Abay - aqyn, Shekspir - dramaturg. Shekspir shygharmashylyghynyng bastauynda aqyndyq túrghany belgili. Onyng dramalary ólenmen órnektelgenin aitsaq, Abay ekeuining arasy jaqynday týsedi. Abay oilaryn poeziyamen aityp saryqqan song jana janr izdep qara sózderimen oy kestelegeni belgili. Jalpy ónerde shygharmashylyq túlghalardyng arasynan tek tikeley qarym-qatynas negizinde ghana sabaqtastyq izdeu óner shekarasyn shektep, qalamger mýmkindigin tanyp, talantyn tarazylauda jetkiliksiz. Abaydy sheteldik danalardyng arasynan tek IY.Gete, A.Pushkiyn, M.Lermontov shygharmashylyq sabaqtastyghyn aqyn audarmalary ayasynda qarastyrylyp keledi. Shekspir men Abay shygharmalaryn saralauda olardyng shygharmalaryna tәn ortaq belgilerding kóp ekenine qayran qaldym. Eki aqynnyng shygharmashlyqtaghy ortaq prinsipteri úqsas, kórkem shygharma qoyghan talaptary dengeyles. Asa nazar audarghany ekeui ýshin shygharmashylyqtaghy basty mәsele – adam jәne qogham. Adamnyng qoghamnyng qúramdas bóligi , ony jasaushy subiekt retindegi әreketi. Búl túrghydan alsaq, Abay aqyndyqtan da joghary túrghan shygharmashylyq túlgha. Poeziya kóbine adamnyng ishki jan-dýniyesine negizdelgen lirikalyq janr, onyng aiqyndaushy emosionaldyq-ekspressivtik sipaty ekeni belgili. Abay ólenderinde aqynnyng sezimi, emosiyasynan kóri qoghamdyq, әleumettik mәseleler ózekti. Aqyn sezimi men kónil kýii ózining jeke basynyng emes, el-júrt, әleumetting tirshiligi men әreketinen, minez-qúlyq erekshelikterinen tuyndaydy. Sondyqtan Abay ólenderi uaqyt pen kenistikpen shektelip qalmaydy. Onyng ólenderindegi adamdar men qogham barlyq ghasyrda, kez-kelgen elden tabylady. Onyng úlylyghynyng syry osynda. Abay shygharmalary janrlyq damu shekteuli bolghandyqtan tek bir janrda kórinse de, onyng mazmúny proza men dramanyng jýgin arqalaydy. Ózi ómir sýrgen qoghamnyng týrli qatynastary men zamandastarynyng býkil bolmys-bitimin, minez ereksheligin tolyq tanytady. Qalamger shynayy ómirding kórkem beynesin jasaushy bolsa, Abay óz qoghamynyn, óz halqynyng kórkem galereyasyn týgeldey derlik somdap bergen biregey túlgha.    Shekspir shygharmalarynda óz dәuirining qoghamdyq-tarihy damu sipatyna say adamdardyng bolmysy men minez-qúlyq erekshiligin, psihologiyalyq  iyirimderine boylap, tereng ashady. Eki alyptyng adamdy tanudy shygharmashylyqtyng basty kredosy dep úqqandyghyna shygharmalardaghy kórkemdik әdister men tәsilder, keskin-kelbetter men psihologiyalyq portretter, san aluan emosionaldyq-ekspressivtik boyaulardyng moldyghy jeteleydi. Qoghamdy adamdar arqyly tanu, qoghamnyng damu baghytyn adamdar әreketi men psihologiyasy arqyly aiqyndau, qoghamdy adamdardyng qúndylyqtaryna qaray baghalau saryny úlylar shygharmalaryna ortaq saryndar. 

Ár әdeby janrdyng ózindik ereksheligi bar ekendigi anyq. Poeziya men drama arasyn alshaq degenmen, naghyz sheberlerge janrlyq shekting bolmaytyndyghyn Abay shygharmalaryn negizinde kóz jetkizuge bolady. Abay ólenderinde filosofiyalyq oilar da, tereng sezim de, qoghamdyq ashy syn da, adamdy tәrbiyeleushi didaktikalyq saryn da, qogham mýshelerining psihologiyasyn arqau etken satira, psihologiyalyq iyirimder  de bar. Ólenderin bir-birine úqsatpay, bir taqyrypty qaytalamay ózgeshe sipatta jazu prinsiypi tek naghyz úlylargha tәn taghy bir erekshe qasiyet.  

Shekspir shygharmashylyghynyng bastauy poeziya. Aqynnyng sýiikti janry - sonet Batys Europa әdebiyetinde qayta órleu dәuirinde keng taraghan Italiyada payda bolyp sharyqtau shegi Shekspir shygharmashylyghynda kóringen lirikalyq janr. Shekspirding 158 soneti bar. Olar mazmúny boyynsha ýsh topqa jikteledi: onyng kópshiligi jas dosyna arnalghan, ekinshi toby Qara tory qyzgha arnaghan, al ýshinshi toby óner, ómir men uaqyt turaly tolghanystary. Shekspirding ómiri turaly mәlimetting azdyghy ol turaly kóp anyzdardyng tuuyna sebepshi bolghan. Sondyqtan sonetterining basym bóligi arnalghan jas dosynyng kim ekendigi de júmbaq. 

