bary» jayynda ymyrasyz mәlimdemesin jariya etedi. Sonda, imperiyanyng týstiktegi qalqanynyng jaghdayy mýshkildigin paryqtaghan Astrahan gubernatory Ayke hangha kómekke artilleriya komandasy men alty eskadron soldat jiberedi. Biraq onysy ahualdy jaqsarta almaydy. Ábilqayyr hannyng iri әskery kýshi Jayyqqa jetken bette qarsy shyqqan qalmaqtardy alghashqy shayqasta-aq tas-talqan jenedi de, teristikke qaray terendey beredi. Qazaq jasaqtary jenisti sherulerin jalghastyra týsedi. Patsha ýkimeti sol jyldyng sonyna qaray Aykege «imperator úlylyghy mәrtebesimen araylanghan bizding qalalarymyz ben sening – bizding bodanymyzdyng úlystaryna kele jatqan» qazaqtar men qaraqalpaqtargha tosqauyl qoyyp, «qalalarymyz ben ýiezderimizdi talan-tarajgha týsiruge jol bermeudi» tapsyrady. Áriyne, tiyisti әskery jәrdemi de bolady. Nәtiyjesinde, qalmaqtardyng birikken әskerleri qazaqtardyng Jayyq boyyn týgel tazalaugha bet alghan qozghalysyn toqtatady.

1723 jyldan 1724 jylgha qarayghy qys ailarynda eleuli әskery qimyl jasalghan joq, biraq, kóktem kele (1724 jylghy aqpanda Aike han dýnie salady),   Ábilqayyr bahadýr men onyng Eset jәne basqa da batyrlary bastaghan jasaqtar Edil qalmaqtaryna shabuyldaryn janghyrtty. Qalmaqtar Eset batyrdyng jasaghyn patsha ókimeti bergen zenbirekterden atqylay otyryp jendi. Sodan keyin Ábilqayyr hannyng batyrlary qalmaq-orys jerine odan әri joryq jasauyn doghardy. Degenmen, eki jyl boyy oryn alyp túrghan irili-úsaqty әskery qaqtyghystar óz jemisin berdi.1724 jyldyng ortasyna qaray qalmaq handyghy búdan әri qazaq eline búrynghyday qater tóndiruge qauqary jetpeytin kýige týsken edi.

Osylay, soltýstik-batys aimaqqa jasaghan joryghy nәtiyjesinde Ábilqayyr han elding teristik jaqtaghy shekarasyn qauipsizdendirip aldy da, shapshang qimyldap daghdylanghan jauynger jasaqtaryn birden Týrkistan qalasy baghytyna búrdy. Úzaq sherude jolshybay kezikken jonghardyng alghy sheptegi beketterin búzyp-jara úrys salyp, kýzde Týrkistangha jetti.  Jau qolyndaghy qalagha birden  tikeley shturm jasap, tez azat etti.  Qazaq әskerining quatty  shabuyly barysynda jonghar qontayshysynyng balasy, tәjiriybeli qolbasshy Lauzan Shono qalany tastay qashyp, Qaratau qoynauyna sheginuge mәjbýr boldy. Al Ábilqayyr qazaq astanasyn bosatysymen, jenisti sheruin kýlli ónirde jalghastyrdy.   Qaharman sarbazdarymen  Tashkentti jәne sol aimaqtaghy dúshpan basyp alghan ózge de qalalardy týgel azat etip, jarty jyldan astam óz qarauynda ústap túrdy.

Alayda qazaq jerindegi  jonghar әskerine kóp úzamay qosymsha kýsh kelip qosylghan. Sóitip ólkede basqynshy kýshi basymdyq etken. Sol sebepti, birqatar qantógisti shayqastardan son, 1725 jyldyng kókteminde  Ábilqayyr bahadýr búl aimaqty tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Batyrlarymen birge әueli Búhara handyghy aumaghyna, odan teristikke qaray auysty. Ol sheginisimen, Syr boyy qalalaryn, Jetisudy jyldam jongharlar basyp aldy. Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys hannyng iyeliginde esepteletin ólke Sevan Ravdan qontayshynyng qolastyna qaytadan týsti.  Qazaqtyng Úly jýzining halqy mekendeytin aimaq tәueldilik jaghdayda, jonghar noyondarynyng baqylauynda qaldy.

