Kóshbasshy bola almay ketken «Kósem»
(nemese Georgiy Malenkov turaly)
Óz uaqytynda Kenester Odaghynda Lenin men Stalinnan keyingi «Ýshinshi kósem» atanghan Georgiy Malenkov turaly bizding qazaq oqyrmandary asa kóp jәne tereng bilmeydi. Tipti, bilse de mardymsyz shet jaghasyn ghana estui mýmkin.
QSRO Ministrler Kenesining tóraghasy (1953 – 1955 jyldar), Sosiolistik Enbek Eri, Lenin ordenining ýsh mәrte iyegeri, Geniral-leytenant, Kenester Odaghynda partiyalyq biylet boyynsha ýshinshi (Lenin birinshi, Stalin ekinshi) Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov, sol kezdegi Kenester Odaghy Ortalyq Komiytetining birinshi hatshysy Nikita Hrushevpen aradaghy taytalastan keyin, barlyq lauazymynan aiyrylyp 1957 jyly Qazaqstangha aidaugha jiberiledi.
Alghashynda Óskemen jylu beru stansasynda qyzmet etken ol bir jyldan keyin Ekibastúzdaghy jylu beru jýiesine kenetten auystyrylady. Degenmen, óz zamanynda talay kórnekti de taghdyrly isterding jetekshisi atanghan (Qazaqstan men Ortalyq Sibirdegi tyng iygeru iydeyasyn ómirge әkelgen azamat) anyz adamnyng qaynaghan enbek pen kýreske toly jýrip ótken jolyn shamamyz kelgenshe qalyng oqyrmangha týsinikti etip, shygharma retinde úsynudy jón kórdik.
Búl jazbadaghy oqighany da Qazaqstannyng Kenester Odaghy túsyndaghy ótken tarihynyng bir kórinisi dep esepteuimiz kerek.
Sonymen, ata-tegi orys emes, Makedondyq bolyp keletin Georgiy Malenkov turaly sózimizdi jalghastyrayyq.
Komunistik Partiyanyng Ortalyq Komiytetinde isteytin әielining kómegimen osynda núsqaushy bolyp ornalasqan onyng (Búl 1920 jyldyng kóktemi bolatyn) qyzmeti mýmkindiginshe tez ósti. Mәskeuding joghary elektrotehnikalyq uchiliyshesin bitirgen ol, jastyq kýshpen ózine berilgen jauapkershiligi mol júmysqa qúlshyna kiristi. Jeti jyldan keyin partiyalyq júmysqa әbden shynyqqan sauatty da bilikti jәne bilimdi jigit Ortalyq Komiytetting tehnikalyq hatshysy bolyp taghayyndalady. Esep beru jәne baqylau, kadrlardy bilimi men iskerligine baylanysty qyzmetke ornalastyru osy Georgiy Maksimilianovichting qolynda boldy. Onyng qol jetkizgen mýmkindigi sonshalyqty, Kenester Odaghyndaghy býkil kadrlardyng atqaryp otyrghan qyzmetterining nәtiyjesi turaly aqparat qay kezde bolmasyn Malenkovtyng tartpasynan tabylatyn. Partiyalyq júmysta onyng atqarghan isteri men úiymdastyrghan sharalary ýnemi joghary dәrejede ótetin. Sondyqtan ol, sol bir uaqyttaghy Ortalyq Komiytettegi taptyrmas jәne biregey kemeldengen maman bolyp sanalatyn.
Kenester Odaghynyng kósemi Iosif Stalinning bayandamalaryn jәne komiytetting býkil hattamalaryn osy adam әrdayym aldyn ala dayyndap otyratyn. Jәne Malenkovtyng dayyndaghan búl qújattary óte sauatty bolghandyghy sonshalyqty, Stalinning ózi eshuaqytta ózgeris kirgizbeytin. Birbetkeyligi men tabandylyghyna, sonday-aq sauattylyghyna joghary biylik qúrmet kórsetip, әrdayym senim artyp otyratyn.
Zasyadikomen aradaghy oqigha.