Po vole Boga ya - tvoy rab. Y vot  

Ego molu ya, chtob tvoim usladam 

Ne mog vesty ya daje v myslyah schet:

Ya - tvoy vassal: ya povinuisi vzglyadam  

Y prikazaniy jdu, kak plennik tvoy:

Tvoya svoboda - vot moy okovy; 

Smiyrenno ya primu uprek luboy, 

Stradati privyk y ne skaju ny slova.

 Predela net, uvy, tvoim pravam, 

Tebe v pochet luboe pregreshenie: 

Za vse grehy sebya kaznishi ty sam 

Y sam sebe darueshi otpushenie. 

Ne mne schitati chasy tvoih uslad: 

Ya doljen jdati, hoti ojidanie - ad. 

Sonetterding basym bóligi mahabbat taqyrybyn qozghaydy. Óz sezimin aita otyryp, sýigen adamgha tәn san týrli emosiyany shynayy jetkizedi. Jogharydaghy sonetinde sýigen adamgha qúl bolghan jannyng sol sezimge degen rizashylyghyn úqtyrady. Adam bireudi shyn sýigende ol eshtenege arlanbaydy, sýigen janynyng qúly bolugha da, tútqyny bolugha da razy. Býkil taghdyryn oghan tabystap, sheshimin onyng bir auyz sózine, onyng qabaghynyng qiyghyna baylap qoyady. Mahabbattyng osynday alapat quaty Abay lirkalaryna da tәn. «Jarq etpes qara kónilim ne qylsa da» degen óleninen sýigen jangha sheksiz berilgen jannyng beykýnә,  beybaq halin tanimyz, úghamyz, ayaymyz. 

Jarq etpes qara kónilim ne qylsa da,

Aspanda ay menen kýn shaghylsa da,

Dýniyede sirә sendey maghan jar joq,

Saghan jar menen artyq tabylsa da.

Ózinen biyik qoyyp, sezimine telmirip,  bar qorlyq pen azapqa shydaytyn Shekspir men Abaydyng meninde jaqyndyq bar. Ekeui de  sýigen jar kýnәsine qaramay, mazaghyna da shydamaq,  qorlyghyna da kónbek. Absolutti baghynu men tolyq berilgendik, ózin-ózi joghaltu, essiz inkәrlik, auyr kýizelis, ghalamat quanysh eki ólendegi ghúmyrlar. Býkil yntyzar jannyng basyndaghy kýy osy. Sýyding ózge formulasy joq.  Abay óleninde birinshi shumaqta jýrekting sózi lirikalyq keyipker atynan birinshi jaqta berilse, ekinshi shumaqta rakursty ýshinshi jaqqa audaryp, eki shumaqty qysqa ólendi týrlendirudi maqsat etedi. Abay ólenderining erekshelegi bir óleng boyynda osynday týrlendiru arqyly emosionaldyq-ekspresivtik sipatyn, intonasiyalyq-melodikalyq aghymyn, yrghaqtyq jýiesin ózgertu arqyly ony qyzyqty, tartymdy etip, dramalyq qyzuyn arttyra týsedi.  Dybystan bastap tútas semantikalyq, melodikalyq jýiesin týrlendiru arqyly ólendegi bir saryndylyqqa, «zeriguge» jol bermeu niyeti anyq bayqalady. Týrlendiruge degen úmtylys  jeke dybys, ne buynnan bastap tútas shumaqtargha deyin qamtidy. Osy ólende eki shumaqty eki týrli rakursta beru arqyly óleng dinamikasyn kýsheyte týsedi. Búlamaldar negizinen piesagha tәn. Eldi jalyqtyrmas ýshin kórinisterdi tez, jii auystyratyny belgili. 

Sorly asyq sarghaysa da, saghynsa da,

Jar tayyp, jaqsy sózden janylsa da,

Shydaydy riza bolyp jar isine,

Qorlyq pen mazaghyna tabynsa da.

Abaydyng «Sen meni ne etesin?» atty óleninde sýigen jannyng dramatizmi kýsheyip, shegine jetip, jauapsyz sezimning otyna týsken jannyng janayghayy asa zarly shyghady. Ýmit pen toryghu, yza men yntyzarlyq, ashu men saghynysh siyaqty sezimder arpalysynyng aghynynda túnshyqqan beyshara ghashyqtyng shiryqqan psihologiyalyq kýiining býkil dinamikasy shynayylyghymen tanqaldyryp, kórkemdigimen tamsandyrady. Shekspirding de ghashyq keyipkeri Abaydyng asyghyna úqsas. Abay ólenindegidey bir sonette berilmegenmen, sonetter siklynda ghashyq adamnyng basyndaghy bar kýidi  sezdirip, bar múnyn úqtyrady. 

Sen meni ne etesin?

Meni tastap,

Óner bastap,

Jayyna

Jәne aldap,

Arbap

Óz betinmen sen ketesin...

