Tәkenning «Júmbaq jany»
(Ádeby – zertteu)
Tәken sóz joq, qazaq әdebiyetining eleuli qúbylystarynyng biri. Ádebiyettegi jolyn aqyn bolyp bastaghan Tәken Álimqúlov proza, syn janryna da qalam tartty. Kózi tirisinde-aq, “Sóz zergeri” atanghan Tәken, meninshe, әdebiyettegi múratyn prozanyn “әulie janry” – әngimeden tapty. Onyng “Saryjaylau”, “Qara qobyz”, “Kók qarshygha”, “Qaraoy”, “Seytek saryny”, “Telqonyr” әngimeleri – qazaq әdebiyetin shyrqau biyikke kótergen klassikalyq tuyndylar. Al, búlardyng ishindegi “Qaraoy” әngimesi – shedevr!
“Qaraoy” – “noqtagha basy simaghan” jauynger aqyn Mahambet ómirining aqyrghy sәti, songhy kýni turaly әngime. Mahambet turaly biraz roman, povestter jazyldy. Sol jazylghan shygharmalar arasynda “Qaraoy” ózindik sipatymen erekshe jarqyrap, birden kóz tartady. Ýlken bir romannyng jýgin arqalap túrghan Tәkennin “Qaraoy” әngimesi – qazaq әdebiyetindegi әngime janryn әlemdik dengeyge kótergen ýlken qúbylys! Men keyde oilaymyn, Tәken “Qaraoydan” ózge eshnәrse jazbaghan kýnning ózinde-aq, ol bir “Qaraoy” әngimesimen qazaq әdebiyetining tarihynda mәngilik qalar edi. Biraq, búl óz aldyna bólek taqyryp.
Al, býgingi sóz Tәkenning prozalyq shygharmalary turaly emes. Ángime Tәkennin “Júmbaq jany” turaly bolmaq. Abay shygharmashylyghyn taldaugha arnalghan Tәkennin “Júmbaq jan” atty enbegin – әdeby syn, ekinshileri – traktat, al ýshinshi bireuler – esse janrynda jazylghan monografiyalyq ghylymy enbek dedi. Mening kónilimning diti – osy ýshinshi núsqa! Sebebi, monografiya – belgili bir taqyrypty әr qyrynan, jan-jaqty zertteytin ghylymy enbek. Al, esse- filosofiyanyn, estetikanyn, әdeby synnyn, kórkem әdebiyetting túraqtalghan, qalyptasqan tújyrymdaryna basqa kózqaraspen jana qyrynan qarap,ózgeshe tolghap, kóne soqpaqtardan bólek, tyng boljamdarmen sony pikirlerge, jana týiindeulerge qúrylatyn janr. Olay bolsa, Tәken Álimqúlovtyn “Júmbaq janyn” janrlyq túrghydan taldap, zerdelesek, onda onyng esse-monografiya bolyp shyghary haq! Abay shygharmashylyghy turaly qalyptasqan kózqaras pen tújyrymdargha tipten basqasha, sony kózben qarap, aqyn shygharmashylyghyn jan-jaqty ghylymy túrghyda talday otyryp, tyng boljamdar aitqan Tәken Álimqúlovtyn “Júmbaq jany” – qazaq әdebiyetindegi “Esse-monografiya” janrynyng negizin saldy, basy boldy. Tәkennin “Júmbaq jany” nesimen erekshelendi? Ózgesheligi nede? Asa kýrdeli búl súraqtargha bir-eki auyz sózben jauap bere salu mýmkin emes.
“Júmbaq jan” – sóz zergeri Tәkenning tek ózine ghana tәn kórkemdik erekshelikpen, asa qúnarly tilde jazylghan kýrdeli enbek. Búl – bir. Ekinshiden, “Júmbaq jan” – ózgeshe tyng derekter men dәiekterge sýiene otyryp, aitylghan ghylymy oilarymen, belgili týjyrymdardy basqasha saralaytyn avtorlyq kózqarasymen de erekshelenedi. Mine, osy ózgeshelikter Tәkennin “Júmbaq janyn” basqa ghylymy enbekterden bólekteu alyp, oqshau biyikke kóterip túr.
Tәken Álimqúlovtyng “Júmbaq janyn” monografiyalyq ghylymy enbek deytin sebebimiz, avtor óz enbeginde Abaydyng ómir sýrgen zamany, onyng ósken ortasy, bilim alghan mektepteri, Abaydyng qazaq ólenine engizgen janalyghyna, aqyn ólenderining qúnary men poetikasyna, olardyng nasihaty men taralu joldaryna ghana emes, aqynnyng otbasy men әkesi Qúnanbaygha da toqtalyp ótedi. Ekinshiden, qazirgi “Abaytanu” ghylymynda hәkim Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderi dep atalyp jýrgen:
- Halyq danalyghy – halyq auyz әdebiyetine
- Batystan kelgen Europalyq ghylym bilimge
- Abay shygharmashylyghynyng taghy da bir ruhany qaynar kózi – shyghys әdebiyetining Abaygha әserine toqtalghan avtor, Abay shygharmalaryna tekstologiyalyq taldaular da jýrgizedi.
Basy ashyq bir mәsele bar. Ol – Abaydyng ósken ortasy men bilim alghan mektepterine toqtalyp, aqyn shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderin asha otyryp, Abay ólenderine tekstologiyalyq taldau jýrgizu – Tәken Álimqúlovtyn “Abaytanu” ghylymyndaghy ashqan janalyghy, -dep oilasaq, qatelikke úrynyp, búrys ketemiz. Abaydyng zamany men ósken ortasyn, aqyn ólenderi men onyng shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderin jan-jaqty saralay taldap, zertteu – 1905 jyly “Semipalatinskiy listok” gazetining № 250-252 -sandarynda jaryq kórgen últ kósemi Álihan Bókeyhannyn “Abay (Ibragiym) Kunanbaev” atty aznamalyq maqalasynan bastau alyp, “Abaytanu” ghylymynyng negizin salushy M.O.Áuezov enbekterinde terennen zerdelene taldana týsip, býgingi kýngi “Abaytanushylar” jalghastyryp otyrghan – sonarly jol, zertteu әdisi ekendigi, “Abaytanu” ghylymynan habardar әrbir oqushygha týsinikti jayt. Mine, osynday qalyptasqan ghylymy dәstýr arqyly, Tәken Álimqúlov ózinin “Júmbaq jan” dep atalatyn esse stiylinde jazylghan ghylymiy-monografiyalyq enbeginde, qazaq halqynyng úly aqyny Abay Qúnanbaev shygharmashylyghyn, aqyn shygharmalarynyng ruhany qaynar kózderin oqushysyna qalay ashyp, qanshalyqty taldap kórsete alghan?
Endigi әngimemizdi osy súraq tónireginde órbitsek...
Tәken Álimqúlov óz enbeginde Abaydyng ósken ortasy, tәlim alghan mektepterine, aqynnyng әkesi, “qaradan shyghyp han bolghan” agha súltan Qúnanbaygha toqtala otyryp, Qúnanbay turaly: “Aylasyna nayza baylamaytyn, aqyldy adam edi. ...Ol patsha ýkimetine arqa tirep, Tobyqtynyng qalyng elin qoyday ýiiredi, aq degenin – alghys, qara degenin – qarghys etedi, dәulet molyqtyrady [1, 8 b]”,-dep jazady.
Dәl qazirgi qazaq qoghamynda Abaydyng әkesi Qúnanbay turaly kópshilik pikiri ekige jarylyp túr. Birinshileri: qatigez, paraqor, aqyldy da zerek, ómirde óz ýstemdigin ornatqysy kelgen zorlyqshyl, dala feodaly dese, ekinshileri: Qúnanbaydy shekten tys asyra maqtap, ony halyqtyng qamyn jep, elding bolashaghyn oilaghan-dep, últtyq túlghagha ainaldyryp jýr.
