Qazaqqa kimge bodan bolghan tiyimdi edi?

1979 jyldyng kýzinde sol jylghy jazda ghana Almatyda «Jalyn» baspasynyng 3 redaksiyasy negizinde jana mekeme bolyp ashylghan «Óner» baspasynda qyzmet etip jýrdik. Baspagha Ortalyq Komiytetten jiberilgen Maqsút Áubәkirov degen aituly azamat alghashqy kýnnen diyrektor bolyp keldi. Al bas redaktor lauazymyna soghan deyin kóp jyl «Leninshil jas» gazetinde jauapty hatshy bolyp júmys istegen belgili jurnalist Serik Ábdirayymov taghayyndaldy. Sol jyly uniyversiytet bitirgen men osy aghamnyng arqasynda jana baspagha alghashqylardyng biri bolyp júmysqa qabyldandym.

Biraq baspa degen aty darday bolghanymen, újymymyz onshalyqty ýlken emes-tin. Oghan, «Jalynnan» kóshken redaksiyalarmen birge qalghandardan bólek, syrttan biz sekildi taghy jiyrma shaqty adam ghana alyndy. Mening talayyma buklet, prospekt tәrizdi jenil-jelpi baspa ónimderin dayyndaumen ainalysatyn redaksiya tap keldi. Múnda «Leninshil jasta» komsomol túrmysy bólimining mengerushisi bolghan kezinen etene aralasqan taghy bir agham – belgili jurnalist Jaqau Dәurenbekovting qaramaghynda júmysymdy bastadym.

Osynday shaghyn újymda kóp úzamay bir-birlerimen pikirles jas jәne jasamys jigitterden qúralghan ózindik bir top qalyptasty. Onyng qúramynda Leningradta kóp jyl túryp, elge oralghanyna tym kóp bola qoymaghan jazushy Sarqytbek Imashev, Odessa uniyversiyteti roman tilderi fakulitetining týlegi, ispan tilining mamany Samat Óteniyazov syndy naghyz últjandy azamattarmen qatar, belgili suretshi Múhamedjan Álimbaev, Semey oblysynda biraz jyldar mektepte múghalimdik etken filolog Saniyazbek Núghmanov jәne men sekildi joghary oqu ornyn jana bitirip jatqan taghy bir-eki jigit qana boldyq. Biz kóbine júmystan keyin bas qosyp, aluan týrli taqyrypta pikir almasyp túratynbyz. Ángimening deni kәdueski әdebiyet pen ónerding tónireginen bastalyp, sony sayasy taqyrypqa úlasyp ketip jatady. Solardyng deninde sóz tizginin ústap otyratyn jogharydaghy eki agham, al biz kóbine olardy úiyp tyndaushy dәrejesinen asa almaymyz. Qyzu әngime barysynda eki aghamnyng auzynan qazaqtyng biz onshalyqty bile bermeytin, keybirining esimderin emis-emis qana estigen Álihan Bókeyhanov, Ahmet Baytúrsynov, Shәkәrim Qúdayberdiyev, Maghjan Júmabaev, Jýsipbek Aymauytov, Ghúmar Qarashev siyaqty birtuar arystarynyng attary, «Alash» partiyasynyng últtyng keleshegin sheshu turasyndaghy tirlikteri aitylyp qalady.

Meni sonda Sarqytbek agham men Samat aghamnyng sonshalyqty batyldyqtary qatty tang qaldyratyn. Olar eki sózining birinde Qazaqstannyng óz aldyna derbes memleket qúru mýmkindigi jayyn, qazaq tilining mýshkil halin qaytkende jaqsartugha bolatyny turasyndaghy oilargha erik beredi. Sirә, bizge senetin bolsa kerek, eshkimnen jasqanbay, әngimeni ashyq aitady. Al pikirtalas sony kóbine qazaq ýshin kezinde kimge bodandyqqa týsken tiyimdi boluy yqtimal ekeni turaly boljamgha úlasyp ketedi. Sol kezde ekeuining baylamy bir jerde toghysady: ekeui de qazaqqa orystyng emes, aghylshynnyng qol astynda boludyng әldeqayda qolayly shyqpaghyna toqtam jasaydy.