«Abaydyng ghashyghy – «men»-nin, «ego»-nyng túnghiyghyna batqan adam. Onyng qayghysy ghashyq bolghandyghynda emes – osy túnghiyqtan shygha almauynda. Ol ózin ghana aitady, ózining qamyn ghana qamdaydy, ózining mahabbatyn, óz qasiretin fetiysh, pút dәrejesine kótergen.» - degen zertteushi T.Ásemqúlov shygharmadaghy lirikalyq keyipkerding mahabbattyng shyn mәnin týsine almaghan albyrt, ózimshil sezim dýniyesin dәl tanidy. Biraq osynday ózimshildik pen qyzyghushylyq kóp ghashyqty sezim sergeldenine salyp, otyna kýidirip, múzyna qarydy emes pe? Shygharmashylyghy adamzat bitkenning býkil bolmysyn bederlep, sezimder sipatynyng san týrin saralaghan Shekspir sonetteri de osynday ózimshildikten tuyndaghan ba? Shyn mәninde mahabbattyng shynayy beynesi men tereng bolmysyna tek qana osy sezimder shyrmauynan shyghyp, biyik adamzattyq órege kóterilip, tereng sezinip, tolyq týsingen baqytty adamdar ghana bólene alady. Al Shekspirding jastyq jyrlary sol mahabbat biyigine kóterilu jolyndaghy jastyng qiyn ótkelderi, sezim sergeldeni. Osynday búralansyz, qatelikter men adasularsyz, tәjiribiyesiz  mahabbat biyigine kóterile ala ma?! Sondyqtan Shekspir men Abaydyng mahabbat lirikasyndaghy sezimder men serpilister, sýiinister men kýiinishter, kýizelister sýigen jannyng ishki dýniyesin, nәzik iyirimderin shynayy da senimdi, tolyqqandy, shynayy, bar psihologiyalyq dinamikasymen kórsete biluimen sabaqtas. 

Tvoy rab, ujely ya ne pospeshu

Ispolniti kajdoe tvoe jelanie?

Ya verno prihotyam tvoim sluju

Y selyy deni vo vlasty ojidaniya.

Ty, vlasteliyn, so mnoy, slugoy, krut:

Zvuchit «proshay», y vot opyati razluka!

No ne klyanu tomiytelinyh minut,

Puskay nevynosima eta muka!

Ne smei dati revnivym myslyam hod:

Ya - bednyy rab y nichego ne stoi,

Ya toliko dumai: «Kak schastliv tot,

Kto nerazluchen v etot mig s toboi!»

Lubovi bezumna y ne rvet okov:

V tebe ne vidit nikakih grehov.

Mahabbat adamdy biyikke, bostandyqqa shaqyrsa, qúmarlyq pen ózimshildik adamdy túnghiyqqa iyterip, qúldyq pen qorlyqqa tartady. Shekspirding mahabbat lirikasynyng keyipkeri oghan qúl bolghan, sýigenining jýregining týtqyny bolghan, ómirden ózge jaryq kórmeytin soqyr jan. Sýiispenshilikting shegine jetip, ózin úmytqan pende. Ol ýshin qúldyq ta, mazaq ta, qorlyq ta bәri jay nәrse. Býkil tirshiligi men әlemi sol ghashyq jangha baylanghan. Sondyqtan aqynnyng ghashyqtar turaly Romeo men Djulietta, Gamlet sezimi ýshin qúrban bolghan Ofeliya, Otello men Dezdemona, tipti zúlym әielding tilegine baghynghan Makbet te osynday alapat qúmarlyqqa úshtasyp jatqan sezim iyeleri. Al Abaydyng sanauly ghana mahabbat lirikasynda qazaqy úghym men últtyq harakterge say ústamdy jetkizgen sózderinen de syispenshilikting súrapyl kýshi men qúmarlyqtyng alapat quaty seziledi. 

Ayttym sәlem, Qalamqas, 

Saghan qúrban mal men bas

Oylaghanda ózindi,

Keler kózge ystyq jas. 

 Az ghana sózde serpindi sezimning biyik tolqyndary tolqidy. Sýigendi oilaghanda jylap, malyn ghana emes basyn da qúrban etu eki úly aqynnyng mahabbatty, shynayy sezimdi týsinudegi ortaq sipat ekeni dausyz. Úly aqyndardyng sezim ólshemi de biyik, aqtaryla, berile, songhy demi bitkenshe bar qúmarymen, bar bolmysy men býkil tilegimen ayausyz sýiedi, sezimge tolyq beriledi. Maghjan aqynsha aitqanda, sýi degendi ólu, ózin-ózi úmytu dep úghatynday. Osy bir ekining biri bara almaytyn, bere almaytyn qúmarlyq pen inkәrlikting otyna kýigen sezimder eki aqyn ólenderinen ghana kórinetin ghalamat dýniye, túnghiyq әlem. Oqyrmandargha riyasyz aqtarylyp, oghan qapysyz senip, sezimin shynayy jetkizu olargha oqyrmanda da sendiredi. 

Jalpy ónerde oqyrmangha degen adaldyq pen senim úghymy basty mәsele. Sondyqtan ol qalamgerlerdi batyldyqqa bastaydy.  Shygharmashylyqta batyl adam ghana shynayy sezimder turaly jaza alady. Shekspir de, Abay da sol batyldyq biyiginen, adaldyq auynan kóringen túlghalar. Sondyqtan olardy adamzat týsinedi, sezinedi, úghady, eng bastysy senedi. Shygharmanyng úly boluy negizgi talaby onyng adamy bolmysty shynayy beyneleuinde. Búl túrghyda dramaturg Shekspirge jetetin shynshyl bar ma eken? Ony әlemge әigili etip, uaqyttar aghysynan tәuelsiz etken dramalyq shygharmalary, atap aitqanda, tragediyalary: «Gamlet», «Koroli Liyr», «Otello», «Makbet», «Romeo-Djulietta». Shekspir tragediyalarynyng qaysysynda bolmasyn ómir men ólim arbasuy, taghdyr jolyn tandau mýmkindigi túrady. Barlyq tragediyasynda aty atalghan keyipkerlerding sheshimi - ólim. Gamlet, Otello, Romeo men Djulietta izgi adamy bolmysy qorshaghan adamdardyng satqyndyghy, týsinbeui, toghysharlyghy, ayarlyghynan zardap shekse, Lir men Makbet óz boyyndaghy tәkapparlyq, ashkózdik, qanaghatsyzdyq siyaqty qasiyetter arqyly ózine jәne óz ortasyna ziyan jasaydy. 