«Patsha ýkimetine arqa tiredi»,- dey kelip: «qoyday ýiirdi», «aq degeni – alghys, qara degeni – qarghys» – túraqty tirkesterin sәtimen, óz ornynda qoldanghan sóz zergeri Tәken, Qúnanbaydyng óz ainalasyna ýstemdigin ornatqan, aqyldy da qatal, zorlyqshyl dala feodaly bolghanyn aita kelip, Qúnanbay turaly aitysushy eki taraptyng dauyna óz tóreligin aityp otyr. Odan ary qaray Qúnanbay turaly avtor: “Osynday syrqyndy Qúnanbay zerek Abaydy sәbiyinde moldagha oqytyp, segiz jasynda Semey shaharyndaghy Ahmet Riza imamnyng medresesine oqugha jiberedi [1, 8 b] ”,- dep jazyp, “syrqyndy” –dep, «aylasyna nayza baylamaytyn» Qúnanbay turaly jogharyda aitqan pikirin shegeley týsedi.
Ahmet Riza diny medresesinde bilim alghan Abay jayyn avtor: “Dýnie jýzindegi eng bir shytyrman, eng bir qiyn, maghynasyz oqu-diny sabaqtar jýretin medresede Abay da onay azap tartqan joq. Maghynasy jat diny kitaptardyng әrbir harpine shúqshiyp, jattap alugha mәjbýr boldy. Medresede eresek adamdar da oqushy edi. Olar da qúrannyng týsiniksiz sózderin jattap, oraza tútyp,namaz oqyghannan basqa ómirge juysatyn paydaly ilim ala almaushy edi [1, 8 b] ”,- dep jazyp ghylym oqytpaytyn sholostikalyq diny medreselerding oqu jayyn sóz etedi.
Abay oqyghan sol kezenning diny medreselerindegi “qadymsha” (eskishe) dep atalatyn oqu jýiesin, tatar halqynyng aghartushy ghalymy IY.Gaspirinskiy 1891 jyly jaryq kórgen “Orys músylmandyghy” enbeginde: “Býgingi tatar medresesining baghdarlamasy – kitaby arab tili, teologiya jәne sholostika. Oqytu әdisi – úryp migha kirgizu jәne jattatqyzu, jattatqyzu jәne úryp migha kirgizu”,- dep qatty synap, kýiine jazady. Tatar halqynyn aghartushylary Shihabeddin Marjani, Ghalymjan Barudi, Hayrullah Osmaniylerden bastau alatyn “jәdidshilikti” (janasha oqytu әdisi) keyinnen sol IY.Gaspirinskiy XIX ghasyrdyng sonyna qaray býkil músylman medreselerining oqu jýiesine engizip, din sabaqtarymen birge matematika, jaghrafiya, jalpy tarih sekildi ghylymdardy oqytatyn “Ghaliya” (jogharghy) medreselerin ashqany belgili. Qazaq realisttik prozasynyng negizin salushylardyng biri,úly jazushymyz Beyimbet Maylinning bilim alghan jeri-Ufadaghy osynday “Ghaliya” medresesi edi.
Al, Abay ghylymnan maqúrym, “qadymsha” (eskishe) oqytatyn Semeydegi tatar imamy Ahmet Riza medresesinde oqydy. Medresedegi Abaydyng oqu jayyn sóz etetin Tәken: “Poeziyagha erte әuestendi. Medresede arab, farsy tilin ýirengen Abay shyghys aqyndaryn qúmarta oqydy. Bar ynta-yqylasy solargha audy. Shyghys klassikterining ghajayyp shygharmalary jas Abaydyng oi-qiyalyn terbetti. Tәtti armandar tughyzdy [1, 9 b]”,-dep jazady.
Men qazir oilaymyn,ghylym oqytpaytyn, oqytudyng belgili metodikalyq tәsil-jýiesi joq, IY.Gaspirinskiyding tilimen aitqanda “úryp migha kirgizetin” diny medresede “qadymsha” oqyghan Abaydyng medrese qabyrghasynda jýrip, arab, farsy tilderin mengerip, bilim shyghuy qanshalyqty qisyndy?
Abaydyng balasy Túraghúldyng esteligi boyynsha týigen oiymyz: Tabighat ana Abaygha ómirde siyrek kezdesetin ghajayyp jady, yaghny erekshe este saqtau qabiletin syilaghan. Talaspaymyz. Jón delik. Biraq, sen qansha jerden qabiletti,este saqtau jadyn myng jerden myqty bolsa da tildik orta (yazykovaya sreda) jәne til ýiretetin belgili jýiesi joq, shalaghay oqytatyn sol kezdegi diny medreselerde, ainaldyrghan 3-4 jyldyng kóleminde “Farsy” jәne “Semiyd” tobyna jatatyn, bir-birine mýldem úqsamaytyn eki tildi qalaysha tez arada mengere qongha bolady? Abay shynymen arab jәne farsy tilderin bilgen be? Dәl osy súraq tónireginde úly abaytanushy ghalym M.Áuezov:
“Bizde býgingi kýnge sheyin Abaydyng Shyghyspen baylanysyn aitqanda, keybir jaylar úshqary sóilenedi. Abay músylmansha oqyghandyqtan arab pen farsy tilin týgel bilgen bolyp suretteledi. Keybir zertteushiler Abaydy arab,parsy klassikterin de týgel bilgen etip qoyady. Anyghynda, 3-4 jyl músylmansha oqyghanymen ol kezdegi shaban oqytudyng shalaghay metodikasyn eske alghanda Abay arabtyng klassikalyq poeziyasyn týgel úgharlyq dәrejege jetti deu, asyra sóileu bolady. Sondyqtan da, myna sanaghan aqyndardyng ishinde arabtyng klassikteri Mútan-Ábbi, Ábil-Ghala-Maghrilar kezdespeydi. Oghan tilderi týsinikti, eng jaqyn aqyn bolghandyqtan Nauai, Fzuly ýlgisi kóp әser etedi. Sol aqyndar,ózine ýlgi etken Firdausi, Saghdi, Qoja-Hafiz tәrizdi úly klassikter, eski ózbek tiline audarylyp, Abaygha sol audarma arqyly tanys boluy kónilge qonymdyraq kórinedi. Búl songhylardy Abay bilgende týrikshilengen audarmalarynan bilui kerek [2, 94 b]”,- dep jazady ózining Abay shygharmashylyghyna arnaghan “Abay (Ibrahiym) Qúnanbayúly” atty ghylymiy-monografiyasynda.
Abaytanu ghylymynyng negizin salushy M. Áuezov pikirimen kelispeske negiz joq. Abay zamany emes, qazirgi jogharghy diny oqu oryndaryn bitirgen sauatty imamdar uaghyz aityp, Qúrannan ýzindi keltirip, teologiyalyq-diny termindermen sóilegende arab tilinde sóilep otyrghanday bolyp kórinedi. Anyghynda, solardyng kóbisi arabtyng auyzeki әdeby sóileu tilin bilmeydi.
Shygharmalarynda qoldanghan diny terminder men Qúran ayattaryna qarap, biz Abaydyng arab-әdeby tilin qanshalyqty mengergenin bile almaymyz. Medresede músylmansha oqyghandyghyna qarap, Abaydy arab, parsy tilderin bildi dep aitu, M.Áuezov tilimen aitqanda: «asyra sóileu» bolady. Búl jaghday Abaydyng bedeline núsqan keltirip túrghan joq! Abay – hәkim. Ol – ghúlama ghalym. Búl – aqiqat! Til men ghylymdy mengeru – eki týrli, eki bólek dýniye! Sebebi, tildi mengeru – ghylym arqyly emes, - tildik orta men daghdy arqyly keledi. Al, Abayda tildik orta da, sol orta arqyly keletin tildik daghdy da bolghan joq. Sondyqtan, 3-4 jyl medresede oqyghan Abaydy arab, parsy tilderin týgel mengerdi deu – úshqary pikir.
Tәken ózinin “Júmbaq jan” dep atalatyn esse-monografiyasynda Abay ómir sýrgen zamandy jan-jaqty tereninen surettey otyryp, oqushy oiyn Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderine qaray búrady. Aqyn shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderin avtor ghylymy túrghyda tolyq ashyp kórsetti desek, bir jaqty búrys ketemiz. Ol óz shygharmasynda Abay shygharmashylyghynyng qaynar kózderi mynalar dep ashyq aityp jazbaghan. Esse janrynda jazylghan óz enbeginde, jazyp otyrghan taqyryp jelisin jan bitire surettep, oqushy qiyalyn oyatyp alghan Tәken, Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderin olargha biliner bilinbes ýzik syzyqtarmen kórsete otyryp, aitqysy kelgen negizgi oiyn birer sózben ghana týiindep ótedi. Jas Abaygha shyghys aqyndarynyng әseri turaly Tәken: “Shyghys klassikterining ghajayyp shygharmalary jas Abaydyng oy qiyalyn terbetti, tәtti armandar tughyzdy [1, 9 b] ”,- dey kelip: “Abaygha sheyingi shyghys әdebiyetinde qoghamdyq kýshting salmaghy, adamdardyng qarym-qatynasy, ortanyng yqpaly, ómir qayshylyghy Abay tvorchestvosyndaghyday ishki baylanysy men qomaqty kórinis tapqan emes [1, 53 b] ”,-deydi. Abaydyng shyghyspen baylanysy turaly avtor eki-aq auyz sóz aitqan. Bar bolghany osy.