– Sol kezde, birinshiden, – deydi Sarqytbek agham, – qazaq halqy jiyrmasynshy jyldarda oryn alghan aq qashyp, qyzyl qughan dýrbelendi, otyzynshy jyldardyng basynda dýniyeni shayqaghan aqsýnke asharshylyqty, sonyng sonyn ala repressiyanyng zúlmat zobalanyn bastan keship, nәtiyjesinde qisynsyz da qisapsyz kóp qyrghyngha úshyrap, óz jerinde ózi dәl býgingidey azshylyqtyng mýsәpir hәline jetip otyrmaghan bolar edi.

– Ekinshiden, Úlybritaniya, – dep sol oidy jalghaydy Samat agham, – Qazaqstandy alystan, ózining namestnikteri arqyly basqarady. London qazaq jerine qarashekpenderin qaptatqan Resey imperiyasynyng jolyn ústanbaydy. Búlay etuge jahannyng barlyq mýiisinde óte kóp otar elderi bar Angliyanyng shamasy kelmeydi. Biz ary ketkende jýz jyl aghylshyn biylegen Ýndistannyng kebin kiygen bolar edik. Búl qazaq jerindegi qazaqtar sanynyng payyzdyq mólsheri joghary qalpynda qala beruine esh zalal keltire almaydy. Sol kezde qazaq ózining ana tilinen aiyrylyp, orystanu jolyna týspes edi.

– Ýshinshiden, ghasyrdyng basynda, – dep ilip әketedi Sarqytbek, – sany 6 million adamnan asqan qazaqtyng sany qazirgi tanda keminde 30 milliongha jetip otyrar edi. Al múnshalyqty kólemge jetken nәsilding ózge últtargha jútylyp ketui onay emes. Elde negizinen tek qazaq tili ghana órken jayady. Mektepterimiz týgel qazaq tilinde bilim beredi. Demek, últtyq tildi saqtap qaludyng negizi birden qalanady.

– Tórtinshiden, biz aghylshyn tilin dendep ýirenu arqyly, – deydi sosyn Samat, – әlemge orys tilin deldal etpey tikeley shyghamyz. Bizding úlandarymyz dýnie jýzine tanymal ataqty Oksford jәne Kembridj uniyversiytetterinde bilim alyp jýrer edi. Múnyng qazaq ghylymyn damytugha әseri kýshti bolady. Ghalymdarymyz әlemning kóptegen myqty ghylymy instituttarymen tyghyz baylanysta júmys jasasady.

– Besinshiden jәne eng bastysy, – dep týiindeydi sonynda Sarqytbek, – Qazaqstan dәl qazir óz aldyna tәuelsiz el atanyp otyrghan bolar edi. Búghan alpysynshy jyldardyng basynda jer-jahanda bastalghan otar elderding tәuelsizdik alu prosesi serpin beredi. Biz Aziya men Afrikanyng kóptegen aimaqtary tәrizdi osy kezde azattyqqa qol jetkizip, jeke memleket bolu mýmkindigin paydalanghan bolar edik. Sóitip, Alash azamattarynyng búdan jarty ghasyrdan astam uaqyt búryn kóksegen armandaryn jýzege asyramyz.

Osy oilar keyin kóp jyldargha deyin, 1991 jyldyng sonynda tәuelsizdik alghangha shekti mening jadymnan bir shyqqan joq, údayy oilanugha jetelep, sanamda janghyryghyp keldi. Sol tústan bastap, biz de Qazaqstannyng talayly taghdyry әlgindegi aghalarym aitqan payymnyng parqynda bola qoymaghanyna ókinip jýretin boldyq. Al ókinudi jón kóretin sebepter az emes-tin. Sonyng negizgisi, jaghday búdan әri osylay bolyp kete berse, jyldardyng jylynda, – tipti tym tayau uaqyttardyng ózinde-aq, – qazaqtyng últ retinde joyylyp ketui әbden mýmkin ekendigi jónindegi qauip edi.

Aghalarymmen әngime kezinde búl mәsele tónireginde de talay pikir almasular bolyp túrdy. Múndaghy gәp «eger qazaq últ esebinde ydyrau hәline jetse, bizge qay halyqqa qosylghan abzal?» degen súraq túrghysynan órbiletin.

– Onday jaghdayda, – deydi sol kez Sarqytbek Imashev, – bizge «ózbek» bolyp jazylghannan bólek jol joq. Birinshiden, toqsan alty bauly ózbek birtútas últ emes, onyng qúramynda bir-birimen toghysa qoymaytyn aluan týrli nәsilder bar, búl halyqta týrkilerding ýsh tildik tobynyng da týgel toqaylasyp otyrghany sodan, osy túrghydan kelgende, ózbek jeke últtan góri sosloviyege kóbirek úqsaydy, biz sondyqtan solardyng biri sekildi bolyp qabyldana salar edik.