 Qazaq әdebiyetining bastauy poeziya ekendigi anyq bolsa, europa әdebiyetining qaynary ejelgi grek dramaturgiyasy. Shekspir akter jәne oishyl. Ol óz oilaryn adamdardy oinatu arqyly jetkizedi. Abay aqyn jәne oishyl. Onyng dýniyetanymy men kózqarastary óleng aghymymen jýrekke jetip, boygha tarap, bolmysqa sinedi. Adamzatty óz maqsaty men tilegin oryndau barysynda ózining adamy túlghasynan sonshalyq alshaqtap, qúldyraytyny Shekspirding bar dramasynan kórinedi. Adamnyng keyde tek qana adamdyq biyiginen tómen qúldyrap tek aty men súlbasy qalatyny turaly Abaydyng myna joldarynda ólenmen órnekteledi: 

Adam - bir boq kótergen boqtyng qaby, 

Boqtan sasyq bolasyng ólseng taghy.

Meni men sen teng be dep maqtanasyn,

Bilimsizdik belgisi - ol bayaghy.

Keshe bala en, kelding ghoy talay jasqa,

Kóz jetti bir qalypta túra almasqa.

Adamdy sýi, allanyng hikmetin sez,

Ne qyzyq bar ómirde onan basqa?!

Shekspir de «Adam kim?» - degen saualdyng jauabyn «Gamlet» dramasyndaghy Gamletting monologynda keltiredi.  

Chto znachit chelovek,

Kogda ego zavetnye jelaniya –

Eda da son? Jivotnoe – y vse.

Naverno, tot, kto sozdal nas s ponyatiem

O budushem y proshlom, divnyy dar

Vlojil ne s tem, chtob razum gnil bez polizy.

Chto tut vinoy? Zabyvchivosti skota

Ily privychka razbirati postupkiy

Do melochey? Takoy razbor vsegda

Na chetverti – mysli, a na try prochih – trusosti.

No chto za smysl bez umolku tverditi,

Chto eto nado sdelati, esly k delu

Esti volya, sila, pravo y predlog?

Neleposti etu toliko ottenyaet

Vse, chto ny vstrechu. Napriymer, ryady

Takogo opolcheniya pod komandoy

Reshiytelinogo prinsa, gordesa

Do konchikov nogtey. V mechtah o slave

On rvetsya k seche, smerty y sudibe

Y jizniu rad pojertvovati, a delo

Ne stoit vyedennogo yaysa.

No tot-to y veliyk, kto bez prichiny

Ne stupit shaga, esly j v dele chesti,

Podymet spor iyz-za puchka solomy.

Ákesi men anasy satqyndyq jasap, әkesinen airylyp, ózegin órt shalghan Gamletting adam balasy turaly oilary qap-qara, qasiretke toly. Jas adamnyng ómir turaly oilarynyng osynshalyq kirlenui zandy. Eng jaqyn adamdarynyng satqyndyghy jýregin jaralaghan jas ýshin ómirde esh qasiyet,  esh kiye, esh mәn qalmady. Ómir degenimiz tandaulardan túrady degenmen de, Gamlet tandauy tausylghanday. Ákesining ólimine qatysyp, týk bolmaghanday nemere aghasyna shyqqan ananyng satqyndyghy bәrinen de auyr, bәrinen de qasiretti. «Bolu ma әlde bolmay joqqa ainalu ma?» degen súraq Gamlet tragediyasynyng basty saualy etip shygharyp, keyipkerin Abaydyng da, Shekspirding de adamdyqqa qoyghan talaby ar-namysty bәrinen biyik qoyyp, adamdyqtyng negizgi ólshemi osy ar, namys, újdan degen qasiyettermen ólsheydi. Jaratushynyng adamdy jaratudaghy maqsatynyng jarqyn ekenine ekeui de senimdi, al biraq adamdar nege sol Jaratushynyng jaratqan bolmysyna say emes? «Adamdy sýi, Allanyng hikmetin sez» degen Abaydyng tújyrymy Shekspirding Gamletting adam sýng problemasynyng negizinde jatyr. Ákesining ruhymen sóilesip, shyndyqty bilgen dat hanzadasy kek aludyng jalghyz jol ekenin bilip túrsa da, úzaq tolghanyp, tereng kýizeliske týsedi. Anasy men aghasyn jamandyqqa qimayyn dese әkesining sózi bar. Sonynda bәribir zalym aghasynyng qúrghan toryna týsip qúrban bolady. Ony kóbi әlsiz keyipkerge jatqyzuy da mýmkin. Biraq onyng boyyndaghy adamdyq pen meyirim onyng myqty ekenin kórsetedi. Taza jýrekke zalymdyqtyng uy boylay almaydy. Shekspir shygharmalarynyng shynayylyghy adam bolmysyn tereng tanyp, onyng jan dýniyesining syrlarynyng bar qyrtystaryn asha biluinde. Adamnyng jaralu maqsaty izgilik bola túra nege onyng januarlar siyaqty shektelip, tek nәpsining qúly bolyp ketetine, boyyndaghy izgi ruhty joq etip, tek tәnning qamyn kýiitteytinine nalidy. «Svedy k neobhodimostyam vsu jizni, Y chelovek sravnyaetsya s jivotnym,» - dep adam әdsizdigin dәl tabady. Shynynda bәrinen airylghan adam ýmit pen senimnen airylyp tәni ólmegenmen jany ólip, ruhy sónip tiri ólikke ainalady. Búl turaly Abay myna bir qara sózinde bylaysha týiindeydi: «Dýniyede jalghyz qalghan adam – adamnyng ólgeni. Qapashylyqtyng bәri sonyng basynda. Dýniyede bar jaman da kópte, biraq qyzyq ta, ermek te kópte. Bastapqygha kim shydaydy? Songhygha kim azbaydy?» 

