Adamzat tarihynda bar sanaly ghúmyryn óz elining keleshegi ýshin arnaghan túlghalar jeterlik. Solardyng biri qazaq jurnalistikasy tarihy ghylymynyng qaynar bastauynda túrghan ghalym, tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor Qayyrjan Núrghojaúly Bekhojin edi. Jasynan bilim men ghylymgha jany qúmar jastalaptyng esimi de,  osy qazaq jurnalistikasy ghylymynyng irgetasyn qalaushylarmen birge maqtanyshpen aitylady. Ol  kózining tirisinde qazaq merzimdi baspasózining tarihyna arnap 60-tan astam ghylymy maqala men «Qazaq baspasózining damu joldary» atty monografiyalyq enbek jazghan ghalym. Býgingi tanda ghalymgha atalmysh  zertteulerdi dýniyege әkelu onaygha týsti me? Keshegi «Qyzyl imperiya» túsynda halqymyzgha ótken tarihymyzdy, onyng ishinde sol zamannyng «kózi, qúlaghy hәm tili» bolghan  baspasóz tarihyn shynayy kýiinde jetkizuding sәti týsti me, joq әlde ózindik qiynshylyqtar men kedergiler boldy ma degen saualdar tuyndaydy.

Q.Bekhojiyn

Mәselen, onyng «Qazaq baspasózining damu joldary» dep atalatyn monografiyasynyng alghashqy tarauy  «Qazaq publisistikasy men baspasózining negizin salushylar» jәne «Qazaq tilinde shygharylghan alghashqy gazetter» degen eki taqyrypqa bólinip qarastyrylady. Alghashqy tarauda Shoqan Uәlihanov, Ybyray Altynsariyn, Abay  Qúnanbaevtardyng publisistikalyq múralaryna tereng taldau jasalyp, olardyng ne sebepten qazaq publisistikasynyng negizin salushylar ekeni dәleldense, ekinshi bólimde qazaq tilinde alghash jaryq kórgen «Týrkistan uәlayatynyng gazeti» turaly túnghysh derekter jazghandyghy bayqalady. Ghalym az da bolsa búl basylymdardyng progressivtik jaqtaryna bagha berip, onyng resmy emes bóliminde kóterilgen mәselelerge kónil audarugha tyrysady.

Monografiyada Á. Bókeyhanovtyng «Qyr balasy» degen býrkenshik atpen halyq auyz әdebiyeti haqynda material jariyalap, polemika tudyrghanyn, M.J. Kópeevtin, R. Dýisenbaevtyng jәne taghy basqa sol kezende esimderi auyzgha alyna bermeytin ghúlamalar turaly tyng derekter berilip, astarlap bolsa da búl eki gazetting de halqymyz ýshin sarqylmas búlaq ekendigin sezdirip ketken. Sonyng bir dәleli retinde songhy jyldary Ýshkiltay Súbhanberdinanyng tikeley manday terimen jaryqqa shyghyp, ruhany baylyghymyzdyng bir belgisine ainalghan «Dala uәlayaty gazetinin» 5 tomdyq tolyq mәtini berilgen bibliografiyalyq kórsetkishi desek bolady.

Ekinshi bir kónil audararlyq mәsele kitaptyng ýshinshi tarauynda XX ghasyrdyng basynda beyresmy túrghyda shyghyp túrghan, demokratiyalyq, progresshil baghytty kózdegen  «Qazaqstan» gazeti men «Ayqap» jurnalyna degen avtordyng ózindik kózqarasy, ústanghan pozisiyasy ekeni anyq.

Biraq, kóp uaqyt ótpey osy enbekke oray «Sosialistik Qazaqstan» gazetining 1951 jylghy 17-qarashadaghy sanynda B. Qorqytov pen Á. Dosbaevtyng «Qazaq baspasózining tarihyn zertteudegi óreskel qateler» atty kólemdi maqalalary jariyalandy. Onda Q. Bekhojinning jogharyda atalghan «Dala ualayaty – qazaqtyng túnghysh gazeti» degen kandidattyq dissertasiyasy qatty synalady. Osy sәtte ghalym Q. Bekhojinge  «Dala ualayaty gazetin» zertteu kezinde zaman talabynan tuyndaghan qiyndyqtardy basynan ótkeruge tura keldi. Óitkeni, alghashqyda qazaq baspasózining qarlyghashy dep sanalyp kelgen búl basylym turaly pikir aitudyng ózi sol zamanda ýlken qauip tudyrdy. Bar ghúmyryn qazaq jurnalistikasyn zertteuge arnaghan Qayyrjan Bekhojiyn: «Dala ualayaty» gazeti barlyq patshalyq  guberniyalyq gazetterdegidey «resmi» jәne «resmy emes» bólimderden túrady. «Resmi» bóliminde ýkimet jәne әkimshilik organdardyng ukazdary, núsqaulary, búiryqtary basyldy. Sonymen birge «aq patshagha» adal berilgendikti sezdiretin materialdar da jaryq kórdi» dep kórsetti.