– Ekinshiden, ózbek, – deydi búdan әri Samat Óteniyazov, – eshqashan ózining qúramyna qosylugha tilek bildirgen jamaghatty kókireginen iytermeydi, birden qúshaghyna tartyp, pasportyna «ózbek» dep jazyp beredi. Múnyng ýstine, kóshpeli ózbekterding Ábilqayyr Shaybany hannyng kezinde Syrdyng boyyndaghy Jankent, Jent qalalaryn meken etkenderi tarihtan mәlim. Keyin Ábilqayyrdyng nemeresi Múhammed han Ózbek úlysynan bólinip shyghyp, Qazaq handyghyn qúrghan Kerey men Jәnibekting qysymyna shydamay, Maurennahrgha qonys audardy. Demek, qazaqtyng «Ózbek – óz agham» deui beker emes.

– Dúrys aitasyn, – dep qostaydy ony sol jerde Sarqytbek agham, – qazirgi ózbekting keminde ýshten bir bóligin kóshpeli ózbekterding úrpaqtary qúraydy. Sol ózbekterding negizin qazirgi qazaqta bar, eki halyqqa da ortaq taypalar týzedi. Búghan qosa, 1959 jylghy halyq sanaghynda Ózbekstanda dini qazaq ru-taypalarynyng ókilderinen qalanghan «qúrama» atty júrt boldy. Sol qúrama sapyndaghy azdaghan úighyr júrtynan basqasy týgel búrynghy qazaqtar edi. Endeshe, qazaqtyng qúryp ketui aqiqatqa ainalatyn kýn tusa, bizge ózbek atanghannan basqa jol qalmaydy.

Biz eki aghamnyng aityp otyrghany jón sóz ekenine keyin kóz jetkizdik. Qazaqtyng óz otanyndaghy ahualy sol jyldary shynynda óte-móte auyr-tyn. Almatydaghy jýzge juyq orta mektep arasynda respublikagha aty berilip otyrghan tituldy últ tilinde bilim nәrimen susyndatatyn eki oqu ordasy ghana boldy. Olardyng da biri alystaghy auyldardan keletin malshylar men temirjolshylardyng balalaryna arnalghan mektep-internat edi. Al qalada túratyn 18 payyzdyq mólsherdegi qazaq júrtynyng úlandary ýshin bir ghana mektep berildi.

Respublikada jyldan jyl úzaghan sayyn qazaqtardyng ýles-salmaghy birtindep kemip kele jatty. Sol 1979 jyly jýrgizilgen halyq sanaghy Qazaqstanda túratyn 14 684 283 adamnyng nebәri 5 289 349-y, yaghny 36 payyzy ghana qazaq milleti ekenin kórsetti. Al búl kezde 5 991 205 mólsherine jetip otyrghan orystar 40,8 payyzgha kóterilip ketken. Eger búghan sany 897 964, yaky 6,1 payyz bolyp túrghan ukraindar men 181 491 mólsherli, yaghny 1,2 payyzdy belorustardy qossaq, negizinde orys tilinde sóileytin slavyan qauymynyng qarasy respublika halqynyng jartysyna juyqtap qalatynyn topshylaugha bolady. Búdan bólek, qalghan últtardyng da kóbi balalaryn orys mektepterine beretin.

– Resey qazaq jerin iygeruge kirisken XIX ghasyrdyng orta túsynda, – deydi Samat óz kezeginde, – Britaniya әlemning әr qiyrynda ózining otar, dominion, protektorat týrindegi enshiligin kóbeytip jatty. Otarlaushylyq әreketti XVIII ghasyrdan bastaghan ol HH ghasyrdyng ortasyna deyin әlemning týkpir-týkpirinen әldeneshe ondaghan elderdi jaulap alghan bolatyn. Mine, sol kezderi Britaniyanyng Qazaqstangha auyz saluyna da әbden bolatyn edi.

– Olay bolmaghan kýnde de, – deydi ile Sarqytbek, – aghylshyndardyng múnda orystardyng shaqyruymen keletin mýmkindikteri boldy. Sebebi, orys kәsipshilerinde zaman talabyna jauap beretin ozyq tehnikalar da, ónerkәsip júmysynan jetkilikti tәjiriybe de bolghan joq. Sondyqtan ózderi barynsha arzan baghagha satyp alghan ken oryndaryn sheteldik ónerkәsipshilerge qaytara satugha mәjbýr boldy...