Gamlet - osy súraghy men osy bolmysymen adamzattyng kórkemdik kenistigindegi eng úly, eng izgi beyne bolyp qalady. Úly beyneler tónireginde dau bitpeydi, saualgha aiqyn jauap tabylmaydy. Gamlet te qarama-qayshylyghy kóp, kýrdeli keyipker. Ol turaly dau neshe ghasyr ótse de tolastar emes. Shekspir men Abay shygharmalarynan adamnyng jaqsy - jaman, jaghymdy -jaghymsyz, súlu - jeksúryn, izgi - zúlym, arly - arsyz, oily - oisyz eki shekaranyng arasyndaghy býkil bolmysy sonshalyqty shynayy kórinip, әri tereng ashylady. Abay ólenderining mazmúnynda prozalyq, dramalyq sipat basym. Sondyqtan ony nәzik lirik emes, synshyl realist retinde tanimyz. Shygharmalary qazaq qoghamynyng týrli әleumettik, adamy qatynastary men onyng subiektilerining san aluan bolmysyn jasauda kórinedi. Shekspir dramada, Tolstoy prozada, Abay poeziyada adamtanudyng biyigine shyqqan qalamgerler. Shekspir naqty is-әreketter ýstinde oiyn arqyly tanytsa, Abay poeziyagha tәn әdis-tәsilder arqyly sipattau jәne psihologiyalyq portretterin jasaudy maqsat etedi. Ol poeziya janryna proza janrynyng әleumettik salmaghyn, psihologiyalyq týisigi men filosofiyalyq tanymyn, kórkemdik biyigin artady. Sondyqtan Abay poeziyasynyng jan-jaqtylyghy men kópqyrlylyghy ózine әli kýnge eshkimdi úqsatpay, eshkimdi jetkizbey túr. Onyng peyzajdyq lirikalarynyng ózining әleumettik manyzy zor. Kýzdi suretteude әleumettik toptardyng ereksheligi basty nazarda bolsa, qysty sipattaghan óleninde psihologiyalyq arqau manyzdy bolghan. Mahabbat lirikasynda jastardyng emosiyasyna qosa olardyng psihologiyalyq kýilerine basymdyq beredi. Aqyndargha jas adam boyyndaghy mahabbat pen qúmarlyqty birinshi jaqta óz sezinui arqyly jetkizutәn bolsa, Abay jastardyng monologyn  sәtti qoldanady. Tipti Pushkinning «Evgeniy Onegiyn» romanyndaghy hat arqyly bolghan dialogty audaruynda da Abaydyng osy drama jýiesine degen qyzyghushylyghy bayqalady. Eger aqyn ómir sýrgen kezende drama janry qalyptasqan bolsa, Abaydyng osy janrda da sәtti shygharmalar jazaryna kýmәnim joq.

«Bóten elde bar bolsa» atty el auzyna ilige bermeytin Abay óleni erekshe ólen. Adamdar arasyndaghy qatynastyng týrli psihologiyalyq sipaty shynayy kóringen dramatizmge toly shygharma. Dinamikasy serpindi, emosiyalyq silkinisi asa shiryqqan ólenning Abaydyng óz basyna da qatysy boluy mýmkin degen oy tudy. Óitkeni adam óz jýreginen ótkizip, sol jaylar qatysqanday asa emosionaldyq- ekspressivtik renkte jazady. Búl ólennen Shekspir dramasy keyipkerlerining birin ghana emes birnesheuin tabugha bolady. Mysaly myna tómendegi joldarda «Otello» tragediyasyndaghy negizgi keyipker, býkil dramanyn, Otello men Dezdemona taghdyrynda sheshushi roli atqarghan Yagonyng beynesin ainytpay kórsetedi: 

Jelikken jaugha kez bolsa,

Arazdyghy sóz bolsa, 

«Bәrekeldi batyr» dep

«Myqty bop bara jatyr» dep,

Eski dosyn kórgende

Esebi joq ant iship,

Aruaq, qúday aitysyp,

Syr alghaly aittym dep,

Jauyndy aldap qayttym dep

Qúdaydan qoryqpay antúrghan

Imanjýzdi tozdyrar.

Kelip-ketip kóp jýrip, 

Dúspandyghyn ozdyrar.