Birde kómir óndirisi ministrining bosaghan ornyna birneshe adamnyng kandidaturasyn úsynylyp, onyng bireuin tandau kerek boldy. Kremlige shaqyrylghan kandidattardyng ómirbayanyn Stalinning ózi qarap shyghady. Sonan keyin qasynda túrghan Georgiyden, - sen ózing osy kandidattardyng qaysysy layyq dep oilaysyn, - dep súrady odan. Ol bolsa, - Iosif Vissarionovich, Zasyadikonyng kandidaturasy dúrys bolar dep oilaymyn, biraq...
- Aytaber dedi, - kósem
- Zasyadiko, azdap ishetin adam. Degenmen, óte tәjiriybeli jәne óz júmysyna sauatty jәne jauapkershiligi mol adam.
- Onda ony shaqyr jәne sen, bir-eki shólmek araq alyp kel,- dedi Staliyn. Birneshe minuttan keyin kabiynetke Zasyadiko kiredi. Biylik ony qasyna shaqyryp otyrghyzyp, eki bokalgha toltyryp gruzin vinosyn quyady. 200 grammdyq bokalgha toltyrylghan araqty kandidattyng aldyna jyljytyp, -Kәne Zasyadiko mynany iship qoyayyq, - deydi. Zasyadiko eshqanday qobaljymay, - Siz ýshin Iosif Vissarionovich, - dep aldyndaghyny qaghyp saldy. Otyryp biraz әngemelesken son, taghyda bokaldargha araq toltyryldy. Zasyadiko sheginbey kósemning aldynda, - Siz ýshin Iosif Vissarionovich, - dep auzyna araqty taghyda tónkere saldy. Biraq, kandidat masaymady. Búdan keyin de olar biraz otyryp әngimelesti. Zasyadiko kósemning súraqtaryna tiyanaqty jauap berip, paydaly da tartymdy jobalardy algha tartyp, óndiris oryndarynyng problemalaryn kóterdi. Stalin ýshinshi ret stakandardy toltyrghan kezde, búl tartynbastan, - joldas Staliyn, Zasyadiko óz shamasyn biledi, maghan әri ishuge bolmaydy, - dedi kesimdi týrde. Artynan Ortalyq Komiytetting Sayasy Burosynda Zasyadikony Kenester Odaghynyng Kómir óndirisining ministri etip taghayyndaghanda, Stalin aqyryn ghana kýlip; - Zasyadiko óz shamasyn biledi, - dedi qaljyndap. Sol Zasyadiko 1948 jәne 1955 jyldar aralyghynda osy qyzmetinde ýlken tabyspen istep, Sosialistik Enbek Eri ataghyn aldy.
Bizding sóz etip otyrghan Georgiy Malenkovting sol kezdegi Kenes jýiesine sinirgen enbegi orasan zor. Ol kóptegen daryndy kadrlardyng ósuine jәne olardyng memleketting damuyna aitarlyqtay ýles qosuyna setpigin tiygizdi. Malenkovting oida ústau jadysy keremet edi. Kenester Odaghynyng týkpir-týkpirinde qyzmet etip jatqan nomenklaturada túrghan adamdardy jәne olardyng qanday da bir iskerligin jaqsy tanityn. Solardy mýmkindiginshe ósirip otyrugha tyrysatyn. Kele-kele aumaghy zor, eki qúrlyqty alyp jatqan memlekette Stalinnan keyingi ekinshi túlghanyng ornyna kóterildi. Búl adamdy Kenes ýkimetindegi túrghyndardyng barlyghy keninen tanityn jәne minezining ústamdylyghy men júmsaqtyghyna sonymen qatar, adamgershiligi men azamattyghy ýshin syilaytyn. Sonday-aq, memlekettegi auyl sharuashylyghyn jәne óndiris oryndaryn qalay damytudy jaqsy biletin.