Ras, Abay eliktegen shyghys aqyndarynyng shygharmashylyghynda ózderi ómir sýrgen qogham, sol ortadaghy adamdardyng psihologiyalyq ishki qayshylyghy men sol dәuirding shyndyq ómiri realistik túrghyda surettelgen joq. Olar somdaghan keyipkerlerding bolmysy men minezi naghyz ómirden tym alshaq jatty. Ádeby teneuleri de shekten tys qiyaly keletin shyghys aqyndary shyndyq ómirding shynayy beynesin bere almady. Abay eliktegen shyghys aqyndaryna tәn búl kemshilikterdi týgel ataghan Tәken, óleng qúru sheberligi, týr janalyghy jóninde Shyghys aqyndarynan Abay ýirengen janalyqtargha toqtalmaydy. Bir sózben aitqanda, Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderining biri bolyp tabylatyn shyghys әdebiyeti men shyghys arqyly kelgen diniy-morali filosofiyasynyng Abay shygharmashylyghyna jasaghan yqpaly men Abaydyng shyghystyq kózqarasyn Tәken óz shygharmasynda jan-jaqty oidaghyday etip taldap, kórsetip bere almaghan. Onyng maqsat etpegen de sekildi. Abaydyng shyghyspen baylanysyna atýsti qarap, tereng mәn bermegen Tәken, Abay shygharmashylyghy qaynar kózderining eng negizgisi, qazaq halyq auyz әdebiyetining Abaygha etken әseri men yqpalyn tamasha týiindep ótedi. Avtor:
“Nemeresin jýregimen mәpelegen Zere ózi sheksiz kóp biletin ertegi, jyrlary men Abay qiyalyn әldiyleuden jalyqqan joq edi. Sahara óleng – jyrgha, әn-kýi, ne-ne tamasha eposqa, ertegilerge, anyzdargha toly bolatyn. Sonyng bәri medresede oqyghan Abay qiyalynda shyghys poeziyasyna úlasqan son, Abaydyng aqyndyq yntyqtyghy erte oyanady. Ol shyghys aqyndaryna eliktep ólender jazady. Átten, bizge biren-sarany ghana jetti. Áriyne, medresede jýrgen shәkirt Abaydyng ólenderi, әsirese, til jaghynan shúbarlau, halyq túrmysynan jyraqtau edi”,- dey kelip: “Dau-dalbagha jii týsip, biylik aitatyn Abay ýshin útymdy, oramdy til,sheshen sóz kerek edi. Osy jolda ol búryn-sondy sózuarlyq múragha, maqal-mәtelderge, mysqyldargha, týrli aitystargha, ólen-jyrlargha, qysqasy foliklorlyq baylyqqa taghy qayta oralady. Tereng zeyin qoyyp, keninen qamtidy, mol ýirenedi. Halyq sózining quatyn, nәshin úghady. ...Asyly últtyq dәstýrden tysqary túratyn geniy bolmasa kerek. Abay turaly da osyny aituymyz maqúl. Abay da halyq poeziyasyna arqa sýiedi [1, 9-10 b] ”,- dep jazyp Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózining biri halyq auyz әdebiyetinin sóz etedi. Ayghaqtap, ashyp aitpaydy, isharamen ghana núsqaydy.
Abay shygharmashylyghyn taldauda avtor, “Esse” janryn sәtti tandaghan. Auyz әdebiyetining Abaygha bergen yqpaly men әserin ghylymy stilide jazsan, birneshe paraq bolar edi. Sol birneshe paraqqa jazylatyn ghylymy oidy Tәken “Esse janry” arqyly eki-aq abzasqa syighyzghan. Al, jetkizbek bolghan oidyng ghylymy týp negizi týgel saqtalghan. Bilim men parasattan nәr alghan sheberlik degenimiz osy! Shyndyghyna kelgende, halyq auyz әdebiyetining nәshine uyzynan jaryp, mol ruhany nәr alghan Abay shyghystyng әdeby núsqalarymen birge qazaq halyq auyz әdebiyetining barlyq týrin jetik bilgen. Oghan dәlel Abaydyng balasy Túraghúldyng Abay turaly esteligi. Ol әkesi Abay turaly óz esteliginde: “...Keybir týnderde ya kitapqa, ya qúmalaqqa týsip ketpese, bireuge ertegi aitqyzyp, ya ózi aityp otyratyn edi. Bireuge aitqyzghanda: búryn esitpegen ertegisindey yntasyn sala tyndap,bir sózin qaqpay әbden aityp bolghan son, aitushynyng adasqan jeri bolsa qaytadan ózi aityp týzep berushi edi. Qazaqtyng ertegilerinde esitpegen-bilmegen ertegisi kem shyghar. Sonda: qazaqtyng eski ertegisinen búryn qay jerlerde jýrgeni, kórshiles, kýndes elder qay júrttar ekeni diny bilimining qandaylyq kezde shygharylghany, elding eski salty, armany, kәsip qareketi ne ekeni kórinedi deushi edi. Jas kezinde de parsy júrtynyng Yamshiyd, Qaharman sekildi ertegi kitaptaryn kóp oqysa kerek. Ózim kórgende: “Myng bir týnnin” kitabyn oqyp, bizding eldi “Myng bir týnmen” alghashqy tanystyrghan mening әkem [3, 171 b]”, - dep jazady.
Estelikke qaraghanda, qazaq auyz әdebiyeti núsqalary Abaygha óz últynyng tarihyn, túrmysyn, salt-dәstýrin, armany men kәsip-qareketin tereng bilu ýshin qajet bolghan. Sonymen qatar halqymyzdyng auyz әdebiyeti Abaygha bilim nәrin berip qana qoyghan joq, Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderine de ainaldy. Dәl osy tújyrym Tәkenning avtorlyq kózqarasy arqyly “Júmbaq janda” óz órisin әdemi tapqan.
Abay shygharmashylyghynyng ruhany qaynar kózderin sóz etkende – Abaydyng batys órkeniyetimen baylanysyna soqpay ketu mýmkin emes. Abaydyng batys mәdeniyetimen baylanysy orys tili arqyly boldy. Búl – anyq! “Abaygha orys tili – mәdeniyet dýniyesining esigin ashyp beretin kilt boldy. Biraq, sol kilt basqa da kәdelerine asatynyn ol jaqsy bildi. Nemese, orystyng revolusiyashyl – demokrattarymen Lev Tolstoydyng romandaryn oqyp jýrip tanysqan Abay, orys tilin solardyng aqyly boyynsha ýirenip edi dep aita almaymyz [1, 12 b] ”,- dep ótken XX ghasyrdyng jetpisinshi jyldarynyng bas jaghynda aitqan Tәken pikiri, “Abaytanu” ghylymynda jel eskendey janalyghymen de qúndy.
Últymyzdyng úly aqyny Abay ómiri men shygharmashylyghyna baylanysty kez-kelgen sony pikir, jana aqparatty jan-jaqty taldap, saraptap, zerdeley zertteu – bizding mindetimiz.
“Dýniyege kózimdi ashqan – Mihaels”, - degen Abay sózin perde etip ústaghan kóptegen abaytanushylar: “Abaygha ghylymdy da, orys tilin de ýiretken – Mihaels”, - degen pikirdi ótken ghasyrdyng alpysynshy jyldarynda “Abaytanu” ghylymyna myqtap ornyqtyrghan-dy. “Abaytanu” ghylymyndaghy myzghymas qaghidagha ainalghan osy pikirge alghash ret Tәken Álimqúlov ýlken kýdikpen qarady. Ghylymdy jasaushylar – eshtemege senbey,anyq degen nәrsening ózine de kýdikpen qaraytyn skeptikter,- degen sózding maghynasyn sonda payymdaghanday boldyq.
