AQSh pen Batys energetikalyq qauipsizdikti qamtamasyz etude senimdi seriktesterge zәru. Al kómirsutegilerge bay elder reseylik monopolist kompaniyanyng yqpalynan shyghugha, yaghni, halyqaralyq naryqqa energoqordy kedergisiz tasymaldaytyn balama joldar tabugha mýddeli.

Nәziya JOYaMERGENQYZY

AQSh pen Batys energetikalyq qauipsizdikti qamtamasyz etude senimdi seriktesterge zәru. Al kómirsutegilerge bay elder reseylik monopolist kompaniyanyng yqpalynan shyghugha, yaghni, halyqaralyq naryqqa energoqordy kedergisiz tasymaldaytyn balama joldar tabugha mýddeli.

Nәziya JOYaMERGENQYZY

Apta basynda QR Syrtqy ister ministri Marat Tәjin Vashingtonda AQSh Memlekettik hatshysy Hillary Klintonmen, AQSh Preziydentining Últtyq qauipsizdigi mәseleleri jónindegi kenesshisi Djeyms Djonspen, Energetika ministri Stiyven Chu jәne t.b. birqatar memlekettik sheneuniktermen kezdesuler ótkizdi. Resmy basqosularda negizinen yadrolyq qarudy taratpau talabyn kýsheytu, ortalyqaziyalyq aimaqtaghy qauipsizdik pen túraqtylyqty qamtamasyz etu, eki el arasyndaghy strategiyalyq seriktestikti nyghaytu mәselelerine basa nazar audarumen qatar energetikalyq qorlardy tasymaldau joldaryn derbestendiruge kónil bólindi.
Resmy derekterge sýiensek, kómirsutegi mәselesinde Qazaqstan tәuelsizdik alghaly beri AQSh investorlary elimizge 11 mlrd. dollar kóleminde qarjy qúighan, әsirese, múnay kompaniyalary. Seriktestikke, yntymaqtastyq pen tyghyz qarym-qatynas ornatugha mýddelilik tanytyp otyrghan amerikndyqtar Euroodaqtyng gaz tasymaldaugha qatysty jobasy – Nabucco gaz qúbyryna qazaqtardyng belsene aralasqanyn qalaydy.
3,3 myng shaqyrymgha sozylatyn Nabucco Ortalyq Aziyadan bastau alyp, Europalyq Odaq qúramyndaghy Germaniya, Avstriya siyaqty basqa da elderge qaray jol tartpaq. Tasymaldau quattylyghy – jylyna 26-32 mlrd. tekshe metr tabighy gaz. Jalpy qúny 7,9 mlrd. euroagha baghalanghan jobagha alghashqy qarajatty ótken aptada Europalyq Komissiya baghyttady: 4 mlrd. euro. Qatysatyn kompaniyalar: Avstriyanyng OMV, Týrkiyanyng BOTAS, Bolgariyanyng Bulgargaz, Rumyniyanyng S.N.T.G.N. Transgaz S.A., Vengriyanyng MOL Natural Gaz Transmission Company Ltd. jәne Germaniyanyng RWE AG kompaniyalary.
Áp degende jobagha Irannyng Parsy Shyghanaghyndaghy ken oryndarynda óndiriletin «kógildir otyndy» tartu kózdelgen, biraq Tegerannyng yadrolyq baghdarlamasyna qatysty tuyndaghan daudan keyin qúbyrgha qajetti energoqordy Qazaqstan, Týrkimenstan, Ózbekstan, Ázirbayjannan alugha sheshim qabyldandy. 2008 jyldyng tamyzyndaghy Resey men Gruziya arasyndaghy Ontýstik Osetiyada bolghan qaruly qaqtyghystardan keyin Nabucco qúbyryn Armeniya arqyly tartu turaly mәsele kýn tәrtibine shyqty. Býgin, yaghny mamyrdyng 8-de Pragada Nabucco jbasyn talqygha salatyn sammit ótip jatyr. Energetikalyq qauipsizdikti qamtamasyz etude kәri qúrlyqtyng basty bәsekelesi – Resey sammitke Irak, Egiypet, Ózbekstan siyaqty baqylaushy memleket retinde shaqyryldy. Búl basqosudan Qazaqstan, Ázirbayjan, Týrkimenstan, Gruziya men Týrkiya shet qalmady. Mәskeu ózining Nabucco-gha balama jobasy – «Ontýstik aghyndy» jýzege asyrugha jantalasyp jatyr. Sonymen qatar europalyqtardyng úsynysyn qostap otyrghan Vengriya, Rumyniya, Bolgariya men Avstriyany da Resey «Ontýstik aghyngha» qosylugha ýgittep baghuda. Óitkeni, Qara teniz týbi arqyly