Ghalym әsirese ózining enbeginde «resmy emes» bólimge erekshe nazar audarady. Sebebi, múnda sol zamandaghy qazaq dalasynyng qoghamdyq oi-pikirleri jayly birshama kórinister surettelgen. Zerdeli ústazdyng aituy boyynsha osy gazetting manyna toptalghan qazaq ziyalylary Sh. Uәlihanov, Y. Altynsarin jәne A. Qúnanbaevtar kóshpelilerdi:

*sharuashylyqty janasha jýrgizuge, basqasha aitqanda otyryqshy bolyp, eginshilikpen ainalysugha shaqyrdy;

*oryssha oqyp bilim alugha, orystyng ozat mәdeniyetine jaqyndasugha ýndedi

*ózderining izasharlary siyaqty qazaq әdebiyetin, tilin damytudy kózdedi, әielder tendigi jәne oghan qatysty әleumettik problemalardy úsyndy.

Ghalymnyng enbeginde bayandalghanday,  qazaq qauymynyng ýstem tap ókilderi janalyq pen órkeniyettilikting bәrine meylinshe qarsylyq bildirdi. Qazaq qauymy ishinde kertartpa, músylmanshyldyq jәne progresshil  orys mәdeniyeti yqpaldarynan tughan eki týrli mәdeniyetting arasyndaghy iydeyalyq kýres  HIH ghasyrdyng ayaq sheninde jәne HH ghasyrdyng basynda kýsheye týsti. Búl kýres «Dala ualayaty» gazetining betinen batyl kórinis tapty. Gazette eng aldymen halyq tuyndylary jәne demokratiyashyl jazushylar men publisisterding shygharmalary basyldy. Sonymen birge qazaqtyng realistik baghyttaghy jazba әdebiyetinin, әdeby tilin ústartudyng negizin qalaghan Abay Qúnanbaevtyn, Ybyray Altynsarinning shygharmalary jaryqqa shyghyp,  Shoqan Uәlihanovtyng ómiri men qyzmeti turaly da maqalalar jariyalandy.

Qayyrjan Bekhojinning zertteui boyynsha  gazetting betinde orys әdebiyeti klassikteri: A.S. Pushkinnin, L.N. Tolstoydyn, V.G. Belinskiydin,  M.n. Lermontovtyn, I. A. Krylovtyng jәne basqalarynyng shygharmalary qazaq tiline audarylyp basylghan. Ghalymgha atalmysh basylymdy zertteuge әser etken alghash ret qazaq tilinde basylyp,  jaryq kóre bastaghan әngime, ocherk jәne felieton siyaqty janrlar boldy. Gazettegi «Bolys boldym minekey» degen pamflet pen «Yqtiyatty bolys» degen felietondar Abaydyng ýlgisi boyynsha jazylghan. Mysaly, «Yqtiyatty bolysta» aryzyn aita kelgen kedeyding sózine qúlaq aspay, «qymyz ben etke toyyp alyp jantayyp, súlap jatyp alghan bolystyng jaramsyz qylyghy, onyng aldynda qúrday jorghalap jýrgen jaghympazdyng qulyghy әshkerelenedi». Sonymen qatar gazette Reseyding ishki jaghdayy men halyqaralyq jaghdaylar, sheteldegi sauda turaly, ghylym men tehnikanyng qol jetkizgen jetistikteri men tabystary, oqu-aghartu turaly kóp materialdar jәne ishki-syrtqy habarlar basyldy. Ghalym gazette berilgen maqalalardy talday otyryp:

1. Basylymnyng qazaq tili men mәdeniyetine qosqan ýlesin saralaydy.

2. Óz dissertasiyasynda kóptegen tyng derekter pen dәiekter keltiredi.