Aghalarymnyng aityp otyrghandarynyng bәri aina-qatesiz shyndyq ekenine óz basym kóp jyldardan keyin kóz jetkizdim. Tarihy derekterge sýiensek, Qazaqstandaghy qazba baylyqtardyng kóptegen týri XIX ghasyrdyng ortasynda belgili bolghanyn shamalaymyz. Búl kezde negizinen kómir, temir, mys jәne poliymetall sekildi jerasty qazba baylyqtary iygerile bastaghan. 1833 jyly Appaq Bayjanov Qaraghandy kómir kenishining alghashqy shahtasyna kezikti. 60-shy jyldardan bastap orys kópesteri men kәsipkerleri qazba baylyqtardyng ken oryndarynda ónerkәsip kәsiporyndaryn ashu ýshin qazaq jerine kapital әkeluge kiristi. Ghasyrdyng 70-80-shi jyldarynda ólkede auyl sharuashylyghy shiykizattarynan may men ún shygharatyn, teri óndeytin ónerkәsip qyzu qarqynmen damydy. Qazaqstannyng soltýstik-shyghys jәne shyghys ónirleri óndeushi kәsiporyndardyng ortalyqtary boldy. Al Ortalyq Qazaqstan men Ertis jaghalauyndaghy birqatar ken oryndaryn pavlodarlyq millioner kópes A. Derovqa jaldanyp júmys istegen qazaq ken izdeushisi әri marksheyderi Qosym Pishenbaev tapty. Olardyng qatarynda Ekibastúz kómir keni (1867 j.), Mayqayyng poliymetall ken orny (1895 j) bar edi.

Shymkentte 1882 jyly boy kótergen dermeneden alynatyn santonin zauyty eldegi himiya ónerkәsibining alghashqy qarlyghashy boldy. Ol ózining ónimderin Angliyagha, Amerikagha, Germaniyagha, Ýndistan men Japoniyagha asyrdy. Ontýstik ónirlerde, negizinen, Shymkent pen Týrkistanda birneshe maqta zauyty júmys istedi. Vernyida 1875 jәne 1900 jyldary salynghan eki shaghyn kәsiporyn temeki ónerkәsibin bastap berdi. Aral tenizi men Qarabas kólinde, Pavlodarda, batystaghy Basqúnshaq kólinde túz óndiru jýzege asty. Jayyq, Embi, Ertis ózenderi basseynderinde, Aral jәne Kaspiy tenizderinde balyq sharuashylyghy aitarlyqtay qaryshty qarqynmen damydy. Balyq aulau júmystary Zaysan jәne Balqash kólderinde jandana týsti.

Múnyng bәrine sol tústa Reseyde qolgha alynghan reforma nәtiyjesinde óndiristik kýshterding jyldam qarqyn ala týsui yqpal etti. Al ekonomikasy jyldam qarqynmen órkendep kele jatqan imperiya shiykizat mәnbelerine, arzan júmys kýshi men óz ónimin ótkizu naryghyna dilger boldy. Sol qardarlyq reseylik kәsip iyelerining qazaq jerine qaray aghyluyna jol ashty. Osyghan oray aimaqtaghy tabighy shiykizatty tasyp alyp ketuding barlyq qajetti sharalary jasaldy. Ólkede ónerkәsip ónimderin shygharatyn jәne auyl sharuashylyghy ónimderin óndeytin zauyttar men fabrikalar salyndy. XIX ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan shahtalar men kenishterdi orys kópesteri men kәsipshileri iyemdene bastady. Olar bay ken oryndaryn su tegin baghagha jappay satyp alyp jatty, aldau jәne jalghan qújattar jasau arqyly jalgha da aldy. Aytalyq, XIX ghasyrdyng 40-shy jyldary orystyng N. Ushakov, A. Ryazanov degen kópesteri qazaqtardan Qaraghandy kómir ken oryndaryn arzan baghagha týsirdi. Olar búdan keyin Uspen, Jezqazghan men Spassk-Voskresensk mys ken oryndaryna da osylay iyelik etti. Sosyn Ushakov Qaraghandy kómir kenishin bar bolghany 255 somgha satyp aldy. Sol siyaqty Saran shahtasy ýshin nebәri – 114 som, al Jezqazghan mys ken orny 100 som tóledi.