Aldaydy dep jauyna, 

El tarttyrmay bauyryna

Kóringendi azghyrar. 

Osynday ayarlyq pen ekijýzdilik Yagogha ghana emes, «Koroli Liyr» tragediyasyndaghy Lirding ýlken qyzdary men «Makbet» tragediyasyndaghy Makbetke tәn qasiyetter. Italiya aqyny Dantening «Qúdiretti komediyasynda» tamúqtyng eng tómengi satysynda ekijýzdilerdi qoyady, yaghny ekijýzdilik pen ayarlyqty eng auyr kýnә dep tabady. Búl qasiyetter Shekspir dramalarynyng negizgi motivteri. «Gamlet» dramasyndaghy Gamlet ózining eng jaqyn adamy anasy men onyng nemere aghasynyng әkesin qastandyqpen óltirgenin bilgende adamdar ayarlyghynyng sheksizdigine kóz jetkizip, ony jazalaudy sheshedi. Otello dramasyndaghy býkil әlemge boy bermegen Otello men Dezdemonanyng mahabbaty ayar, zalym Yagonyng zúlymdyghyna tótep bere almay, olardyn  tragediyasymen bitedi. Qay kezen, qay qogham, qay bir patsha bolmasyn osynday ekijýzdiliktin, ayarlyqtyng aldynda әlsiz bolghandyghyn tarih talay ret dәleldegen. Ayarlardyng negizgi qaruy jyly sóz ben jalghan maqtau ekendigin alyptardyng shygharmalarynda jetkizip-aq aitady. Abay shygharmalarynda maqtan, maqtanu, maqtanshaq, maqtanshaqtyq degen bir úghymdy týrli kontekste zerdeleydi. «Ne izdeysing kónilim, ne izdeysin» atty ólende maqtaudyng ekinshi jaghy sógumen qatar jýretindigin menzeydi: 

Maqtau – jel sóz jangha qas

Qoshemetshil shygharghan.

Bir maqtasa boqtamas, 

El tabylsa qúmarlan. 

Maqtaghangha senu adamnyng әlsizdigi. Býgin aspangha kótergen júrt, erteng jerge úruy da mýmkin. Sondyqtan Abay ólenderinde «Maqtaghangha senbe, maqtaudy izdeme» degen qarapayym da, qasiyetti ósiyet bar. Al qara sózderinde búl qaghida tereng taldaugha úlasady. Aqynnyng jiyrma birinshi qara sózinde osy maqtan úghymynyng mәni tereng ashyla týsedi. «Az ba, kóp pe, adam balasy bir týrli maqtannan aman bolmaghy - qiyn is. Sol maqtan degen nәrsening men eki týrlisin bayqadym: bireuining atyn ýlkendik dep ataymyn, bireuin maqtanshaqtyq deymin. Ýlkendik - adam ishinen ózin-ózi baghaly esep qylmaq. Yaghni, nadan atanbastyghyn, jenil atanbastyghyn, maqtanshaq atanbastyghyn, әdepsiz, arsyz, baylausyz, paydasyz, súramshaq, ósekshi, ótirikshi, aldamshy, keseldi - osynday jaramsyz qylyqtardan saqtanyp, sol minezderdi boyyna qorlyq bilip, ózin ondaylardan zor eseptemek. Búl minez - aqyldylardyn, arlylardyn, artyqtardyng minezi. Olar ózimdi jaqsy demese, meyli bilsin, jaman degizbesem eken dep azaptanady.» Maqtan sóz ben jyly sóz kim-kimdi de eritpey, sendirmey, elitpey qoymaydy. Shekspirding de erligimen, danalyghymen eldi auzyna qaratqan patshasy da, qolbasshysy da, aruy da bәri osy bir qaqpangha týsip, sony ýlken tragediyagha soqtyrady. Oghan dramaturgtyng kez-kelgen tragediyasynan mysal alugha bolady. Onyng eng bir jarqyn ýlgisi - koroli Lirding taghdyry.

Kordeliya: Taqsyr iyem, ózinizsiz jaryq dýniyege jaratqan,

Asyradynyz, baqtynyz-qaqtynyz.

Syigha - syi, syragha - baldy bilem men de,

Qadir tútyp basynyzdy,

Oryndaymyn sózinizdi eki etpey.

Al, myna eki apamnyn

Bolsa ras aitqandary,

Búl dýniyede ekeui de

Bir sizdi ghana sýiedi eken, - 

Endeshe kýieuge nege tiyedi eken?!

Men olarday óz әkemdi

Ólip-óship sýy ýshin

Kire almaymyn jat qúshaqqa.

Erge shyqsam, ony-daghy

Jan-tәnimmen sýiem ras.

Sondyqtan da, jaryq jalghanda

Jalghyz sizdi

Jaqsy kórem deuge bolmas.

Liyr. Qúday aqy shyn sózing be búl, qyzym?

Kordeliya. IYә, milord.

Liyr. Jas basynmen, tap osynsha tas jýrek pe en?!

Kordeliya. Jaltara sóilegen jarasa ma eken jastyqqa!

Liyr. Jaraspasa, jalang shyndyq - jasauyn!