3. Sol kezende júrt nazaryn audartugha, qyzyqtyrugha arnalghan maqalalardyng bolghanyn atap kórsetedi.

«Dala ualayaty» gazetindegi materialdarda «Qazaqstannyng Reseyge qosyluy qazaq halqy Qoqan jәne Hiua handyqtarynyng jaulap aluynan saqtap qalghandyghyn sóz etedi. Búl jóninde avtor: «Gazetting tilshileri men avtorlary qazaqqa tek qana mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysu qolaysyz ekenin, sonymen qatar otyryqshy el bolyp egin saludyng qajettigin dәleldedi», -  dedi.  Ghalym búl pikirding dәleli retinde basylym betindegi: «...Mal óniminen týsetin kiristing shamaly bolatynyn  aytqan Q. Dosanov degen tilshi: «Mysalgha 100 jylqysy bar qazaqty alayyq. Jylqysynyng әrbirin 10 somnan baghalaghanda barlyghy 1000 som túrady. Jýz jylqydan keminde 20 bie qúlyndaydy delik... Árbirin 3  somnan baghalasaq, 20 qúlyn, 60 som túrady. Keminde 10 qúlyn ólim-jetimge úshyraydy. Sonda búl qazaqtyng 1000 somdyq jylqysynan  bir jylda 30 som ghana kiris kiredi. Al búl kiris onyng jyldyq múqtajyn ótey almaydy» degen negizdemege sýiengen. Atalghan mәtinde berilgen sózderge, mәn berip qaraghan Q. Bekhojin «Dala ualayaty» gazetining halyq jaghdayyn oilaytynyn, qazaqqa qajetti materialdar jariyalaytynyn kórsetedi. Qazaqtyng jazba әdebiyeti  men әdeby tilining damuynda «Dala ualayaty» gazetining de qosqan ýlesi bar ekenin dәleldeydi.

Zertteushi Q. Bekhojin býkil ghúmyryn qazaq baspasózining tarihyn zertteuge júmsaghan azamat. Qayyrjan Bekhojinning jeke basyn, onyng adamgershilik, kisilik kelbetin ony tanityn zamandastary ghalymnyng óle-ólgenshe últy, halqy ýshin adal qyzmet etuge úmtylyp ótkenin jaqsy biledi. Ghalymnyng sonau 30-jyldardaghy jurnalistik múrasy men 40-jyldary S.M.Kirov atyndaghy Qazaq memlekettik uniyversiytetining jurnalistika bólimining irgetasyn qalasqan jyldardaghy enbek joly, qalamynan tughan publisistikalyq zertteuleri býgingi tól baspasózimizding óz aldyna ghylym bolyp qalyptasuyna zor әserin tiygizdi. Qoryta aitqanda, qazaq ólkesindegi alghashqy basylym «Dala ualayatynyn» kәsiby túrghydan zerttelui de jurnalistika salasyndaghy  Qayyrjan Bekhojin siyaqty últjandy aghalarymyzdyng qoly jete almaghandaryn zerttep, aita almay qúsa bolyp ketkenderin keyingi úrpaqqa jetkizu keyingi tolqyn biz sekildi jastardyng qolynda. Ghúmyry ghibartqa toly ghalymnyng  qiyn-qystau jyldarda basyn ólimge tigip, tarihtyng qoynauyn aqtaryp, shyndyqtyng týbine jetuge tyrysqan ónege eter múralarynyng mәngi jasaytyndyghy aqiqat.

Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter tizimi:

1. Mútanov Gh.M. «Ónegeli ómir». Qayyrjan Bekhojiyn. – Almaty, «Qazaq uniyversiyteti», 2011. 207 b.
2. Maykotova Gh.T. Qayyrjan Bekhojin – jurnalist, publisist. Monografiya. - Almaty: Qazaq uniyversiyteti, 2007. 188 b.
3. Bekhojin H. Qazaq baspasózi tarihynyng ocherki. – Almaty: Mektep, 1981. 166 b.
4. Bekhojin H. “Dala ualayaty gazeti”  kandidattyq dissertasiyasy. S.M. Kirov atyndaghy Qazaq memlekettik uniyversiytetining múraghaty, 11-qor. 1949 j.

Almabek Ibrayymov, Ál - Faraby atyndaghy QazÚU-dyng jurnalistika fakulitetining  2 kurs studenti

Ghylymy jetekshisi: f.gh.k.,dosent Gh.Maykotova

Abai.kz