Shynynda da, Abay jasaghan audarmalardy týp núsqamen salystyra qarap otyrsaq, Abaydyng orys tilin óte tereng bilip, mengergenin bayqaymyz.
Ghylym ýshin úsaq-týiek nәrse joq,- degen qaghidany eske alsaq, Abaydyng orys tilin qaydan, qalay ýirengenin bilu úsaq-týiek nәrse emes. Sonda Abay Orys tilin qaydan ýirengen?
Búl orayda bizding aitarymyz mynau:
Birinshiden, Abaydyng әkesi Qúnanbay agha súltan, tobyqty ruynyng starshyny bolyp el basqarghanda, sol kezdegi qazaqtan shyghyp el basqarghan bolys-súltandardyng kóbi sekildi sauatsyz әri orys tilin bilmegendikten, el basqarudaghy is-qaghazdardy orys tilinde jýrgizip otyratyn onyng hatshylary men tilmashtary bolghan. Abay osy audarmashy-hatshylar arqyly bala kezinen-aq, óz auylynda orys tilin estip ósken. Búl Abaydyng orys tiline degen qyzyghushylyghyn erte oyatuy ghajap emes. Lingvist-ghalymdardyng pikirinshe, tildi ýirenu ýshin oghan qúlaqty erte kezden jattyqtyryp, sol tildegi sózderdi týsinbese de estip jýruding manyzy zor.
Ekinshiden, Abay ýsh ay «prihodskaya shkolada» oqyghan. Abaydyng balasy Túraghúldyng esteliginde aitylghanday, tabighat-ana Abaygha ómirde siyrek kezdesetin qaytalanbas ghajayyp jady (pamyati) syilaghan. Sondyqtan da Abay ýsh ay orys oquynda, til ýirenude júrttyng 1-2 jylda jetetin jetistigine birden jetui bek mýmkin.
Ýshinshiden, Abaydyng toqal sheshesi Ayghyzdan tughan Haliolla degen bauyry oryssha oqyghan. Tarihiy-múraghattyq qújattarda rastalghanday, ol 1863- 1869 jyldary Ombydaghy Shoqan Uәlihanov oqyghan Kadet korpusyna týsip, ony bitirip, "kornet" ataghyn alyp, ofiyser bolyp shyghady. Búdan son, Haliolla Moskvadaghy Pavlovskiy kovalerskiy shkoldy bitiredi.
Cankt-Peterburgtegi memlekettik múraghattan Álkey Marghúlan tapqan derekterge qaraghanda Haliolla Óskenbaev jastyghyna qaramay ýlken oqymysty bolghan sekildi. Ol professor IY.N.Berezinge jәne Shoqannyng ústazy N.F.Kostyleskiyge qazaq halyq auyz әdebiyetining Jiyrenshe sheshen, Qozy Kórpesh-Bayan súlu, Enlik-Kebek sekildi núsqalaryn jazyp berip, olarmen tyghyz ghylymy qarym-qatynasta bolghan.
Tәken ózining “Júmbaq janynda” osy Haliolla men Abay turaly: “Orys-Týrik soghysy kezinde (1876-1878) Abay Qúnanbaevtyng qazaq halqyna ashyq hat jazyp, orys әskerine jәrdemdesuine shaqyrghany mәlim. Onyng tughan inisi Haliollanyng Ombydaghy kadet korpusyn bitirgen ofiyserding ,sol soghysqa qatysqany jәne mәlim [1, 21 b] ”,- degen tarihy mәlimet keltiredi.
Al, G.N.Potaninnin Sankt-Peterburgten shyghatyn “Russkoe bogatsvo” jurnalynyn 1896-jylghy №8 sanynda jariyalanghan “V yurte poslednego kirgizskogo sarevicha” («Qazaqtyng songhy hanzadasynyng kiyiz ýiinde») atty maqalasyndaghy jazbalargha qaraghanda Haliolla Óskenbaev sol kezdegi orystyng aqyl-oy alyptary Belinskiy, Dobrolubovtarmen qatar orys klassik jazushylary Pushkiyn, Tolstoy, Turgenev, Lermontovtardy jaqsy bilgen. Bilimqúmar Abay, orys oquyn bitirgen, oqymysty ofiyser inisi Haliolla arqyly orys klassikterimen erte kezden tanys boluy әbden mýmkin.
Onyng ýstine Abay әkesi Qúnanbay arqyly el basqaru isine erte kirisip, orys úlyqtarymen de erte aralasqanyn este tútyp, jogharyda keltirgen dәiekterge sýiene otyryp aitarymyz: Abay orys tilin biz oilap jýrgendey otyzdan asqanda emes, odan kóp erte bilgen deuimizge tolyq negiz bar.
Mihaels arqyly ghylymdy sala-sala boyynsha keyinirek mengergen Abaydyn: «Qolymdy mezgilinen kesh sermedim»,- degen sózin perde etip, Abay orys tilin kesh ýirenip, orys klassiyk-jazushylarymen kesh tanysqan degen pikir qalyptasyp ketken. Abaydyng búl jerde "qolymdy mezgilinen kesh sermedim" - dep ókinui, orys tilin biluge baylanysty emes, jalpy ghylymdy mengerip iygerude keshiktim, uaqytty bosqa ótkizip, kesh bastadym,- dep ókinui ekenin dúrys týsingenimiz maqúl. Qalay desek te, Abay orys tilin óte jaqsy bilip, tereng mengerdi. Oghan dәlel Abaydyng audarmalary. Abaydyng orys tilin bilip, mengerui jónindegi týrli pikirlerdi birer sózben týiindesek, Tәken aghamyzdyn: “Orys revolusiyashyl-demokrattarymen Lev Tolstoydyng romandaryn oqyp jýrip tanysqan Abay, orys tilin solardyng aqyly boyynsha ýirenip edi dep aita almaymyz [1, 12 b] ”,- degen pikirinin ghylymy negizi óte joghary.
Tәken ózining “Júmbaq janynda”: “Shynynda da, Mihaels, Gross, Dolgopolovtar Abaygha ýlken oy saldy. Búlar qazaq halqynyng túrmys-halin, әdet-ghúrpyn, mәdeniyetin zerttedi. Abaydyng orys dostary oghan kerekti әdebiyetti ekshep beristi. Solar arqyly Abay orys әdebiyetimen tolyq tanysyp, tereng úqty. Batys әdebiyetimen mol tanysty. Filosofiya ghylymmen úzaq shúghyldandy. Ol Spenserdin, Spinozanyn, Millidin, Dreperdin, Tenning shygharmalaryn oqydy, biraz uaqyt Darvin ghylymymen ainalysady [1, 13 b], ”,-dep jazyp, Abay oqyghan ghylym salalary arqyly Abay kitaphanasynyng kólemin anyqtaydy. Abay kitaphanasynyng kólemi degeninen shyghady, Abay shygharmashylyghy turaly enbegine ýlken dayyndyqpen kirisken Tәken, Abay men Abay ainalasy – Qúnanbay, Ospan, Haliolla, Ysqaq turaly búryn aitylmaghan belgisiz, beyresmy týrli aqparattardy óz enbeginde molynan paydalanghan. Mine, osynday búryn belgisiz bolghan beyresmy aqparattardyng biri – 1964-jyly “Qazaq әdebiyeti” gazetine jariyalanghan, Sadyq Qasimanovtyng “Abay esimi amerikan әdebiyetinde” atty maqalasy. Búl maqaladan Tәken óz enbeginde ýzindi keltirip, sәtti paydalanady. Maqala avtory Sadyq Qasimanov amerikan jurnaliysi hәm sayahatshysy Djordj Kennannyng 1906-jyly “Sibir y ssylka” degen ataumen Peterburgte orys tilinde jaryq kórgen kitabynan bylay dep ýzindi keltiredi.
«Keshki qúrym biz qalagha (Semeyge) qaytyp keldik te, Leontievting ýiine bardyq. Búl ýige kóptegen beytanys adamdar jinalghan eken. Leontievting ýiinde Spenserding sureti iluli túrdy. Basqa jihaz joq. Qonaq sany on bes adam boldy. Kónildi, qyzyqty, erkin әngime, bizderdi bir-birimizge tez tanystyrdy. Mening keybir súraqtaryma jauap bere otyryp, Leontiev maghan Semey qalasy kitaphanasy qalay júmys istey bastaghanyn bayan etti. Kitaphananyng jer audarylyp kelgen múnlyqtargha ghana uanysh emes ekenin, qala halqynyng oi-órisin keneyterlik ruhany azyghyna ainalghanyn aityp ótti.