tartylatyn reseylik gaz qúbyry orystardyng «kógildir otynyn» Bolgariyagha, Serbiya men Vengriyagha, odan keyin Avstriyagha jetkizbek. Osydan eki apta búryn Sofiya qalasynda úiymdastyrghan Mәskeu sammiytinde mýddeli taraptar naqty kelisimge kele almady. Postkenestik elderge degen resmy Mәskeuding yqpalyn әlsiretu maqsatynda ter tógip jýrgen Brusseli Pragadaghy sammitten bir kýn búryn Europalyq Odaqtyng byltyrdan beri jýzege asyryp kele jatqan jana jobasy – «Shyghystyq seriktestik» baghdarlamasyna qatysatyn Ázirbayjan, Armeniya, Belarusi, Gruziya, Moldova men Ukraina memleketterimen bas qosyp, strategiyalyq seriktestikke qatysty birqatar týiindi mәselelerding basyn ashyp almaq. Ásirese, energetikalyq qauipsizdikti qamtamasyz etudi kózdeytin jobalar – Nabucconyng bir tarmaghy bolyp tabylatyn Transkaspiylik gaz qúbyryna qatysty mәseleler jan-jaqty talqylanbaq. Búl orayda Resey de qarajayau emes, Kaspiy boyy qúbyryn salugha qúlshyna kirisken Kremli ótken aptada qazaq deputattaryna Kaspiylik qúbyr jobasyn maqúldatyp aldy. Endigi kezek – Ortalyq Aziyadaghy kómirsutegilerge bay elder men tasymaldauda manyzdy ról atqaratyn basqa memleketterde.
Tabighy resurstargha bay barlyq aimaqqa yqpal etuge mýddeli Resey Qazaqstangha  birneshe ret Sibirding batysy men shyghysyndaghy ken oryndaryn bir birine jalghastyru arqyly kómirsutegilerdi AQSh pen Aziya-Tynyqmúhit naryghyna tasymaldaytyn Shyghys Sibir – Tynyq múhity qúbyrynyng jobasyna qatysugha úsynys bildirgen. Alayda, bizding múnay jәne gaz kompaniyalary búl jobagha qatysugha qúlyqsyz. Resey, Qytay, Japoniya, Ontýstik Koreya qoldau kórsetip otyrghan Shyghys Sibir – Tynyq múhity qúbyry Qazaqstan ýshin kómirsutegiler tasymalyn derbestendiruding bir joly retinde qarastyrylghanmen, resmy Astana men Mәskeu arasynda naqty kelisimder qabyldanghan joq. Óitkeni, joba tym qymbat әri ekonomikalyq túrghydan alghanda, qazaqtar ýshin tiyimsiz. Onyng ýstine, kez kelgen jobagha qatysugha resmy Astananyng birden elp ete qalmauyna Qashaghan ken ornyndaghy óndiru júmystarynyng bastalmauy da sebep. Sarapshylardyng keybiri Qashaghan men Tenizdegi kómirsutegiler qory syrtqa mol kólemde «kógildir otyn» eksporttaugha qabiletsiz degen kýdik aitady. Al resmy biylikting búl pikirge qatysty aitar uәji basqa. QR Energetika jәne tabighy resurstar ministrligindegiler 2015 jylgha qaray elimizdegi Manghystau oblysy men Qashaghannan óndiriletin kómirsutegilerding eng tómengi kórsetkishi 10 mlrd. tekshe metrden asyp týsetindigine jәne enegetikalyq qorlardy Resey men Europagha baghyttau arqyly eksporttyq quatty arttyrugha mýmkindik beretindigine senimdi. Resmy derekterge sýiensek, Qazaqstandaghy tabighy gaz qory 3,3 trln. tekshe metrge juyq, potensialdyq qor kólemi 6-8 trln. tekshe metr tónireginde. 2010 jylgha qaray jyl sayynghy eksporttyq kólem 12 mlrd. tekshe metr bolmaq. Juyrda Nabucco Gas Pipeline International kompaniyasynyng basshysy Raynhard Michek gaz qúbyrynyng qúrylysyna qatysushy barlyq taraptar aldaghy eki aida kelisimge qol qoyatynyn jәne 2011 jyly bastalghan qúbyr 2014 jyly paydalanugha beriletinin aitty. Jobanyng jalpy qúny shamamen 7,9 mlrd. euro, al tasymaldau quaty – jylyna 31 mlrd. tekshe metr. Ortalyq Aziya men Tayau Shyghystaghy elderge tiyesili tabighy gazdyng jalpy kólemi býginde 82 trln. tekshe metrge ten.