 Ózge eki әpkesindey әkesin maqtap, jyly, әdemi sózdi kelistire aita almaghan Kordeliyadan bezip, quyp shyqqan tasjýrek, danghoy, anqau, sengish әkening qayghyly taghdyry Abay ólenderi men qarasózderindegi aqiqat shyndyqty adam taghdyry men sheshimi túrghysynan beynelenedi. Jýrek týkpirindegi mahabbatty sózden emes, kózden, jýrekten tanyp bilu de kóregendik. Álemdi biylegen qanshama zor patshalar da sózge kelgende aqiqattan adasyp qalatyndyghyn tarih talay dәleldedi. Sezim mәselesinde tilding emes jýrekting sezimtaldyghy, sananyng kóregendigi, kónilding jomarttyghy qajet. Qyzyn sonsha sýigen әkening onyng shynayy oiynan shoshyp, boyyn  aulaq saluy Lirding sezimining tayazdyghyn, jýregining qatygezdigi men aqylynyng kelteligin dәleldese kerek. Sondyqtan shygharmanyng alghashqy aktilerinen-aq koroli taghdyrynyng basqasha sheshimin kóru mýmkin emes. Qansha patsha, qansha sheshen, qansha kósem bolsa da osy maqtannyng Abay kórsetken birinshi týrin qabyldau shyn danalyq pen kóregendik, biyik parasatty, kemel aqyldy tanytsa kerek. Búl biyikti Abaydyng ózi núsqap qoymay, onyng ólshemin, onyng mәnin ózi aiqyndap berdi. Óz shygharmalaryna syn kózben qarap, óz boyyna jetpey jatqandy shygharmalarynda anyq aityp, esh syryn jasyrmaghan adal aqyn Abay kýlki, maqtan, dýnie syndy adamzatty synaytyn aldamshy dýniyelerdi, túrlausyz saghymdardy oi-tújyrym retinde týiip, adamzatqa týsindirse, Shekspir ony Europalyq jýiede europa oqyrmandary qabyldaytyn, týsinetin janrda úghyndyrdy. «Bolys boldym minekiy», «Sabyrsyz, arsyz erinshek» atty Abay ólenderining satiralyq sipaty likiralyq keyipkerding jan dýniyesindegi, minez – bolmysyndaghy әlsizdik Shekspirding koroli Lir men Otello, Kassio siyaqty keyipkerlerine tәn. Adamnyng teris minezderin somdauda satiranyng mýmkindigi mol, tili uly, qarymy myqty. Abay shygharmalarynyng dramatizmi, әleumettik–psihologoliyalyq jýgi olardyng satiralyq sipatynan aiqyn seziledi. Monolog pen dialog negizinen dramalyq shygharmalardyng kategoriyasy degenmen Abay shygharmalarynda keninen qoldanylghany onyng poeziyasynyng ishki bolmysynyng poeziya sheginen asyryp, drama men prozagha jaqyndatady. Abay ólenderining kórkemdik әdister men stilidik jýiesi túrghysynan Shekspir prinsipterimen sabaqtasady. «Kýlli adam balasyn qor qylatyn ýsh nәrse bar. Sonan qashpaq kerek: әueli - nadandyq, ekinshisi - erinshektik, ýshinshi - zalymdyq dep bilesin.» «Zalymdyq - adam balasynyng dúshpany. Adam balasyna dúshpan bolsa, adamnan bólinedi, bir jyrtqysh hayuan qisabyna qosylady.» «Qiyanat - haqiqat pen rastyqtyng dúshpany.» Al zalymdyq Gamletting týbine jetip, Lirdi dalada qanghyrtyp, kózin qandy jasqa,  auzyn ashy zargha toltyryp, Otello men Dezdemona syndy  ghashyqtardy aiyryp, sertin búzyp, jýrekterin qasiret túnghiyghyna túnshyqtyryp, Makbetti joldan taydyryp, esinen aiyryp, Romeo men Djulietta siyaqty kirshiksiz, jazyqsyz jasty ólimning tyrnaghyna baylap bergen, Shekspir tragediyalarynyng ózegi bolghan, adamzattyng sanasy men bolmys bitimining izgilik pen zúlymdyq syndy eki shegine qamtyp, shygharmasyna syidyra bilgen alyp túlgha, adamzat tragediyasynyng biregey suretkeri Shekspir dramalarynyng leytmotiyvi. Zúlymdyq mәselesin adamzat qoghamynyng negizgi kategoriyasy retinde algha shygharu suretkerler tanymynyng birligi, kózqarastyng jaqyndyghy, shygharmashylyq sabaqtastyqtyng ýlken arnasy. 

Ómirding ótui, uaqyttyng túraqsyzdyghy әlemning bar әdebiyetinde óte kóp jyrlanatyn taqyryp. Eki úly aqynnyng da shygharmashylyghynan búl taqyryptyng oryn aluy zandy. Adamzattyng әrbirin tolghantyp, oilandyryp, qam jegizetin búl ólenderding múng men tereng oi, filosofiyalyq lebi kýshti. 

Esinde bar ma jas kýnin,

Kimdi kórseng - bәri dos.

Mahabbat, qyzyq, mal men baq,

Kórinushi edi dosqa ortaq.

Ýmit jaqyn, kónil aq,

Bolar ma sonday qyzyq shaq?

Qúday-au, qayda sol jyldar,

Mahabbat, qyzyq mol jyldar?!

Aqyryn, aqyryn sheginip,

Alystap ketti-au qúrghyrlar.