Búl shaqta teristiktegi jer-su qatynastary taghy da shiyelenisken edi. Soghan baylanysty  Ábilqayyr han 1726 jyly Orta jýz hany Sәmekemen birlesip, on myng jigitten qúralghan qaruly jasaqpen jana joryqqa attandy. Qalmaq tayshylaryn úlystarymen Jayyq boyynan kýshpen quugha tyrysty (jalpy, Ábilqayyr bahadýr qyryq jylgha tarta uaqytqa sozylghan jauyngerlik, qolbasylyq, el biyleushilik  qyzmetinde qazaq memleketining teristik-batys shegin qorghauda jan ayamay shayqasqan, orys patshasy ókimetine «qazaqtar Jayyqtan suy sarqylghansha aiyrylmaydy» dep, esh búljymay, tabandy  týrde әlimdegen kýresker). Jayyqtyng sol jaghalauynda qazaq әskeri jenisti úrysta jýrgizgen edi, alayda ong jaghalauda sany da basym, qaru-jaraghy da ozyq qalmaqtardyng ýsh jaqtan shýilikken shabuyly astynda qaldy. Qorshaugha týsken qazaq jasaqtary tórt kýn boyy jan alyp, jan berise shayqasty. Aqyry jaghdaymen sanasugha tura keldi. Kelissózder jýrgizilip, qos tarap ózara bitimge kelisti. Ábilqayyr han qalmaq jaghyna amanatqa Tama Eset batyr, Tabyn Bókenbay batyr  bastaghan ondaghan sarbazyn berdi. Ras, bitim aldaghy uaqyttarda eki jaqtan da әlsin-әlsin búzylyp túrady, kiykiljindi retteu ýshin odan keyingi jyldarda Sәmeke han qalmaqtarmen jana kelisimder jasaydy. Degenmen,  taraptardyng búdan bylay shekara búzbay, beybit qatar ómir sýru jayynda qol jetkizgen alghashqy uaghdalastyghy arqasynda qazaq әmirshileri sol shaqtaghy jalpy el jaghdayyna naqtyraq kónil bóluge mýmkindik aldy.

Otan qorghaugha býkil halyqty júmyldyru

Ábilqayyr bahadýr qalmaqtarmen eki arada 1726 jylghy kelisimge qol jetkizisimen, Jayyq aimaghyndaghy әskeriy-sayasy qyzmetin ontýstikti jaylap alghan basqynshy jongharlargha qarsy kýresu mәselesine audardy.

Sevan Rabdannyng qolbasshy úldary bastaghan jonghar әskerining 1723 jylghy qanqúily shapqynshylyghy ekpinine Ábilqayyr han tótep bere almaghanyn eske týsirdi. Keskilesken shayqas barysynda kýlli ontýstik jazirany qazaq elining astanasy Týrkistanmen, sol ónirdegi barsha qalalarymen jau qolyna qaldyrugha mәjbýr bolghanyn, jasaghynyng aman qalghan bóligimen  Qaraqúm aumaghyna auysqanyn eske týsirdi. Sol aimaqtaghy jigitterden jana qol qúryp, teristik-batysqa attanghanyn oiyna aldy. Qansyrap jatqan qazaq elin teristikten shabugha dayyndalghan, sonysymen ontýstik aimaqty basyp alghan jonghar basqynshylarymen tútasuy yqtimal qalmaq shabuylynyng aldyn alghanyn oilady.  Sol әskery sharasynan keyin, 1724 jyly Úly dalany týstik-shyghys baghytynda úshqyr jasaghymen kóktey kesip ótkenin, jolda beket salyp tastaghan jongharlarmen qiyan-keski úrys sala otyryp ontýstikke aimaqqa jaryp kirgenin esine aldy. Ol bir qaharmandyqqa túnghan shaq edi. Agha han bolghaly ordasy tórt qys tórinde ornalasqan qazaq astanasyn jauynger jasaqtarymen sonda jaudan birden tazartqan. Ólkening astana ainalasyndaghy basqynshy ayaghy astynda qalghan ózge qalalaryn, barsha jer-sudy, úzyn sany otyz eki úlysty azat etken.  Biraq aimaqtaghy osynau jenimpaz sheruin, ónirdi qaytaryp alghan qandy shayqastardyng saltanatty nәtiyjesin bayandy ete almady. Alty-jeti aidan keyin,  1725 jyly aimaqty qayta tastap ketuge mәjbýr boldy. Solardy eske týsirip saralay kele, ordasy ornalasqan Týrkistan shaharyn, kýlli qazaq jer-suyn azat etken qalpy túraqty ústap  túra almauynyng sebebin izdedi. Sol sebepti jong jolyn paryqtady.

«Aqtaban shúbyryndy»  saldarynan qalyptasqan jaghdayda eldi, jer-sudy saqtau jәne qorghaugha baylanysty ózining tarihy missiyasyn Ábilqayyr han adal atqaryp kele jatqan. Qaramaghyndaghy әskery kýshting jaujýrektiginde, soghysu ónerine jaqsy mashyqtanghanynda, ondyq, jýzdik, myndyq toptardan jasaqtalghan qúrylymynyng ýilese әreket ete alghanynda kýmәni joq. Ol jauynger sarbazdary men sardarlaryna kinә arta almaydy. Solarmen birge  sauyt sheshpey, attan týspey, jalpaq qazaq dalasyn teristik-batysy men ontýstik-shyghysy aralyghynda әrili-berili kóktey ótip әldeneshe әskery joryqtar jasaghan. Sol jenisti joryqtary barysynda el-júrtqa ózining agha han mәrtebesin is jýzinde moyyndatqan. Endi ol qazaq memleketining basshysy, agha hany retinde, eldi jaudan tútastay azat etu sharasyn jasaugha tiyis bolatyn.  Al búl sharany jýzege asyrudyng kilti dýley basqynshygha qarsy býkil halyqty kóterude jatyr edi. Jenisterin bayandy ete almauynyng sebebi men syry sol kiltti ózining jәne ózimen qosa barsha әmirshilerding uaqytynda dúrys paydalana almaghandyqtarynda jatqan.