- Kerek deseniz, búl kitaphanany qazaqtargha sheyin paydalanady. Men Ibrahim Qúnanbaev degen qart qazaqty bilemin. Ol – kitaphananyng bayyrghy oqyrmany. Tipti, ol Milli, Bokli, Dreper syndy avtorlardy da oqidy.
- Semeyde Milli men Dreperding enbekterin oqugha dәrmeni jeterlik qazaqtardyng bolghany ma?! – dep bir student tandana dauystady.
- Maghan sensenizder, osy. Ol qazaqpen kezdesken alghashqy kýnning ózinde-aq, ol ózining bilim parasatymen tang qaldyrdy. Ol menen induksiya men deduksiyanyng aiyrmashylyghyn týsindirudi súrady. Sodan beri onyng aghylshyn filosoftarynyng enbegin egjeylep, zerttep jýrgenin jәne men ataghan avtorlardyng әmmesin týgel oqyghanyna kóz jetkizdim.
- Sonymen, siz, ol qazaqty sol oqyghandaryn týsinedi dep oilaysyz ba? – dep managhy student jigit qayta órshelendi.
- Dreperding "Evropanyng oi-órisining órkendeui" atty kitaby jayynan men odan qatarynan eki týn emtihan aldym. Soghan qaraghanda, onyng týsingenine senemin...» [1, 15 b] (Sadyq Qasimanov. “Abay esimi amerikan әdebiyetinde” maqala, “Qazaq әdebiyeti” 25 dekabri,1964 j.№ 52 (727) [1, 15 b]
Berilgen ýzindi dәiek sózden biz ne bayqaymyz? Birinshiden, Tәken ózining “Júmbaq janyna” ýlken jauapkershilikpen kirisip, Abay jayyndaghy týrli aqparattardy erinbey-jalyqpay jinap, oqushy nazaryna úsynghan. Búl – Tәkenning “Júmbaq janynyn” ghylymy negizin jogharylata týsken. Ekinshiden, Abay kitaphanasy, yaghny Abay oqyghan kitaptar arqyly biz Abaydyng bilimi men parasat dengeyin baghamdaymyz. Eng alghash ret 1891 jyly, Abaydyng tiri kezinde London qalasynda aghylshyn tilinde jaryq kórgen amerikan jurnalisti Djordj Kennannyng “Sibir jәne jer audarylghandar” atty kitabyndaghy Abay turaly derekterge qaltyqsyz sengen Tәken Álimqúlov: “Progresshil amerikan jurnalistining Abay Qúnanbaev haqynda aitqandarynyng týgeldey rastyghyna kýmәn bolmasqa kerek. Búl kez Abaydyng filosofiyadan, әdebiyetten mol bilim alghan kezi edi. Ol Belinskiy men Chernyshevskiy, Saltykov-Shedrinning shygharmalaryn tolyq oqyp, Pushkin men Lermontovtyn, Krylovtyng shygharmalaryn audaryp jýrgen bolatyn. Onyng ýstine, Batys jazushylarynyng shygharmalaryn da molynan bilgen [1, 15 b]”,- dep jazady.
Abay ózinshe Europa biliminen kóp izdenip oqyp, bertinde Mihaels, Gross sekilddi zor bilimdi adamdarmen súhbattasa jýrip, pikirles, mәjilistes boluy, Abaydyng aldyna jana jaryq dýnie esigin ashqanday bolady. Sonymen 1884-1885 jyldary Abay jasy qyryqqa taman kelgende, ghylymnyng týrli salalarynan mol maghlúmaty bar, әrnәrsege ózindik kózqarasy, syny bar, óz zamanynyng el sózin ústaghan kisilerden sonaghúrlym bilimdi, ozghyn kisi bolyp, bólinip shyghady. Abaydyng óz aituynsha, ómirining osy túsyn: “Otyzdyng ishinen bastap Evropa oqymystylarynyng kóp kitaptaryn oqyp, qyryqqa taman kelgen uaqytta búrynghy dýniyening asty ýstine shyghyp ózgerdi. “Kýnshyghysym – kýnbatys, kýnbatysym – kýnshyghys bolyp ketti [3, 135 b]”, - deydi.
Oqu arqyly kelgen bilimning arqasynda Abayda ýlken-ýlken pikir ózgeristeri boldy. Ol búrynghy oi-pikirlerine mýldem jana, basqa kózqaraspen qarady. Shyghys ilimi arqyly qalyptasqan búrynghy kózqarasyna Abay batys ilimi arqyly da qaray bastaydy. Óz basyndaghy osynday pikir ózgeristerin Abay beyneli týrde: “Kýnbatysym – kýnshyghys, kýnshyghysym – kýnbatys bolyp ketti”,- dep aitqan sekildi. Abaydyng búl sózderine qarap, Abay ózining shyghystyq kózqarasynan mýldem bas tartypty dep oilap qalugha bolmaydy. Abay kez-kelgen kózqaras pen pikirdi ýlken synmen, biyik talghampazdyqpen qabyldap, ózining shyghystyq kózqarasy arqyly kelgen últtyq bolmysynyng “oy qazyghyna” bir shalyp ketip otyrghan. Qalay desek te, Abay ómirining osy túsynda, onyng jeke óz basynda oi-pikir ózgeristeri bolghany anyq. Abay ómirining osy túsyn Tәken: “Abay shyghys mәdeniyetin mengergende talghampazdyqpen synay qarap mengerdi. Diny uaghyzdardan qashty. Mahabbat bostandyghyn, әdiletshildikti, әleumettik progressti jyrlaytyn syrshyl poeziyagha qúmartty. Ol Nizamiydi, Nauaiydi, Hafizdi, Saadiydi, Fizuliydi, Firdousiydi, Shәmәndi qadir tútty... Osy aqyndardyng basym kópshiligi zor ghúlama bolghanyn da Abay bildi. Sóite túra, ol orys әdebiyetine boy úrdy. Búnyng negizgi sebebi, Abaydyng qayratkerliginde, sanatkerliginde (prosvetiytelistvo) jatyr. Ýstem tapty ayausyz әshkereleu, minep sheneu ýshin, qalyng búqaranyng sana sezimin oyatu ýshin realistik ýlgi ónege kerek boldy. Búny Abay orys әdebiyetinen tapty [1, 25-26 b]”,-deydi.
Avtordyng osy pikirin taldap kórelikshi. Abaygha realiytik әdebiyet ýlgilerining qajettiligi turaly Tәkenning “qalyng búqaranyng sana sezimin oyatu ýshin”, - degen pikirimen kelisemiz de, “ýstem tapty ayausyz әshkereleu ýshin”, - degen pikirmen kelispeymiz.
Batys pen Shyghysty teng mengerip, ruhany biyikke kóterilgen bilimdar Abay óz elining nadandyghyn, artta qalghan mesheuligin kórip, el ishindegi úrlyq-qarlyq, jemkorlyq, jalqaulyq, partiyagha bólinu sekildi týrli jaman minezderin synap, aghartushylyq jolgha týsip, sóz úgharlyq sanasy bar adamdargha aqyl aityp, ústaz bolghysy keledi. Áriyne, osy tәrbiyeshilik ústazdyq oiyn, aqyn Abay halqynyng sanasyna sinip tabighatymen bite qaynasqan óleng týrinde jetkizudi oilaydy. Ol óz ólenderin qalyng búqara halyqtyng sana sezimin oyatu ýshin qazaq qoghamyndaghy týrli ómir shyndyqtaryn sol kýiinde, shynayy týrde, әdebiyettegi realistik dәstýr arqyly jetkizudi maqsat etti. Búl – aqiqat!
“Ýstem tapty әshkereleu”, - degen oimen kelispeytin sebebimiz: Abay halyqty bay dep nemese kedey dep tapqa bólgen joq. Eger ol halyqty “ýstem tap ” nemese bay, kedey, - dep tapqa bólse, bay qalay bayydy, kedey nelikten kedey boldy, - degen “sayasy - ekonomikalyq” súraqtargha jauap berui shart.
Al, Abay ne bir óleninde, ne bolmasa bir qara sózinde búl súraq tónireginde mәsele kótermeydi. Sondyqtan da, aitarymyz: Abay halyqty bay, kedey dep tapqa bólmegen – últ aqyny.