Ortalyq Azyamen tize qosa әreket etuge talpynghan Europarlament kәri qúrlyqty «kógildir otynmen» túraqsyz qamtamasyz etuge jaghday jasaytyn birqatar jana zangha qol qoydy. Búl Ukraina men Resey arasynda taghy da gaz dauy tuynday qalsa, kelensizdikterding aldyn aludy kózdeydi. Yaghni, atalghan qújat europalyq tútynushylargha qalaghan kezinde energetikalyq qorlardy tasymaldaushylardy onay әri tez auystyrugha jәne olardyng qúqyqtyq talaptaryn kýsheytuge negiz. Atalghan qújatqa sәikes, gaz tasymaldaushy konsernder EO-nyng naryqty retteuge qatysty zandaryn búzghan jaghdayda jyldyq ainalym kóleminde aiyppúl tóleuge deyin mәjbýr bolady. Búghan sebep – Resey men Ukraina arasynda bir emes, birneshe ret tuyndaghan gaz dauy. Europanyng kópshilikke oryndalmas armanday kóringen Nabucco jobasyn jýzege asyrugha qúlshyna kirisuine de energetikalyq qauipsizdikti qamtamasyz etu týrtki boldy. Jana zang jobasyndaghy bir bapta Europalyq Odaqqa tiyesili energetikalyq jýielerdi EO-gha mýshe emes elderding satyp aluyna tyiym salatyn talaptar da qarastyrylghan. Al últtyq organdar kelisim-shartta kórsetilgen talaptardy saqtamaghan konserndermen aradaghy kelisimdi merziminen búryn búzugha qúqyly bolady. Sonymen qatar europalyq deputattar 11 jyl boyy Europarlamentting kýn tәrtibinen týspegen taqyryby – EO men Týrkimenstannyng jana sauda seriktestigi turaly qújatty qabyldady. Búl keyingi kezderi әlemdik sahnada jii qozghalyp jýrgen Nabucco gaz qúbyrynyng qúrylysyn bastaugha negiz bolmaq. Óitkeni, Europalyq Odaq Nabucco ýshin budjetten 4 mlrd. euro bóluge sheshim shyghardy. Reseydi ainalyp ótetin jobalar arasynda tabighy gazdy Ázirbayjan men Gruziya arqyly Qara tenizding tabanymen Ukrainagha tasymaldaytyn «Aq aghyn» da bar. «Aq aghynnan» orystar ghana emes, týrikter de shet qalady. Al ótken aptada týrkimenderding Memlekettik kómirsutegiler qoryn basqaru jәne paydalanu agenttigining jetekshisi Yagshygeldi Kakaev pen RWE AG jetekshisi Yurgen Grossman Týrkimenstan Ýkimeti men nemisterding konserni arasyndaghy úzaqmerzimdik seriktestik turaly memorandumgha qol qoydy. RWE AG – Nabucco jobasyn qamtamasyz etushi aksioner kәsiporyn. Ol Europany reseylik energoqorgha degen tәueldilikten qútqaru ýshin qúrylghan. RWE AG juyrda ghana avstriyalyq OMF konsernimen birlese otyryp, Kaspiy jaghalauynda ornalasqan ken oryndaryndaghy kómirsutegilerdi Batys naryghyna jetkizu mәselelerin zertteytin Caspian energy company kәsipornyn qúrdy. Qazirgi kezde kaspiylik jaghalauda aghylshyndar men arabtardyng birlesken kәsiporny – Dragon Oil men malayziyalyq Petronas júmys isteude. Bir ereksheligi sol, Petronas atalghan aimaqta 10 jyl boyy ýzdiksiz zertteu júmystaryn jýrgizgen kórinedi. Sonymen qatar nemisterding Wintershall kompaniyasy men dattyq Maersk tenizding orta shenberinde seysmikalyq zertteu baghdarlamalaryn jýzege asyruda. Nauryzdaghy Medvedev pen Berdimúhameovtyng kezdesuinde Kremliding monopoliysi – «Gazprom» saludy josparlaghan «Shyghys-Batys» gaz qúbyrynyng qúrylysyna qatysty kelisimge qol qoyylmady. Taraptardyng ortaq kelisimne oray. Týrkimender Reseydi ainalyp ótetin qos joba – Týrkiya arqyly Batysqa baghyttalatyn Transkaspiylik qúbyr men Europagha tura jol tartatyn Nabucco qúbyrynan dәmeli bolghandyqtan, «Shyghys-Batysqa» qosylugha asa qúlshynghan joq, al artyq shyghyn shygharugha býginde «Gazpromnyn» qaltasy júqa. Osydan birneshe apta búryn bolghan gaz qúbyryndaghy jarylysta Ashhabad «tabighy gazdy az mólsherde qoldanuynyng saldarynan qúbyrgha týsken qysym shamadan tys kóbeyip ketip, qúbyr jarylyp ketti» dep «Gazpromdy» kinәlady. Negizi energoqordy tasymal mәselesi ghana emes, bagha sayasaty da Ashhabadtyng kónilinen shyqpaydy. Ol kómirsutegilerding qúny halyqaralyq naryqtaghy baghamen ólshenui tiyis jәne shiykizat tasityn balama joldardy kóptep qarastyrugha mýddeli boluymyz zandy dep esepteydi. Býginde Euroodaq úsynghan jobalargha qyzyghushylyq tanyta bastauy týrkimenderding tasymaldyq tәueldilikten qútylugha úmtyluynan. 