Demek, jaugha qarsy bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen qol shygharyp shayqasu mәselesin túnghysh ret halyq ortasyna salghan, ózin aq kiyizge otyrghyzyp han kótergen 1710 jylghy Qaraqúm qúryltayy ispetti jana basqosu úiymdastyru kezek kýttirmeytin shara bolugha kerek.  Agha hannyng múnday kózqarasyn batys pen soltýstiktegi jer-su kiykiljinderin ózimen birge sheshuge atsalysyp jýrgen Sәmeke han birden qoldaydy. Alayda Qazaq handyghynyng ontýstik aumaghy jәne Jetisu ólkesi tolyghymen jongharlar qolastynda jatqan. Sol basqynshy әkimshilikke bodan retinde  týrli alym-salyghyn berip, Tashkent syndy shaharda tәueldilik ahualda kýn kórip otyrghan Úly jýz biyleushisi Jolbarys hangha osy toqtamdy tez jetkizu kerek. Ábilqayyr bahadýr han bekem sheshim jasady. Janghyz oghan emes, eng aldymen eldegi jýzder biylerine (ordabiylerge), aimaqtardaghy barlyq bi, batyr, rubasy, bas adamdargha jәne aqsaqaldargha shúghyl týrde jaushylar attandyryldy...

Ábilqayyr bahadýr elding agha hany lauazymymen qazaq astanasy Týrkistangha ornyqqanynda, batys ólkedegi Kishi jýzge qarasty el-júrt ishinen kóp auyl onyng ordasymen birge sol aumaqqa kóship kelip qonystanghan. Jaz ailarynda agha hannyng kóshpeli ordasy solardyng arasyna – Arys suynyng salasy Badam ózenining alqabyna tigiletin. Sol sebepti de sondaghy Ordabasy atalatyn jerdi 1710 jyldan keyingi jana býkilhalyqtyq qúryltay ótetin oryn etip belgiledi. Sóitip, Ábilqayyrdyng jazghy stavkasy qonys teuip jýrgen Ordabasy biyiginde 18-shi ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginen óte bere, 1726 jylghy qara kýzde, basqynshy jonghargha qarsy kýrespek halyqtyng ahlaqy ruhyn nyghaytqan, tiyisinshe, otan soghysyn jeniske jetkizu ýshin ýsh jýzding birikken qolyn qúrugha bekem baylam jasaghan әigili mәjilis ótti. Tәuelsiz elimizding ýkimeti kýlli júrtshylyq ókilderin 20-shy ghasyrdyng songhy onjyldyghynda sonda jinap, jaudan qorghanuda el birligining manyzdy ról atqarghanyn saltanatpen atap ótti. Al 21-shi ghasyrdyng basynda Ordabasy shoqysynyng úshar basyna aq mәrmәrmen qaptalghan ýsh qyrly biyik eskertkish múnara túrghyzyldy. Ýsh qyryndaghy arnayy taqtalarda  ataqty ýsh biyimizding barshany sýisintetin qanatty sózderi jazyldy...

Qazaq halqynyng basqynshygha qarsy sheshimdi týrde otan soghysyna shyghuyna baylanysty Tóle bi, Qazybek bi, Áyteke by syndy ýsh úly biyimizding esimderi erekshe qúrmetpen aitylatyny mәlim.  Olar barlyq qazaq ru-taypalaryn jongharlargha qarsy biriktiru mәselesin qarau ýshin Ordabasy qúryltayyn shaqyrdy delinedi. Qalyng búqaramen tyghyz baylanysta boludyng joly retinde, biylikke qara qazaq ókilderin tartu qajettigi Esim hannyng kezinen bastap moyyndalghany belgili. Onyng «Eski jol» atalghan zannamasynyng týpki mәni de sol bolatyn. Sony basshylyqqa alghan Tәuke hannyng túsynda belgili biyler eldi basqaru jәne zandardy sonau «Esim hannyng Eski joly» ýlgisimen jetildiru júmystaryna belsene qatystyryldy. Áygili «Jeti jarghy» osy ýsh jýz biylerining belsene atsalysuymen qabyldanghan. Mine  solar  el basyna kýn tughan kýrdeli tarihy kezende jonghar shapqynshylyghyna el bop birigip qarsy túru úranyn kóterdi.  El sanasyna solay singen. Úly jýzdegi on bir taypany, Orta jýzdegi alty taypany, Kishi jýzdegi jiyrma bes taypany biriktiretin ýsh taypalyq odaqty ortaq mýddege  úiystyrudaghy búl asa kórnekti túlghalarymyzdyng enbegin joghary baghalay otyryp, olardyng úly kenesti ótkizude bas әmirshining bastamasyna say solay әreket etkenin әdilettilik túrghysynan qisyndy kóretinimizdi biz jasyrmaymyz. 18-shi ghasyrda sodan búrynghy kezderdegidey daghdymen, býkilhalyqtyq mәjilister men kenester asa joghary dәrejeli biyleushilerding ordalarynda jýrgizilip jýrgenin tarihshylar moyyndaydy. Múnday jiyndardaghy biylerding sózi qashanda ótimdi keletin, biyler ózge shonjarlardan әrdayym basym týsetin. Esim han zamanynan beri han biyligining ózi sol biyler kenesining sheshimine tәueldi bolatyn.