Al, biraq “Júmbaq jannyn” avtory – Tәken Álimqúlov Abaydyng halyqty bay jәne kedey dep tapqa bólgenin qalaytyn sekildi. Óz enbeginde Abaydyng “Jaz” ólenin taldaghan avtor: “Búl ólende baydyng auyly suretteledi. Bay auyldyng jazghy sәn-saltanaty jyr bolady. Jalshylar ómiri kómeski qalady [1, 31 b] ”, - dep Abaydyn “jetilmegen әleumettik sanasyn” synap ótedi.
Abaydyng “Kýz” ólenin poetikalyq túrghydan tamasha taldaghan avtor aqynnyng “Qarasha jeltoqsan men sol bir eki ai” óleni turaly: “Abay “Qarasha jeltoqsan men sol bir eki ai”deytin óleninde auyldaghy tap qayshylyghyn jitirek kórip,terenirek ashady [1, 32 b],”- dey kelip, ólende suretteletin kedey men bay ýiining ómirin salystyra taldaydy. Ólendi “taptyq túrghydan” taldaghan avtor: “Áriyne, osynday tap qayshylyghyn kórgenmen, ashqanmen, oghan sayasy mәn berip, sayasy úrangha shaqyrarlyq dәrejege Abay jetken joq. Qoghamdyq qúrylystyng әdiletsizdikterin qanshama shenese de, onyng tórkinin týgel bilgen joq. ...Tap qayshylyghy ýgitpen bitise almaytynyn úghynbaydy [1,33 b]”, - deydi.
Abay “Qarasha, jeltoqsan men sol bir eki ai” óleninde kedey men bay ýiining ómirin Tәken Álimqúlov aitqanday taptyq túrghydan emes, realistik túrghydan suretteydi. Abay ne sezindi, neni kórdi – sol suretti shynayy týrde, realistik pishimde, óleng týrinde qaghaz betine týsirdi. Kedey nege kedey? Bay qalay bayydy? - degen súraqtar tónireginde aqyn Abay tipten oilanbaydy da. Sebebin taghy da qaytalaymyz: Abay halyqty tapqa bólmegen últ aqyny! Búl jerde Abaydyng halyqty bay jәne kedey dep tapqa bólgeni “partiyalyq әdebiyet” ruhynda tәrbiyelengen jazushy Tәken Álimqúlovqa kerek bolyp túrghan sekildi. Ol ýshin jazushyny kinәlaudyng esh qajeti joq. Búl – ýstem taptan shyqqan Abaydy kedeylerding “Kenes ókimetine” jaqyndatu ýshin Abaytanushy ghalymdardyng oilap tapqan amaly edi. Múhtar Áuezov ózining Abay shygharmashylyghyna arnalghan ghylymy monografiyasynda, Abaydyng dәl osy “Qarasha, jeltoqsan men sol bir eki ai” óleni turaly: “Búndaghy ózi kórsetip bergen tap qayshylyghy qarsylyqtary arqyly Abay qazaqtyng enbekshi qalyng elining joghyn joqtap, sonyng kónilindegi bar sherimen armanyn aitady”,-dey kelip: “Eng songhy joldarda... Bir qys saqta, tas bolma sen de o qúrly,-deu arqyly aqyn, bir jaghynan, kedeyge sol auyrtpalyq halden shyghar jolyn atay almaydy. Ekinshiden, bay men eki arasyna bitimshi bolghanday anghar tanytady. Áriyne aghartushylyq jolynda, qazaq kópshiligining qanaushy jauyn mol mysalymen, batyl synshyldyqpen keng ashyp bergen Abay, ózining zamanynda enbekshi elding tartysy qalay bolu kerek ekenin atap bere almady [2, 151-152 b] ”, - dep jazady. Búdan ary qaray avtor,enbekshi elding tartysy qalay bolu kerek ekenin Tolstoy da bilgen joq, - degendey Leninning “Tolstoy – orys revolusiyasynyng ainasy ” enbeginen dәiek sózder keltiredi.
Tәken de, Múhtar Áuezov te óz enbekterinde últ aqyny Abaydy kedey tabyna jaqyndatu ýshin “kedeylerge jany ashydy, biraq, tap qayshylyghyn sheshu joldaryn taba almady, oghan tarihy jaghday mýmkindik bermedi ”, - dep, Abaydy kinәlaghan bop, ólende joq “tap qayshylyghyn” oidan tauyp, tereng bilimderining arqasynda qos klassik jazushymyz, Abaydy kedeyding “Kenes ókimetinin” aldynda sәtti qorghap shyqqan.
Abay bir qazaqty bay jәne kedey dep tapqa bólmese de:
Kedeyding ózi jýrer maldy baghyp,
Otyrugha otyn joq ýzbey jaghyp, - dep kedeyge jany ashyp, “Qalyng elim qazaghym, qayran júrtym”, - dep, qalyng qazaqty “elim” - dep, eljirey sýietin búqarashyldyghy aqyn shygharmalarynyng ón-boyynan anyq angharylyp túrady. Aqynnyng osy búqarashyldyghyn – tap qayshylyghymen shatastyru jón emes. Búghan qarap, Abay zamanyndaghy qazaq qoghamynda tap qayshylyghy bolmaghan eken, - degen oy tuyndamasa kerek. Bizding aitpaghymyz: - Abay óz shygharmalarynda tap qayshylyghyn jyrlaghan joq. Zan-zәkýn qolymda bolsa, tәrbiyege kónbeydi degen kisining tilin keser edim,- degen Abay, barlyq qoghamdyq qayshylyqtardy oqu-bilim tәrbie arqyly sheshuge bolady dep eseptegen. Tәrbiye, bilim-ghylym, morali mәselesine qatty mәn berip, tereng bilim, jaqsy tәrbie arqyly qoghamdy ózgertuge bolady, - dep oilaghan Abay әleumettik qayshylyqtardy basqa jolmen sheshuge bolady dep eseptemegen de sekildi.
Kenes ókimet túsyndaghy abaytanushylardyng barlyghy derlik, Abay ólenderindegi kedeyding ómiri, tap qayshylyghy turaly aitsa boldy, mysalgha aqynnyng “Qarasha, jeltoqsan men sol bir eki ai” ólenin alady. Sebebi, Abaydyng osy atalghan óleninen basqa birde-bir óleninde kedey ómiri turaly bir kórinis te surettelmeydi.
Tәkenning “Ýstem tapty әshkerelep, minep-sheneu ýshin, qalyng búqaranyng sana sezimin oyatu ýshin realistik ýlgi-ónege kerek boldy [1, 26 b] ”, - degen sózderi Abaydyng aghartushylyq jolgha týsuining týp negizgi sebebin týgel ashyp kórsete almaydy. Tәken óz enbeginde Abaydyng aghartushylyq jolgha týsuining negizgi sebebin ghana emes, Abay ólenderindegi “uly oilar” toptamasyn da taldap týsindirip bere almaghan. “Tobyqtynyng soqtaly juandarynyng biri – Orazbay Aqqúlov ózge ozbyrlarmen bәtualasyp, top qúrady da 1898 jylghy Semey oyazyna qarasty bolys – biylerding qayta saylauynda Abaygha tayaq tiygizuden shimirikpedi. Kýnshil, baqasshyl tobyrdyng qiyanaty aqyn kóniline qayau salyp, qayratyn qajady. Ústaz esepti bolghan orys dostarynan qol ýzip, kәdimgidey jalghyzsyrap qalghan Abay dala juandarynyng jauyzdyghymen jalghyz alysa-alysa qajydy. Ruhany jalghyzdyqqa úshyrap, ishqúsalyqqa boy aldyrghan Abaydyng dýniyeden taryqpasqa sharasy joq edi. Halyqqa taraghan qauesetke qaraghanda, sansyz sahara shonjarlarynyng Abaygha әldeneshe ret u bergizgeni rasqa úqsaydy. Jiti baqsanyz, aqynnyng shygharmalarynda “udan ” ayaq alyp jýre almaysyz. “Uly susyn tógilsin”, “Men ishpegen u bar ma ?”, “Ótken kýnning ularyn”, “Ashuyn-u”, “Su eken-u eken” t.b [1,18 b] ”,- dep jazghan Tәken, Abay ólenderindegi “uly oilar” sebebin “Sahara shonjarlarynan qiyanat kórdi. Olarmen alysa-alysa qajydy. Orys dostarynan qol ýzip, Abay ruhany jalghyzdyqqa úshyrady”,- dep týsindirgisi keledi. “Udy u qaytarady demekshi”, “men ishpegen u bar ma?”- degen Abaydyng ózi de, jaulary bergen u dan ulanyp qalmas ýshin “u iship otyrghan [1, 18 b] ”,- degen boljam aitady. Dәl osy jerde “tórt ayaghyn teng basqan” bilimdar Tәken betinen qalqyp, terenge boylay almay otyr.