Iosif Stalinning 1953 jyly qatty auyruyna baylanysty, ainalasyndaghy kadrlar qatty abyrjyidi. Sol 1953 jylghy besinshi nauryzda bolyp ótken Ortalyq Komiytet pen KSRO Ministirler Kenesining jәne KSRO Jogharghy Kenesi Prezidiumynyng birikken jinalysynda, Georgiy Maksimilianovich Malenkov Lavrentiy Beriyanyng úsynysymen KSRO Ministirler Kenesining tóraghasy bolyp taghayyndalady. Onyng birinshi orynbasarlary qyzmetine Beriya, Molotov, Bulganin jәne Kaganovich úsynylady. Malenkovtyng qolynda az uaqyt bolsa da sol kezdegi Kenes Odaghynyn tútas biyligi jinalghan edi. Ol Ortalyq Komiytetting prezidiumy men Ministirler Kenesining tóraghasy bola otyryp, barlyq isti shamasy kelgenshe demokratiyalyq týrde basqarugha tyrysty. Sol bir kezende Georgiy Malenkovtyng bedeli men abyroyy búnyng qasynda kólenkedey erip jýrgen, bergen antynda túrmaytyn, eki minezdi sayqal Nikita Hrushevqa qaraghanda әldeqayda joghary edi. Eger Qorghanys Ministiri Georgiy Jukov Hrushevting ótirigine senip oghan kómektespegende sol kezdegi biylikte jýrgender birinshilikke qalayda Malenkovty otyrghyzar edi. Ministirler Kenesining tóraghasy bolyp túrghanda Malenkov auyl sharuashylyghynda kóptegen reformalar jýrgizdi. Búl ózgerister sharuashylyqtyng dúrys jolgha týsip, ýlken tabysqa jetuine qol jetkizdi. Sol kezdegi túrghyndardyng « Priyshel Malenkov – poely blinkov» deytini osydan. Sonymen qatar, memlekette salalyq júmystardyng uaqyttary belgilenip, adamdar óz erkinen tys enbektenbeytin boldy. Malenkov tyng kóteruding avtory jәne oghan orasan zor kýshin salghan adam. 1954-1955 jyldary Qazaqstanda 18 million gektar jer iyegerilip, odan týsken ónim búryn- sondy bolmaghan kórsetkishke jetti. Sonymen qatar, kommunaldyq jýiening júmysyda jaqsardy. Túrghyn ýy salu salasy alghash ret Kenes Odaghynda jappay qolgha alyndy. Auyl sharuashylyghy kóptegen sәtti reformalardan keyin ongha basyp, jyldyq tabysy arta bastady. Biraq, ekonomikanyng dúrys jolgha qoyylyp, bir arnagha týse bastauyna qaramastan 1955 jyldyng aqpannyng toghyzynda Kenestik Sosialistik Respublikalar Odaghynyng Jogharghy kenesi Georgiy Malenkovty tóraghalyq mindetinen bosatty. Osy arada bizding qoyatyn biraz súraqtarymyz bar: Stalin qatty auyryp, es-týsin bilmey jatqanda otyz saghat boyy oghan eshqanday medisinalyq kómekti jibertkizbey qoyghandar kimder? Ayaqastynan besinshi nauryz kýni Ortalyq Komiytetke besinshi hatshy bolyp N.Hrushevtyng taghayyndaluy qalay? Sol 1953 jyldyng mausym aiynda Mәskeuge tank kirgizgender kim? Osy shúghyl jaghdaylardyng mәn-jәii Muhinning « Ubiystvo Stalina y Beriya» kitabynda naqty derektermen jazylghan. Biylikke talastyng ne ekenin óte jaqsy biletin Malenkovtyng sol bir sәtte imperialyq memleketting toqsan payyzdan astam biyligi óz qolynda túrghanda jәne ainalasyndaghy óz jaqtastarynyng kóp ekendigine qaramastan, biylikti sayqal Hrushevqa nege berip qoyghandyghyn týsinbeysin? Ol bolsa qatardaghy hatshylyqqa jana ghana kelgen adam bolatyn. Georgiy Maksimilianovichti qos- qoldap qoldaghan qasynda Molotov, Bulganiyn, Beriya jәne Kaganovich túrghanda kóshbasshylyqtan nege aiyrylyp qalghandyghyn beymәlim?
Muhinning kitabin aqtaryp otyryp, armiya basshylyghyndaghy Jukovtyng sol bir kezde nelikten Hrushevti qoldap Mәskeuge әsker men tankty kirgizgendigi bizge endi týsinikti. Aylaker Hrushev Jukovqa odanda joghary lauazymdy (Ministirler Kenesining tóraghasy) bermekke aldyn- ala kelisip alghan. Biylikti kýshtep tartyp alu degen osy! Qalay desekte, sol kezdegi memleket túrghyndary, qatardaghy qalyng adamdar ayaqastynan Hrushevting Ortalyq Komiytetting birinshi hatshysy bolyp qalay taghayyndalghanyn týsinbedi! Malenkov Nikita Hrushevting kóptegen qanypezer qylyqtaryn kórip-bilip jýrip, ony alqaly jinalystarda nege әshkerelemegenin úqpadyq. Mýmkin búghan belgili bir sebepter kedergi bolghan shyghar?