«Aqtaban shúbyryndy» qasireti kezinde әsker bastap qazaq elining teristigine de, týstigine de  azattyq joryqtaryn jasaghan Ábilqayyr hannyng azattyq jolyndaghy kýresti óristetu ýshin kýlli el azamattaryn biriktirudi kózdegende, osynau ataqty biylerding kómegine sýiengeni tarihy shyndyqqa әbden say keledi. Jýzderding handary, jekelegen ru-taypalar men qalalardy basqaratyn kishi handar, súltandar, rubasylar, aimaqtardaghy biyler, aqsaqaldar, ózge de bas adamdar jәne, әriyne, batyrlar bas qosqan qúryltay basqynshydan otandy azat etu ýshin jalpaq el ishinen birikken qol jiidy birauyzdan qoldady. Qazaq birikken әskerining bas qolbasshysy  mindetin agha han Ábilqayyr bahadýrge jýktedi.

Qazirgi qalyptasqan kózqaras boyynsha – qúryltay Kishi jýz hany Ábilqayyrdy agha han lauazymyna emes, bas qolbasshy etip qana saylady delinedi. Múnday kózqarastaghylar qazaqtyng búl kezdegi agha hany Bolat han bolatyn dep sanaydy. Alayda bayypty ghylymy zertteuler Bolat hannyn, birinshiden, agha han emes, Orta jýz hany bolghanyn, ekinshiden, ol «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» bastalghanda dýnie salghanyn aitady. Demek, Bas qolbasshy retinde tandalghan  Ábilqayyr bahadýrdi Ordabasy qúryltayynda agha han mәrtebesine saylaudyng qajeti joq edi, ol búl mәrtebege Tәuke hannyng izbasary Qayyp han qaza tapqannan beri, 1719 jyldan ie bolatyn.  1724 jyldan Orta jýz hany Sәmeke men 1720 jyldan Úly jýz hany Jolbarys ony ózderinen barlyq jaghynan joghary bolghandyqtan da moyyndaghan, kóne meritokratiyalyq tәrtipti basshylyqqa alghan biyler kenesining qoldaghan, Osylay ol jeti jyldan beri agha han sanalatyn. Eger búl bastapqy kezende zaty emes, tek aty ghana bar lauazym sanalsa, sondyqtan da ony júrt tek Kishi jýz hany dep qana qabyldaghan bolsa da, jonghardyng joyqyn shapqynshylyghynan bermengi kýlli qazaq dalasyn sharlap kórsetken jauyngerlik, qolbasylyq enbegi men erligi onyng is jýzinde agha han ekenin dәleldegen edi. Qazaq handyghynda taqta otyrghan әmirshi әdette әskerding de bas qolbasshysy bolatyn, demek, Ábilqayyrgha bas qolbasshylyqty beru onyng agha han ekenin moyyndaghandyqtan, el ýshin janyn otqa da, sugha da salghan janqiyarlyghyn baghalaghandyqtan jasalghan shara. 1710 jylghy Qaraqúm qúryltayynda da, 1726 jylghy Ordabasy qúryltayynda da ol ózine kórsetilgen senimdi aqtap, han dәrejesi mindetteytin qolbasylyqty adal atqardy.

Ábilqayyr han ýsh jýzden jinalghan әigili batyrlarmen әskery kenes ótkizip, shúghyl sarbaz jinau, olardy soghys ónerine tezdetip ýiretu, sosyn eldi birtindep dúshpan ezgisinen azat etu josparyn qúrdy. Birinshi kezekte byltyrghy jenisti sheruden keyin qaytadan jau qolynda qalghan astanadan bastap aimaqtaghy barlyq qalalardy jonghar biyliginen qútqaru mәselesi kýn tәrtibine shyqty.  «Ýlken orda qonghan», «Kishi orda qonghan» degen jer ataulary Ábilqayyr bahadýr han men onyng kómekshilerining sol kezdegi azattyq soghysyn basqarghanda әreket etken ortalyqtaryn anghartsa kerek. Birikken qazaq armiyasy atalmysh ordalarda jasalghan soghys josparlaryna say úrystar jýrgizip, ontýstiktegi qalalardy birinen song birin azat ete bastady...