Euroodaqtyng belsendiligi únamaghan Mәskeu Sahalinnen syghymdalghan tabighy gaz óndiretin zauyt salyp, ónimdi Japoniya men Ontýstik Koreyagha, Úlybritaniyagha baghyttady. Sahalinde salynghan zauytty 2010 jyly tolyq iske qosylady dep josparlap otyrghan orystar halyqaralyq naryqtaghy syghymdalghan tabighy gazdyng 5 payyzyn iyelenbek. Sonday-aq, Resey Primorskiy kray, Shtokman men Yamaldan zauyttar saluda. Sonday-aq, orystar qytaylar jerine qaray tartudy kózdegen qúbyry qaghaz jýzinde qalyp otyr. Óitkeni, әr tiynyn sanap ýirengen aspanasty eli Kremlimen bagha mәselesinde kelisimge kelgen joq. Esesine, qazaqtarmen yntymaqtasugha qytaylar mýddeli. Mysaly, qazir qazaq biyligi ýshin kómirsutegilerdi Batysqa baghyttaydaghy manyzdy jobalardyng biri – Qazaqstan-Qytay gaz qúbyry. Juyrda QR Premier-ministri Kәrim Mәsimovpen kezdesken Qytaydyng Últtyq MúnayGaz korporasiyasynyng (CNPC) viyse-preziydenti Van Dunszini Qazaqstannan Qytaygha tartylatyn gaz qúbyrynyng qúrylysyn ayaqtaugha әzir ekendigin mәlimdedi. Alghashqy kezende jyl sayyn 4,5 mlrd. tekshe metr gaz tasymaldaytyn qúbyrdyng quaty 2013 jylgha qaray 40 mlrd. tekshe metrge deyin jetkizilmek. 40 mlrd. tekshe metrding 30 mlrd. tekshe metri – Qytaygha, al 10 mlrd. tekshe metri Qazaqstangha baghyttalady. Qazaq biyligi kómirsutegilerdi tasymaldau joldaryn barynsha kóbeytuge mýddeli. Qazaqstandyq energoqordy Shyghysqa qaray baghyttaytyn Qazaqstan-Qytay qúbyrynyng ekinshi tarmaghyn qarjylandyrugha da qúlshynyp otyrghan aspanasty eli tasymal jolyn iske qosudyng mýmkindikterin qosa úsynghan. Qazaq, týrkimen, ózbek, qytay qatysatyn búl jobagha jauaptylar – «QazStroyServiys» AQ men CPPE (China Petroleum Pipeline Engineering) korporasiyasy. Eng manyzdysy, aspanasty eline baghyttalatyn qúbyrdyng arqasynda OQO, Jambyl, Almaty men Qyzylorda oblystarynyng belgili bir bólikteri tabighy gazben qamtamasyz etilmek. Ári búl әlemdik qarjylyq daghdarystyng salqynyn sezingen otandyq ekonomikagha da sep bolmaq. Óitkeni, qúbyr qúrylysyn salugha júmyldyrylatyn júmyskerler elimizdegi júmyssyzdar sanyn azaytatyny sózsiz. Týrkimen men ózbekting «kógildir otynyn» qazaq jeri arqyly ótkizu de ekonomikalyq túrghyda tiyimdi. Ýstimizdegi jyldyng shildesinde bastalghan qúbyrdy 2010 jyly paydalanugha beru josparlanyp otyrghanyn biletin Resey Qazaqstanmen aradaghy iskerlik qatynastardy barynsha nyghaytugha jantalasyp jatyr. Birese ortalyqaziyalyq eldermen jәne tabighy gaz óndirushi memlekettermen birigip, Energetikalyq hartiya qúrugha talpynghan, birese Iranmen, Katarmen birlesip, gaz kartelin qúrugha jantalasqan Kremli Ortalyq Aziya usymynan shyghyp ketpese dep alandaydy. Qazaqstan-Qytay qúbyry iske qosylsa, «Gazpromnyn» yqpaly әlsirep, Batys Sibirden QHR-gha deyin tartylatyn «Altay» gaz qúbyrynyng jobasy manyzyn joghaltady. Ishki naryqtaghy kómirsutegilerge degen tútynushylyq súranysty qanaghattandyru ýshin Qytay 80 mlrd. tekshe metr gazdy syrttan tasymaldaydy. Onyng basym bóligi – týrkimen men orystiki. 

«Qazaqstan Iskeri», №9 (29), 8.05.2009