Al XX ghasyrdyng basynda ónerkәsipting basym bóligi sheteldikterding qoldaryna kóshti. Sóitip, Spassk-Uspen, Atbasar mys ken oryndary, Ridder kenishi, Qaraghandy jәne Ekibastúz kómir qyrtystary, birqatar múnay ken oryndary sheteldik kapitalisterge satyldy. «Spassk mys ken oryndary» aksionerlik qoghamynyng aksiyalaryn AQSh, Angliya, Germaniya, Beligiya kәsipshileri aldy. 1913 jyly Jezqazghan mys ken orny men Sarysu bayytu fabrikasy aghylshyn Lesly Urkart jetekshilik etken «Spassk aksionerlik qoghamy» kompaniyasynyng bayytu fabrikasyna ótti.

Resey imperiyasynyng ókilderi kele bastaghan kezde múndaghy qazaqtar sany edәuir qomaqty edi. Ony XIX ghasyrdyng basynda reseylik mamandar jýrgizgen zertteuler de naqtylap beredi. Mysaly, Bronevskiy 1830 jyly jazghan «Otechestvennye zapiski» degen enbeginde 84 bolystan túratyn Orta jýz qazaqtarynyng 500 myng otbasysynda 3 milliongha juyq jan bar ekenin atap kórsetti. Kapitan I. Andreev «Opisanie Sredney ordy kirgiyz-kaysakov» degen jazbasynda Orta jýzde 176 400 otbasy bar degen toqtamgha keldi. A. Levshinning mәlimeti boyynsha, XIX ghasyrdyng 30-shy jyldarynda qazaqtyng ýsh jýzinde 2,5 millionnan 3 milliongha deyin adam bolghan.

Negizi, Resey statist-ghalymdarynyng HIH ghasyr sonyndaghy esepteri boyynsha, qazirgi zamanghy Qazaqstan men oghan shektesetin birqatar audandar territoriyasynda 1830 jyly 1 million 51 myn, 1850 jyly 1 million 71 myng 500, 1870 jyly 3 million 62 myng 400 qazaq túrghan. 1987 jyly Resey imperiyasynda ótken sanaq qorytyndysy bizding últ sanynyng 3 million 745 myngha barghanyn aighaqtady. Biraq taghy birqatar mәnbeler búl mólsherding 4 millionnan asyp ketetinin jetkizedi. 1917 jyly Qazaqstan jerindegi qazaq sany 4 million 980 adamgha jetti. Al KSRO boyynsha 5 million 480 myng qazaq bar ekeni belgili boldy. Belgili tarihshy Múhamedjan Tynyshbaev sol kezde qazaq sanynyng 6 millionnan asyp ketkenin atap kórsetken edi.

Elde 1926 jyly ótkizilgen birinshi halyq sanaghynda qazaqtar sanynyng 3 million 627 myng 600 adamdy qúrap otyrghany anyqtaldy. Ókinishke qaray, 1937 jyly ótken kelesi sanaq on jyldyng ishinde oryn alghan asharshylyq pen repressiya saldarynan qazaq júrtynyng azayyp ketkenin bayqatty. Onda respublikada túratyn 5 million 126 myng 676 adamnyng nebәri 2 million 181 myng 520-sy ghana qazaq bolyp shyqty. Osylaysha qazaqtyng sany jalpy halyqtyng jartysynan da azayyp, 42,55 payyzgha deyin týsip ketti.

Osylardyng bәrine oy jýgirte kelgende, Sarqytbek jәne Samat aghalarymnyng jogharyda keltirilgen boljamdarynyng shyndyqqa janasymdy, qisyngha qiualy keletinin angharugha bolady. Eger shynymen bizding jerimizdi otarlau taghdyry Britaniya imperiyasynyng enshisine jazylghanda, bizding ómir sýru saltymyz ben bolashaghymyz qazirgiden mýlde basqasha qalyptasqanday eken. Sol jaghdayda qazaq býginde kemi 30 millionnan asqan, – al eger ótken ghasyr basynda bizden edәuir az bolghan ózbek júrtynyng qazir osy dengeyden de asyp týsip otyrghanyn eskersek, tipti 40 millionnyng bederinen qaytatyn, – tәuelsizdigining tuyn tikkenine alpys jylgha juyq uaqyt tolghan dagharaday dәulet bolyp otyratyn edi.