Otan soghysyndaghy iri jenister

Jongharlar qazaq jerining shyghysy men Jetisudy jәne Syrdariyanyng orta aghysy ónirin basyp alghannan son  Úlytaugha qaray bet búrghan. Ordabasy qúryltayy jigerlendirgen birikken qazaq әskerleri Ábilqayyr hannyng qolbasshylyghymen Týrkistan–Tashkent alqabyndaghy ondaghan qazaq qalasyn qaytadan jaudan tazartyp, elding ortalyq aimaghyna bettegen jonghar qolyna sheshushi soqqy beruge әzirlendi.

Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr hannyng basshylyghymen qazaq batyrlary 1726 jyldyng sonynda jәne 1727 jyly әskery qimyldardy ýilesimdi әri útymdy jýrgize otyryp, Torghay dalasynyng ontýstik-shyghys bóliginde iri jenisterge jetti.  Úlytau manyndaghy Búlanty men Bileuti ózenderining jaghalarynda ótken shayqas el aibynyn erekshe asqaqtatty. Qazaq jasaqtary jongharlarmen әueli Qarsaqpay qyrattarynan bastalatyn sol qos ózen qúiyp jatqan Shúbar-Teniz kóli manayynda soghysqan. Talqandalghan basqynshylar kólden әrmen qashqanda, atalghan eki ózen aralyghyndaghy Qarasiyr (ony «shoqy» maghynasyn beretin Qarasiyre dep te ataydy) jazyghynda olargha qatty soqqy berip, tamasha jeniske jetti. Dúshpan oisyray útylghan búl úrys tariyhqa Búlanty-Bileuti shayqasy degen atpen endi. Osy iri jenis nәtiyjesinde qazaq jasaqtary jonghar kýshin Úlytaugha jetkizbey toqtatty. Shayqasta Qanjyghaly Bó­genbay, Qarakerey Qabanbay, Shaqshaq Jәnibek, Tama Eset, Bәsentiyin Malaysary, Taraqty Bayghozy, Taylaq, Sanyryq, Qabanbay, Derbisaly, Satay, Eset, Jәnibek, Tileuli syndy kórnekti qolbasshylar men kóptegen batyrlar, barsha sarbazdar kózsiz erlik kórsetti. Jongharlar zor shyghyngha úshyrap, keri qashty.

Búlanty-Bileuti shayqasynyng tarihtaghy manyzy erekshe. Óitkeni ata jaudy talqandaghan osynau úrys halyqtyng ensesin kóterip, azattyq ýshin, otan ýshin  kýreske bir jaghadan bas, bir jennen bilek shygharyp  kóteriluge jigerlendire týsti. Qazaq sarbazdary búdan keyin ahlaqy jәne ruhany ýstemdikke ie bolyp, jongharlar basyp alghan jer-sularyn birinen song birin azat ete bastady. Búl 1727 jyl edi. (Sol jenisten keyin jazyqtyng ortalyghyndaghy maydan kindigi bolghan tóbe «Qalmaq qyrylghan» dep atalyp ketti. Búlanty alqabyndaghy býginde «Ýitas» dep atalatyn, qabyrghalary­nyng qalyndyghy qos qúlashtay, kýmbezdep órilgen tóbesi qúlaghan qúrylys osy aituly jenis qúrmetine kezinde salynghan eskertkish bolghan desedi.   Al tәuelsizdik jyldary babalar erligine sheksiz riza iygilikti úrpaq tarapynan sondaghy shoqylardyng birine eskertkish taqta ornatyldy). Osy jyly kenetten qontayshy Sevan Rabdan (Syban Raptan) dýnie saldy da, jongharlardyng qazaq jerindegi kýshterine arttarynan qosymsha kómek kelmey qaldy. Búl jaghday belgili dәrejede ruhy kýsheye týsken qazaq jasaqtarynyng jenisti sheruining sәtimen jalghasa beruine qolayly jaghday tughyzghan bolatyn.

Sevan Rabdannyng ólimi handyq ishinde dýrbeleng tughyzdy. Taqqa onyng ýlken úly Galdan Seren (Qaldan Seren) otyrghan. Ol әkesining oida joqta dýniyeden ketuin ógey sheshesi – han taghyna talasuy yqtimal inisi Lauzan Shononyng tughan anasy Seterjab pen sol shaqta Qalmaq handyghynan kelgen elshilerden kórdi. Qatygezdikpen jazalaular jýrgizdi. Sosyn handyqtyng shyghys shekarasyna  nazar audarugha mәjbýr boldy. Onda Siyn-Qytay әmirshileri boghdyhan auysqan (imperator Kansy qaytys bolyp, taqqa Yunchjen otyrghan)  kezdegi uaghdalastyqty jiyp qoyyp, elge qaytadan qauip tóndire bastaghan edi. Soghan baylanysty  Galdan Seren әskerining negizgi kýshin sol jaqqa shoghyrlandyrugha kiristi. Sodan kóp úzamay qytaylyqtarmen qarym-qatynas shiyelenisti de, jongharlar olarmen jana soghysty bastady. Osynday jaghdayda Galdan Seren qazaq jerindegi jasaqtarynyng biraz bóligin jonghar elining shyghysyndaghy maydangha salu ýshin keri shaqyryp alghan.  Búl ahualdy qazaq elining Qaratau óniri men ontýstigindegi jer-sudy basqynshydan tazartu kýresinde jýrgen Ábilqayyr han múqiyat saralaghan da, 1730 jyldyng kókteminde jaugha Anyraqay dalasynda sheshushi soqqy bergen bolatyn. Anyraqay shayqasy qazaq halqynyng 18-shi ghasyrda jonghar basqynshylaryna qarsy jýrgizgen Otan soghysynyng eng eleuli belesi, ruhty kóterip, bolashaqqa degen senimdi bekitken jenisti shyny retinde óte oryndy týrde maqtan tútylady. Áygili jenis el sanasynan eshqashan óshpes ýshin Tәuelsizdik azamattary úrys bolghan dep sanaytyn Shu-Ile taularyndaghy jerlerge – Súnqar tauynyng etegine 1998 jyly jәne ýstimizdegi ghasyrdyng basynda Anyraqay tauynyng soltýstik betkeyindegi Almaly kentining janyna, sonday-aq, Almatydan Bishkekke shyghatyn halyqaralyq joldyng boyyna, danghyldyng Qaskelennen on shaqty shaqyrym әridegi  ontýstik jaghyna arnayy eskertkish taqtalar qoyghan.