Jalynasyn, boqtaysyn,

Saghynasyn, joqtaysyn

Mahabbat ketti, dos ketti, - 

Jete almaysyn, toqtaysyn.

Kózime jas ber, jylayyn,

Shydam ber, sabyr qylayyn

Jaraly bolghan jýrekke

Daua ber, jamap synayyn.

Abaydy jastyqtyng appaq kónili, tap-taza niyeti, móldir sezimi uaqytpen birge syrghyp ótkeni qinaydy. Mahabbat pen dostyq siyaqty asyl sezimder qayta ainalyp kelmes saghymgha ainaldy. Aqyn jylaydy, ashynady, yzalanady. Uaqyt degen qatygez ýderisting jylatpaghan pendesi bolmaydy-au. Úly dramaturg aqyn oiyna oy qosyp, qimastyq sezimin bylaysha bólisedi. Shekspir ýshin bәrinen qorqynyshty uaqyt ótuimen adamzattyng ólimge jaqynday týsetini. Onyng janynyng júbanyshy ónyng oiy men sezimining tynysyn tanytushy – kýndeligi, yaghny ólenderi.  Shygharmashyl túlgha ýshin bar tirligining mәni tuyndylary. Búl tústa Abay da «Óldi deuge bola ma aityndarshy, Ólmeytúghyn artynda sóz qaldyrghan» - dep oigha oy qosady. Danalardyng shygharmashylyqty adamzatqa mәngilik ruhany eskertkish, ruhany múra etip qaldyru maqsaty men niyeti olardyng aqyndyqty, tvorchestvony ýlken jauapkershilik dep úghuymen kiyeli. Abay ólenining emosionaldyq –ekspressivtik sipaty Shekspir óleninen basymdyghy aiqyn.

Uaqyt nәzik sheberlikpen úrlanyp,

Ghajayyp bir duman jasap túrdy anyq.

Kónilimizdi kónshitkenning әmmesin,

Uaqyt ózi alyp qashar zyr qaghyp.

Kidirissiz saghan kýnder seli kep,

Suyq qysqa súlu jazdy telimek.

Japyraq joq aghashtarda nәr tonyp,

Aq jamylghan әli jerdi kórip ek.

IYisi anqyp raushan gýlding arayly,

Jazdy eske sap ótip ketken talayghy.

Úshpa-tútqyn mynau yzghar, ayazda,

Týrme-әinekten jazdy eske sap qaraydy.

Gýl renin joghaltypty bayaghy,

Súlulyqtyng janyn biraq jayady.

Abay men Shekspirde tek oy men iydeya, mazmún men dýniyetanym sabaqtastyghy ghana emes sóz oralymdary da dәl keletin mysaldar da barshylyq. «Ot bed spasaet toliko ostorojnosti,» - degen Shekspir sózi Abay poeziyasynda bylaysha órnekteledi: «Abaylap jýrip, anyq bas, Enbeging ketpes dalagha», al bәrinen de tanqaldyrghany edinisa úghymynyng óte sәikes kelui Abay Shekspirdi oqyghanday әser qaldyrady. «Koroli Liyr» tragediyasynda jalghyz qalyp beyshara kýige týsken Lirge onyng janyndaghy sayqymazaq : «A teperi ty - nuli bez sifry. Ya luchshe tebya teperi: ya - shut, a ty - nichto,»- dep shyndyqty aityp, әjuәlasa, Abay óleninde ol el turaly ýlken oigha úlasady: «Edinisa – jaqsysy, ergen eli beyne nól, Edinisa bolmasa, ne bolady ónkey nól?». Edinisa degen úghym eki ghúlamanyng tanymynda jay ghana birlik emes, adamnyng jeke túlghalyq menine ainalady. 

Qoryta aitqanda, Abaydyng shygharmalary әlemdik asyl sóz ónerining shynyndaghy oilylarmen oy men tanym, súlulyq pen suretkerlik jýiesinde dengeyles. Aghylshyn aqyny, dramaturgy Shekspir men Abay shygharmalary adamzatty tanu men ony izgilik pen adamdyqqa baghyttauda ýndes. Sondyqtan ekeui de últ shenberinen asyp, әlemdik kórkemsóz biyiginde qatarlas túrghan túlghalar. Shekspir әlemde moyyndalghan túlgha. Al Abay sayasy sebepterge baylanysty qazaq auylynan alys kete almay jýrgen aqyl-oydyng alyby. Týrli ghasyrlar men alys qashyqtyq, mәdeniyetterding ózgesheligine, últtyq bolmystyng bólektigine qaramay olardyng arasyn jalghaytyn jaqyndyq iydeyalyq, tanymdyq, oy men niyet ýndestigi, ónerge degen qúrmet pen asyl sózge degen adaldyq, adamzat aldyndaghy ýlken jauapkershilik. Shekspir adamnyng teris is-әreketin kórsetu arqyly jamannan jiyrendirse, Abay adamnyng minin aityp, qoghamdy synau arqyly adamdy týzetpek niyetin kórsetedi. Ekeui de kórkemóner men әdebiyetting mýddesine adal, oqyrmangha berilgen, adamdy sýietin ýlken jýrekti, adal niyetti asyl sózding zanghar shyndary. 

Ýsen Aygýl Ábdimýtәlipqyzy,

filologiya ghylymdarynyng doktory, L.Gumiylev atyndaghy Euraziya últtyq uniyversiytetining professory

Abai.kz