Batys pen Shyghysty teng mengerip, kóp izdenip oqyghan oqu-bilimining arqasynda, jasy qyryqqa taman kelgende Abayda kóptegen oi-pikir ózgeristeri bolghan. Ol qanday ózgerister edi? Abay arpalysqan oi, jantalas qimyl ýstinde halqyn óner-bilimge shaqyrady. Sebep nede?
Abay shygharmashylyghyna zer sala, oy kózimen oqyp shyqsan, sol shygharmalarynyng sonynda Abaydyng óz beynesi túrady. Ol birde mysqylday synay qarap túr, birde ashuly, birde kózinen qandy jas aghyp túrghanday. Nege Abay týrli beynede? Kýrdeli súraq. Abaygha baylanysty bizde qanday da bir kýrdeli mәsele tuynday qalsa, biz mindetti týrde Múhtar Áuezovke jýginemiz. Nege? Sebebi, M.Áuezov – “Abaytanu” ghylymynyng negizin salghan ghúlama ghalym. Bar sanaly ghúmyryn Abaydyng ómiri men shygharmashylyq múrasyn zertteuge arnaghan M.Áuezov, dýniyejýzine belgili “Abay joly” roman-epopeyasyn aitpaghanda, Abaydyng zamandas shәkirt aqyny Kókbay Janatayúlyna, balasy Túraghúl men inisi Kәkitaygha (Ghabdol-Hәkim) Abaydyng ómirbayany men Abay turaly estelikter jazdyryp,ózi “Abay aqyndyghynyng ainalasy”,“Abay-qazaq halqynyng úly aqyny”, “Velikiy syn naroda”, “Abay (Ibrahiym) Qúnanbayúly” sekildi ghylymy monografiyalar jazyp, 1940 jyldan bastap qazirgi Ál-Faraby atyndaghy Qazaq Últtyq uniyversiytetinde “Abaytanudyng ” arnauly kursyn ashyp, ózi sonda ómirining sonyna deyin leksiya oqyp, dәris jýrgizdi. Abaytanu ghylymynyng baghyt-baghdaryn aiqyndap, qazir bizding “Imanigýldi”, “Tolyq adam”,- dep atap jýrgen, “Abay iliminin” de negizin salushy da – Múhtar Áuezov.
Mine, osy Múhtar Áuezov Abaydyng ghylymy ómirbayanyn 1927-33 jyldar arasynda birinshi ret, ekinshi ret 1940 jyly,ýshinshi ret 1944 jyly, 1950 jyly tórtinshi ret tolyqtyryp basqan. M.Áuezov jazghan Abaydyng ghylymy ómirbayanynyng ishinde maghan erekshe únaytyny – 1927-1933 jyldar arasynda jazylghan birinshisi. Sebebi búl ómirbayan sayasattan tys, beytarap, Abay shygharmalarynyng týp-negizin tereninen týsinuge yqpaly asa mol-shynayy ghylymy enbek. Mine, osy Abay ghylymy ómirbayanynyng birinshi núsqasynda Qúnanbay Abaygha ýsh týrli syn aitady. Birinshisi, júrttyng bәrimen kýlip sóilesesin, jaydaq su siyaqtysyn, ekinshisi – kóringenmen jaqyn bolasyn, kisi talghamaysyn, ýshinshisi-orysshylsyn, orystyng dúshpandyghyn úmytasyn,- deydi. Abay Qúnanbay tarapynan ózine aitylghan osy ýsh synnyng ýsheuine de útymdy jauap qaytara kele, orysshylsyng degenge: “Zaman orystiki, ol-jengen, bil-jenilgen elmiz. Endigi kýnde alysatyn dúshpannyng ailasy men әdisin bilmesen, alysqa shyghudan maghyna joq. Men orystyng ózin sýimesem de, óneri men ebinen ýlgi alugha kerek [3, 123 b]”,-depti.
“Últtar dostyghy” degen jeleumen, kommunistik partiya iydeologiyasyn betperde etip ústaghan Kenestik orys shovinizmining túsynda “orys-jengen, biz – jenilgen elmiz”,- dep orystyng otarshyl sayasatyn ashyq aitu mýmkin emes edi. Sonda da bolsa, “orysshylsyn” degen Qúnanbay sózine Abay jauabyn ózgertpey, sol kýiinde jazu – M.Áuezov tarapynan jasalghan ýlken shygharmashylyq erlik, - dep baghalaghanymyz jón.
M.Áuezov jazghan Abaydyng ghylymy ómirbayanynyng songhy ýsh núsqasynda da, Abay tarapynan aitylghan búl sózder sol kezdegi partiyalyq iydeologiyagha sәikes ózgertilip, 1940 jylghy jazylghan 2-núsqasynda “orysshylsyn” degen sózder mýldem alynyp tastalynyp, ýshinshi núsqasynda [3, 293 b] jәne tórtinshi núsqasynda da [3, 368 b] “orysshylsyn” degen Qúnanbaygha Abay: Eger óner-bilimdi ýirenuden qashsaq, ol nadandyq bolar. Men óner-bilimi ýshin orysshylmyn, - dep jauap bergen. 1927-33 jyldar arasynda M.Áuezov jazghan Abay ghylymy ómirbayanynyng birinshi núsqasy sol kezdegi qoldanysta bolghan latyn әlipbiyinde jazylghan. Keyin biz kirilisa harpine ótkende, latyn әlipbiyinde jazylghan ghylymy enbek qazaq әdebiyeti tarihynyn baqytyna oray jazushy arhiyvining bir búryshynda eskerusiz úmyt qalghan sekildi. Qalay desek te, Áuezov jazghan Abay ghylymy ómirbayanynyng birinshi núsqasy, Kenes ókimetinin “qandy qolyna” ilikpey, bizding zamanymyzgha aman-esen jetui, “Abaytanu” ghylymy ýshin ýlken baqyt. Abaydyng ghylymy ómirbayanynyng birinshi núsqasyn M.Áuezov muzey-ýiining múraghatynan tauyp alyp, latyn harpinen qoldanystaghy kirilisa harpine kóshirip, ghylymy ainalymgha týsirgen, belgili abaytanushy ghalym – Mekemtas Myrzahmetúly. Sonymen, 1927-33 jyldar arasynda M.Áuezov jazghan Abay ghylymy ómirbayanynyng birinshi núsqasynda Abay: “Zaman orystiki, ol – jengen, biz – jenilgen elmiz. Endigi kýnde alysatyn dúshpannyng ailasy men әdisin bilmesen, onymen alysqa shyghudan maghyna joq. Men orystyng ózin sýimesem de, óneri men ebinen ýlgi alugha kerek [3, 122-123 b] ”,-deydi. Búl sóz – Abaydyng endigi qalghan ómirining maqsat-múraty boldy. Aqyn shygharmashylyghyn tereninen týsinuge yqpaly asa zor, Abaydyng dәl osy sózinen úly aqynnyng halyqty óner bilimge shaqyrghan aghartushylyq oilarynyng “týp temirqazyghyn” angharamyz. Abay shygharmashylyghyndaghy aqynnyng janayghayyn týsinemiz. “Orystyng ózin sýimesem de , ol – jengen , biz – jenilgen elmiz”, - degen Abay, Resey imperiyasynyng qazaq halqyn últ retinde joyyp jiberudi kózdegen otarshyl sayasatyn tereninen týsindi. Sondyqtan da ol halqyn óner-bilimge shaqyrdy. Nege? Sebebi, orys bizdi jense, ghylymy men bilimi, ónerining arqasynda jendi. Jengen jaudy jenu ýshin onymen jaqyn aralasyp,barlap,zerttep, jetistigi bolghan bilimi men ónerinen ýirenu shart.