Júrtshylyq sanasyna sinirilgen mәlimet boyynsha – shartaraptan jinalghan sarbazdardan birikken otyz myndyq qazaq qoly qyryq myndyq jau әskerimen bir-bir jarym aiday uaqyt boyy soghysyp jeniske jetken. Alayda jenimpaz qazaq jasaqtary jýrgizgen shayqastar sonymen dogharylghan, qazaqtar búl soghysty әri qaray damyta almaghan, sebebi «shayqas sonynda Bolat han jaralanyp, qaytys bolghannan keyin» (taghy bir kóp taralghan qisyn boyynsha – «dimkәs Bolat han nauqasynan dýnie salghan son»)  bastalghan «taq ýshin talas» oghan kedergi keltiripti-mis, kópshilik «Bolat hannyng balasy jas Ábilmәmbetti qoldaghan» da, «búghan narazy bolghan Ábilqayyr maydan dalasyn tastap, Kishi jýzding qolyn batysqa,  Orta jýz qolyn Sәmeke han soltýstikke» alyp ketipti-mis.

Ghylymy zertteuler búl úigharymdardyng jansaqtyghyn kórsetedi. Birinshiden, ótken taraularda aitqanymyzday, Bolat han 1723 jylghy «Aqtaban shúbyryndy» bastalghan kezende ómirden ótken. Anyraqay shayqasynan keyin (1730) han saylauyn jasaugha qajettilik tughan joq. Óitkeni soghysty jenisti shynyna jetkizgen bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr bahadýr әri agha han da bolatyn, onyng ýstine,  Ábilqayyrmen taq talasyna týsip bәsekelesetindey dәreje jas jaghynan da, bedel jaghynan da eshbir kishi handa bolghan emes.  Ekinshiden, «Ábilqayyr men Sәmekenin maydan dalasyn tastap» ketui mýldem ózge sipatta jәne basqa jaghdaygha baylanysty oryn alghan. Búl jayynda keyinirek sóz etermiz...

Qúramyna tarihshy, geolog-geomorfolog, etnograf, arheograf, paleoklimatolog, shyghystanushy, palinolog, geograf ghalymdar engen zertteushiler toby 2005–2007 jyldary Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ortanghy bóligine birneshe ret ekspedisiyagha shyqqan.   Jasaghan dalalyq zertteuleri men izdenisterining nәtiyjelerin birneshe salalyq ghylymy institut qyzmetkerleri qatysuymen óndegen. Sóitip,  ataqty shayqas ótken Anyraqay ónirine keshendi týrde  jýrgizgen arnayy zertteu nәtiyjelerin syndarly ghylymy tilmen enbekterinde bayan qylyp, keybir qalyptasqan pikirlerge syn kózben qaraugha mәjbýr etetin qorytyndylar jasaghan bolatyn.

Ekspedisiyalar kezinde tarihy oqigha aimaghy jer betinen, sonday-aq biyikten (úshaqtan) suretke týsirildi, aumaqtaghy negizgi tabighy jәne әleumettik-ekonomikalyq obektilerdi geografiyalyq, geometriyalyq túrghyda kórsetetin ghylymy syzbalar jasaldy. Jer bederi men su kózderining qazirgi syrt keskinine ghylymy zertteuler men esepteuler jýrgizilip, olardyng ýsh ghasyrgha jete-ghabyl uaqyt úshyratqan ózgeristerden búrynghy keypi elestetildi. Jer men meken-jaydyng tarihy ataulary, әr kezgi geografiyalyq kartalar, ólkeni mekendegen taypalardyng túrmystyq jәne mәdeny erekshelikteri, olardyng tirshiligi men qyzmetining bizding zamanymyzgha jetken materialdyq qaldyqtary, búrynghy Anyraqay auyly túrghyndarynyng ekspedisiya mýshelerine bergen aqparattary qarastyryldy.  Solardyng bәrin ólkening әskeriy-sayasy tarihymen tyghyz baylanysta zerttey otyryp, aimaqtyng 1730 jylghy tabighaty men jorymaly beynesin jәne tarihy shayqastyng bas-ayaghy men ótu retin ghylymy әdispen qalpyna keltiru әreketi jasaldy.