1957 jyldyn mausymynda Ortalyq Komiytetting prezidium jinalysynda Malenkov, Molotov jәne Kaganovich Hrushevti ornynan alugha tabandy týrde úsynys bildiredi. Olardy osy jinalysta búrynnan kele jatqan eski bolishevik kadrlardyng týgeli qoldaydy. Biraq, Qorghanys Ministri G.Jukov pen Memlekettik Qauypsizdik Komiytetining tóraghasy IY.Serovtyng qoldauymen jәne qorghauymen N.Hrushev orynynda qalady. Malenkov bastaghan onyng jaqtastary týgelimen lauazymdarynan aiyryldy. Sol 1957 jyldyng tamyz aiynda Georgiy Malenkov Qazaqstangha aidaugha jiberilip, naqtyraq aitqanda Óskemen jylu beru ortalyghynyng diyrektory bolyp taghayyndalady.
Osy arada azdap sheginis jasayyq, búghan deyin Malenkov Stalinnyng auyr jaghdayda jatqan kezinde, Hrushevtyng jәne oghan jaqtas Ignatievting sybyrlauymen Iosif Vissarionovichke der kezinde medisinalyq kómek kórsetuden analardan seskengen bolatyn. Artynan Hrushev bastaghan top taghyda Lavrentiy Beriyagha jabylghan kezde de shet qalmaghan edi. Keyinnen ózine qysym jasalghanda, osynyng bәrin, yaghny aitqanda, Hrushevtyng úiymdastyrghan qúpiya qandy qylmystaryn býkil el aldynda jayyp salmaq bolady. Osydan baryp sayqal Nikita Sergeevichting búghan qarsy әreketteri bastalyp, aqyry búl jetekshilik etken toptyng barlyghy lauazymdarynan aiyrylyp, biylikten laqtyrylyp tastalyndy. Qalay desekte, sol kezdegi Kremlidegi Hrushevtan bastap onyng ainalasyndaghy kadrlardyng barlyghy derlik orta bilimdi, tәjiriybesi mýlde az, sharuashylyqtan habary joq jәne pendeshiligi kóp adamdar bolatyn. Aralarynda óz zamanynyng jan-jaqty jetilgen sayypqyrandary mýlde joq desekte bolady. Sondyqtan da, sol bir tústa ekonomikanyng qaryshtap damymay, kóptegen qiynshylyqtargha kezdesui de osyghan baylanysty. Georgiy Malenkov bolsa, sol basqaru ortalyghyndaghy sausaqpen sanarlyq joghary bilimdi, óte sauatty, biregey adam edi. Jәne halyq sharuashylyghyn demokratiyalyq týrde algha damytudyng tetigin jaqsy biletin.