Óz kýshin ózine qoldanyp, jaudy jenip, qúldyq qamyttan qútylyp, azattyq, tendik, tәuelsizdik alatyn jalghyz jol osy! Búl – otarlanghan elding otarshyldargha qoldanatyn birden-bir jalghyz әdisi! “Óneri men ebinen ýlgi alugha kerek”,- dep Abay osy әdisti aityp otyr. Abay búl kezde 200 jyldyq Jonghar shapqynshylyghynan son, әbden әlsirep, jan-jaqty kýizeliske úshyraghan, keyinnen orys imperiyasyna bodan bolyp, bolashaghynan airylyp, otarlanyp, orystanyp bara jatqan ózining tughan halqy qazaq halqyn kórdi. Al, halqy qaranghy, nadan bolatyn. Óz halqyn sýigen әrbir ziyaly – sanatker múndayda, bolashaghynan aiyrylyp, últ retinde joyyludyng az-aq aldynda túrghan halqyn qútqarudyng jolyn jantalasa izdeytini mәlim. Ol qanday jol edi? Áriyne, ol ghylym-bilim joly! Kózi ashyq, bilimdi halyq eshkimge qúl bolmasy anyq. Osyny jete týsingen Abay, halqyn tәrbie arqyly kelgen bilimge shaqyrdy. Birinshi – tәrbiyege. Óitkeni, tәrbiyesiz kelgen bilimning adamzatqa tek qana qasiret әkeletinin sanatker Abay jaqsy bilgen. Abaygha bodan elining bolashaghy kýngirt edi. Elin enbekke, óner-bilimge shaqyrghan aqynnyng ózi de halqyna anyq kýres jolyn, bostandyq jolyn kórsete almady. Halqy da qaranghy nadan bolatyn. Resey imperiyasynyng otaryna ainalyp, tili, dini, әdet-ghúrpynan aiyryla bastaghan halqynyng múny óz múny bolghan aqyn, zamanynyng uly zapyranyn ishine jiyp, “Ishim tolghan u men órt,syrtym dýrdey”, - dep kýnirengende, ol bolashaqtan ýmiti ýzilgen sol kezdegi bodan halqynyng tragediyasyn aityp derttenedi. Halqynyng tragediyasy aqynnyng jeke jan azabyna ailanyp:
Uly siya ashy til, - nemese :
Iship tereng boylaymyn,
Ótken kýnning ularyn, - bolmasa:
Ashuyng ashyghan u, oiyng kermek, - ne:
Taghy sene bastaymyn,
Kýnde aldaghysh qulargha,
Esim shyghyp qashpaymyn,
Men ishpegen u bar ma? - degen Abay poeziyasyndaghy “uly oilar” toptamasy bastalady. Osy orayda Tәken Álimqúlov: “Jiti baqsanyz, aqynnyn shygharmalarynda “udan ayaq alyp jýre almaysyz [1, 18 b] ”,-dep óte oryndy atap ótken. “U” – aqynnyng tragediyalyq oilarynyng týp negizi sekildi. Aqyn poeziyasyndaghy tragediyalyq uly oilar – keybir zertteushilerimiz aityp jýrgendey qyr juandarynan kórgen ozbyrlyq jәne kóp nadannyng ortasynda, qaranghy, mesheu qoghamda ómir sýrgen bilimdar, danyshpan aqynnyng ruhany jalghyzsyrau tragediyasynyng ómirining songhy jyldarynda jaqyndarynan aiyrylghan aqynnyng jeke basynyng tragediyasyna úlasuynan tudy dep oilasaq – bir jaqty sayaz oilanghanymyz. Búl – Abay poeziyasyn týsinbegenimiz bolyp tabylady. Eger, biz Abay poeziyasyndaghy tragediyalyq uly oilardy aqynnyng jeke basynyng tragediyasymen ghana baylanystyrsaq, qatelesip adasamyz. Adasqanda da, shyrqau úzap, bir býiirge búrys ketemiz.
Abay:
Qartaydyq, qayghy oiladyq, úiqy sergek.
Ashuyng – ashyghan u, oiyng – kermek, - dep, jazghanda qyryq bir ghana jasta bolatyn. Jeke basynda eshqanday tragediya joq, degeni bolyp túrghan, basy aman, bauyry býtin kez. Eger biz, Abaydyng jeke ómirine jәy pendelik kózben qarasaq, ol óte baqytty. Abay “Qaradan shyghyp han bolghan” agha súltan Qúnanbaydyng bel balasy. Ol eki sheshening ortasynda, әz әje Zerening qúshaghynda halqynyng ruhany qazynasy – halyq auyz әdebiyeti núsqalaryn uyzynan qanyp iship,baqytty balalyq shaghyn ótkizdi. Ne ishemin? Ne kiyemin? - demedi. Keyin balalyq asyp, jigitshilik shaqqa jetkende de shayqap ishti, shalqyp jýrdi. Bir basyndaghy baylyq pen biylikti aitpaghanda, jigittik dәurenning qyzyghyn molynan tatty. Tandap sýiip, uyljyghan súludyng bal demin rahattana jútpasa Abay:
Er jigit, tandap tauyp,
Eppen jýrsin, - dep aitar ma edi?
Bolmasa, “Kózimning qarasy”, “Bilektey arqasynda órgen búrym”, “Qyzaryp, súrlanyp”, “Jelsiz týnde jaryq ai”, “Ghashyqtyng tili – tilsiz til”, “Jarq etpes qara kónilim neghylsa da” sekildi mahabbat taqyrybyndaghy ghajayyp lirikalyq ólenderdi jaza alar ma edi?
Oyda orysqa, qyrda qazaqqa degeni bolghan, orta jýzge belgili bi, rubasy Abay, inilerining ishinen qalaghanyn eline bolys etip saylatyp otyrghan. Abaydyng tiri kezinde de, ólgen song da Kenes ókimeti ornaghangha deyin Qúnanbay balalarynan biylik ketpegen. Abaydyng óz kindiginen taraghan balalary qanday! Shetinen oqymysty, talantty! Peterburgtegi orys oquyn bitirgen ofiyser balasy Ábdirahmandy aitpaghan da, eldegi talantty aqyn balalary Aqylbay, Maghauiya tobyqty elinde auzy dualy by bolsa, Áygerimnen tughan jazushy – audarmashy balasy Túraghúl Kenes ókimeti ornaghangha deyin elinde bolys bolghan. Zamandas shәkirt aqyny Kókbaydyng esteligine qaraghanda, Abay ómirinde aqsha sanap, aqshanyng betine qaramaghan. Abaydyng bar aqshasy atqosshysynyng qaltasynda bolady eken. Keregin alghan, belden basyp jýrgen.Atqoshysy aqsha tausyldy dese, qaytadan aqsha tauyp,qaltasyna salyp berip otyrghan. Aqshanyng esebin ómirinde súramaghan. Abaydyng anshylyq seriligi, onyng qonaq jaylylyghy,jeke basynyng mәrttigi turaly anyz osy kýnge deyin halyq arasynda mol aitylady.
Mine, osylay ómir sýrgen aqyn Abaydyng jeke ómirine jәy pendelik kózben qarasaq, ol óte baqytty. Sonda, Abay tragediyasynyng nemese Abay shygharmashylyghyndaghy “uly oilar” toptamasynyng týp sebebi nede?
Ózdiginen oqyghan oqu bilimning arqasynda, oishyl-filosof dәrejesine jetken aqyn Abaydyng tragediyalyq uly oilarynyng eng negizgi týp sebebi – otarshyldyq ezgiden qúqy, dini, ruhy taptalghan-enbekke, bilim men ónerge shaqyrghan aqyn ósiyetin kerek qylmay, teris ketken, nadan da qaranghy halqynyng orys imperiyasyna bodan bolyp, orystanyp, qazaq halqynyng últ retinde bolashaghynan aiyryluy edi. Bilimdar hәkim Abay sol kezdegi dýnie jýzilik geosayasy jaghdaydy da, orys ókimetining otarshyl imperiyalyq sayasatyn da tereng týsindi. Sondyqtan da aqyn:
Ózderindi týzeler dey almaymyn,
Óz qolynnan ketken song endi óz yrqyn, - dey otyryp:
Jarly emespin, zarlymyn,
Ony da oila tolghanyp, - dep zar tógip, yzalana jazuynda týpsiz tereng oy jatyr.
Jalghasy bar...
Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:
- Álimqúlov.T. Júmbaq jan. Zertteuler men maqalalar. Almaty, “Jazushy”-1978
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