Qysqasy, ghalymdar zertteuge alynghan ónirding topografiyasyn, geomorfologiyasyn, landshafyn, paleoklimatyn, arheologiyasyn, tarihy toponimikasyn, kartografiyasy men etnografiyasyn, sol tústa oryn alghan sayasat pen jaugershilikter shejiresin jan-jaqty taldap, zerttey kele, alynghan derekterding pәnaralyq sintezi negizinde, Anyraqay shayqasynyng naqty bolghan jerin, dәl uaqytyn jәne sondaghy oqighalardyng qanday retpen ótkenin,  qazaq әskery jasaqtarynyng Anyraqay tauy audanynda jongharlargha qarsy ústanghan shabuyldau strategiyasy men taktikasynyng ózindik erekshelikterin anyqtaghan. Irgeles ghylymdar ókilderin tarta otyryp  ýilesimdi sipatta jasalghan zertteuler nәtiyjesinde otan tarihyn biluge qúmartushylar tanymynyng kókjiyegin keneyte týsetin tyng janalyqtar ashyldy, solardyng ishindegi biregeyi  Anyraqay shayqasyna qatysty edi.

Foliklorlyq derek kózderine qaraghanda, Otan soghysynyng sheshushi shayqasy bolghan  tarihy maydan dalasy Anyraqay jotalary men Alakól jazyghy aralyghynda, yaghniy,  Anyraqay alqabynyng soltýstik-shyghys bóliginde jatyr. Osyny negizge alghan zertteushiler  Anyraqay shayqasynyng tabighy shekarasy ontýstik-batysta – su bóletin sala men Anyraqay (kóne kartalarda – Kýmisti) jotalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys shoqylaryn, batysynda – Qopaly ózeni men Qarakemerding tarmaqtaryn, soltýstik-shyghysta – Beskól alqabyn, al shyghysta – Sarybúlaq ózenining angharyn alyp jatqan 210 sharshy shaqyrymdyq  aumaq dep tapty. Qazaqtardyng jonghar basqynshylaryna kórsetken jalpyhalyqtyq qarsylyghynyng qorytyndy kezenindegi basty әskery qimyldar osy audanda ótti. Áygili shayqas dalasy aiqyn ýshbúrysh týrin elestetetini anyqtalghan. Ýshbúryshtyng tabanynda Anyraqay qyrqalarynyng soltýstik-shyghys baurayy, al qos qanatynda – biyik jarqabaqty Qopaly jәne Sarybúlaq ózenderi jatyr. Eki su ortasyndaghy Beskól alqabynda barlyq qorghanys sharalary eskerilip salynghan myqty bekinisti qamal (qazirgi Qalmaqtóbe) boy kótergen.  (Jetisudaghy osy Qalmaqtóbe kesheni ondaghy qorghanys qamaly men óz әskerining úrys jýrgizuin jenildetudi, al dúshpannyng әreketin qiyndatudy kózdeytin barlyq fortifikasiyalyq qúrylysymen jәne oghan jәrdemin tiygizetin nysandarymen birge túnghysh ret 2005–2007 jyldary tarihshy Irina Erofeevanyng basshylyghymen ashylyp, ishinara zertteldi).

«Qalmaqtóbe» jonghardyng ontýstik-shyghys shekaradaghy eng iri qarauyl beketi edi. Ony 1653–1666 jyldary belgili oirat noyony (Salqam Jәngirdi jekpe-jekte jengen delinetin) Galdamba  saldyrghan bolatyn. Osy bekinis pen ýsh taraptaghy tabighy shekaralar sol aumaqty  mekendeushi basqynshylardy qazaqtardyng yqtimal shabuylynan senimdi týrde qorghap túrghan. Tek soltýstik-shyghys jaghy (Qopaly, Qarakemer jәne Sarybúlaq alqaptarynyng eng tómen әri jazyq bólikteri ghana) birshama ashyq, yaghny syrtqy qaruly jasaqtardyng sol jerden ghana  kire aluy yqtimal edi. Bekinisting shyghysynan 8–10 shaqyrymday  jerden Ýlken Qalmaq  joly ótetin. Osynau kósh jәne keruen joly Shu-Ile aimaghynyng ontýstik bóliginen Qazaq dalasynyng batys aimaghy men soltýstik-batysyna qaray sozylyp, Jonghariyany Edil-Jayyq aralyghyndaghy Qalmaq handyghymen  baylanystyryp jatatyn.   Sondyqtan da onyng qazaq ýshin de, qalmaq  ýshin de ýlken әskeriy-strategiyalyq manyzy bar bolatyn.