Óskemen jәne Ekibastúzdaghy jyldary
Óskemenning jylu beru ortalyghyna kelgende, býkil qala túrghyndary búl kisining suretin jәne tu kóterip qonaqjaylyqpen qarsy alghan bolatyn. Osydan seskengen jogharghy biylik ony búl arada kóp túraqtatpay, bir jyldan keyin Ekibastúz qalasynyng jylu beru stansasyna auystyrady. Georgiy Malenkovtyng qyzy Valentina Malenkova osy bir uaqytty ózining memuarynda óte jaqsy surettep jazghan eken. Ekibastúz jylu beru ortalyghy 1952 jyldan bastap salyna bastady. Alghashynda osy odaqtyq qúrylysqa «Steplag» lagerindegi sottalghandar tartyldy. Sonymen qatar «Irtyshuglestroy» qúrylys brigadalary qosyldy. Búl aty- shuly qúrylysty uaqyt ótkizbey tez arada qosu kerek boldy. Sondyqtan kýndiz sottalghandar ter tókse, týnde qúrylys brigadasynyn adamdary ayanbay qyzmet etti. Sottalardan biraz jyldar búryn, ataqty Aleksandr Isaevich Soljenisynda osy qúrylysqa qatysyp, búl odaqqa mәlim qúrylysty ózining «Odin deni Ivana Denisovicha» atty povesinde jazyp, kóptegen shyndyqty ashyq kórsetken . 1956 jyldyng tórtinshi jeltoqsany kýni birinshi turbogenerator iske qosylyp, aimaqtaghy býkil óndiris oryndaryna alghashqy quatyn bere bastady. Búl ýlken jenis edi. Kezinde Stalinning aitqan ataqty «Kadry reshait vsyo» sózi dәl osy Malenkovtyng Ekibastúzgha kelgendegi iskerlik jәne úiymdastyru darynyna aitylghanday. Sol bir jyldarda Odaqtyng týkpir-týkpirinen injenerler men osy salanyng mamandary Ekibastúzgha kelip, búl aranyng júmysymen tanysyp, tәjiriybe jinady. Ýsh әripterding kýndelikti anduynda jýrsede, Georgiy Maksimilianovich baryn salyp búl isti tez arada jandandyrdy desek artyq aitpaghandyq. Úiymdastyru qasiyeti erekshe ghajayyp, myqty azamat, últtyq aimaqtaghy kishigirim Ekibastúz qalasynyn barynsha damuyna jәne sәuletti, sәn-saltanatty bolyp qalyptasuyna kóp ýlesin qosty. Búl qaladaghy qalyn kókjelekting de negizin salghan da alghashqy osy azamat. Ol tek qana osyndaghy óndiris oryndarynyn damuyna ghana kýsh salghan joq, qalanyng jәne aimaqtyng bilim jýiesinin, sonday-aq, mәdeniyetining de ósip – órkendeuine aitarlyqtay әser etti. Osynda tehnikalyq instituttyng ashyluyna negiz salyp, onyng sabaq beretin kadrlaryn Omskiden, Mәskeuden jәne elimizdin basqa da qalalarynan shaqyrtty. Ekibastúz qalasynda on jylday qyzmet etken uaqytynda, onyng osyndaghy dos, joldas bolyp ketken jergilikti kadrlar men onyn túrghyndary, búl kisinin istegen kóptegen jaqsylyqtaryn, sinirgen qyzymetin eshuaqytta úmytpaq emes. Keyin Nikita Hrushev biylikten ketkennen keyin, birneshe jyldan son, 1968 jyly Mәskeuge jasyryn baryp kelgen ol, qaytyp kelip, júmystan bosanyp, tura 67 jasynda ózining tuyp- ósken, bilim alghan jәne qyzmet etken qalasyna qaytyp oralady. Mәskeuge kelgen son, ózining búrynghy pәterin jәne sayajayyn qaytaryp alady. Eki úly býkil elge belgili ghylym doktorlary jәne óz salasynyng bilikti ghalymdary. Malenkov Brejnev zamanynda eshkimge alandamay, orynyqty ómir sýrdi. Keyin, Gorbachevting qayta qúruy bastalghan kezde, onyng úldary «Búl qayta qúrudy osydan talay jyldar búryn istegende dúrys bolar edi», - dep aitqany jetkizedi. Georgiy Malenkov biylikten Stalin ketisimen- aq, kenestik qoghamdy demokratiyalyq jolgha týsiruding tezisterin úsynghan bolatyn. Degenmen, sol kezdegi solshyl kýsh ol iydeyany iske asyrmady.
Georgiy Maksimilianovich seksen alty jasqa kelip, әieli Valiriya Golubsovadan keyin eki jyldan song ómirden qaytady. Iskerligi men azamattyghy jaghynan kemel jәne Evraziya qúrlyghynyng aitarlyqtay damuyna, sonday-aq órkeniyetti zamannyng alghashqy baspaldaghyna shyghuyna kóp kýsh júmsaghan aituly azamattyng ónegeli de ýlgili ómir joly kimdi bolsa da qyzyqtyrarlyqtay. Qazir Ekibastúz qalasyndaghy múrajayda, kezinde Kremlidegi Stalinnan keyingi ekinshi túlgha bolghan jәne Kenester Odaghy Ministirler Kenesi tóraghasynyng qyzymetin tabysty atqarghan azamattyn kóptegen estelik jәdigerleri saqtalghan.
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