Jalpy, Shu men Talas ózenderi alabynan  Shu-Ile taulary audanyna deyingi  geografiyalyq kenistikte oirattardyng 19 әskeriy-qorghanys beketi ornalasqan, olar 17-ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan 18-ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyregindegi Jonghar handyghynyng shekaralyq aimaghyn  belgilep, oirat kóshterining negizgi bóligin Qazaq handyghynyng halqy ornalasqan aumaqtardan qorghap túrghan. (Ábilqayyr han basqarghan azattyq shayqastary nәtiyjesinde jongharlardyng alghy shepterindegi әskeriy-qorghanys beketteri alynyp, ónirler dúshpannan tazartylghan, alghys sezimine bólengen qazaq halqy eldi azat etushi bas qolbasshygha rizashylyq bildirip, osy ónirlerdegi talay jer-su attaryn Ábilqayyr esimimen atap ketti). Qazaq jerine salynghan jonghar bekinisterindegi qaruly jasaqtargha әskerbasy etip qontayshy Galdan Seren ózining kýieu balasy Laszan Serendi 1728 jyldyng ortasynda taghayyndaghan. Birikken qazaq әskeri Otan soghysynyng Anyraqay maydanynda sol tәjiriybeli jonghar qolbasshysy basqarghan basqynshylargha qarsy sheshushi shayqasqa shyqty.

Jogharyda aitqanymyzday, qytay-jonghar qatynasy qayta shiyelenisip, 1729 jyly Sin imperiyasy  Jonghar handyghyna qarsy jana soghys ashqan. Sondyqtan handyqtyng әmirshisi Galdan Seren qontayshy 1730 jyldyng basynda qazaq aimaghyn meken etken halqy ishinen  soghysugha qabiletti oirattardyng kóbin asyghys týrde ontýstik maydangha shaqyrugha mәjbýr boldy. Jetisudaghy әskeriy-qorghanys beketterinde sany shaghyn qarauyl jasaqtaryn ghana qaldyrdy. Osynshama qolayly ahualdy qazaq elining ontýstiginde azattyq kýresin jýrgizip jýrgen Ábilqayyr han paydalanyp qalugha tyrysty. Ayaldamastan, әskery kýshterin Shu-Talas ózenderi aralyghynan Ontýstik-Batys Balqash many audanyna baghyttady. Sóitip, 1730 jylghy sәuirding basynda, jonghardyng qazaq jerindegi әskeriy-sayasy jýiesining Beskól (Qalmaqtóbe) forpostyna qazaqtardyng birikken qoly sol kezgi әskery ilim-bilimning  ozyq tәsilin qoldana otyryp shabuyl jasady.

Qazaq jasaqtary Anyraqay ýshbúryshyna soltýstiktegi basty danghyl bolyp tabylatyn Ýlken qalmaq jolymen emes, qarama-qarsy eki baghyttan (Balqashtyng ontýstik-batys jaghasy men Shu alqabynan) keldi. Shabuyldyng negizgi maqsaty  Anyraqaydyng soltýstik-shyghys búryshyndaghy Qalmaqtóbe bekinisine shoghyrlanghan 5-6 myndyq jonghar әskerin qorshap alyp, joyyp jiberu bolatyn. Bas qolbasshy Ábilqayyr han sheshushi shabuylda qoldanghan әdisinde halyqtyng kópghasyrlyq dәstýri bar «dala soghysy» orayyndaghy әskery oigha, onyng «andy jan-jaghynan qaumalap aulau» tәsiline sýiengen-tin. Jauyngerlik soghys qimyldaryn әigili qazaq qolbasylary men batyrlary qatysqan ýsh atty jasaq jýzege asyrdy. Olardyng ekeui  Sarybúlaq pen Qopalydaghy jaugha ótkel boluy yqtimal jazyq tústardy torydy әri Qalmaqtóbe bekinisin shabuyldady. Shaqpaqty, bilteli myltyqtarmen atqylay otyryp,  әueli dúshpannyng qamalyn  basyp aldy, sosyn bekinisting manyna toptasqan jәne ony tastap shyqqan oirattardy tyqsyra quyp, taugha qashugha mәjbýr etti. Qashqan jaudy Anyraqaydyng ortalyq shatqaldaryna bekingen sadaqshylar qarsy aldy...

Búl 1723 jylghy «Aqtaban shúbyryndygha» úryndyrghan joyqyn shapqynshylyqtan beri tynymsyz jýrip kele jatqan, 1726 jylghy Ordabasy qúryltayynan keyin airyqsha serpin alghan Otan soghysyndaghy sheshushi shayqas boldy. Osy aumaqta qazaq halqy, qazaqtyng ýsh jýzining sarbazdarynan qúralghan halyq jasaghy basqynshy-jongharlardy birjolata jendi.  Bayyrghy kýshti de qaharly qarsylasyn osyghan deyin jaulap alghan qazaq jerinen quyp shyqty. Sóitip, azattyq jolyndaghy qiyndyghy mol kýrdeli qaharmandyq dastandy is jýzinde saltanatty jenispen ayaqtady.

Beybit Qoyshybaev

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