Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysy - respublikasynyng maqta ósiretin negizgi aimaghy. Qazirgi kezde osy daqylmen oblystyng Tóleby jәne Sozaq audandarynan basqa audandary ainalysady.

Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblysy - respublikasynyng maqta ósiretin negizgi aimaghy. Qazirgi kezde osy daqylmen oblystyng Tóleby jәne Sozaq audandarynan basqa audandary ainalysady.

Songhy on bes jylda OQO-da maqta alqabynyng audany eki esege ósti, biraq maqtanyng ónimdiligi eki ese tómendedi. Búl kórsetkishter serpinin oblys boyynsha jalpy emes, sharuashylyqtyng jekelegen kategoriyasy - auyl sharuashylyq kәsiporyndary, sharua qojalyqtary men ýy sharuashylyghynda Sonymen qatar, qozanyng ózindik qúny kýrt ósti: songhy bes jylda ol tonnasyna 25 myng tengeden 45 myng tengege kóterildi."Ontýstik Qazaqstannyng maqta ósiru sharuashylyghy men maqta tazalau salalarynyng taldauy ónimdilik pen tiyimdilikting tómendeuining negizgi sebepteri ontýstikke tәn negizgi jaghdaylardyng salalyq erekshelikteri ekendigin kórsetildi. Qazirgi tanda maqta óndirumen oblysymyzda 45 myng sharua qojalyqtary ainalysady. Olardyng 80 % astamy jer iyeleri 5-10 gektargha sheyin.
Elitalyq túqym sharuashylyghynyng bolmauy jәne elitalyq túqymdardy qolayly baghada jappay shygharu mәselesi. Oblysta túqymdy bes elitalyq túqym sharuashylyghy shygharady. Biraq, olar negizinen OQO-nda birneshe ondaghan jyldar búryn beyimdelgen jәne ózining qúndy qasiyetin joghaltyp ýlgergen "S47-27" sortyn ósirumen keledi. Tәjiriybe stansiyalarynan alylghan elitalyq túqymdar maqta zauyttarynda bir burtqa salynady jәne basqa túqymdarmen aralasyp ketedi, al ol ghalymdardyng enbegin "joqqa" shygharady. Maqta sebetin audandarda jaqsy elitalyq jәne jappay túqym sharuashylyghy bolmauynan sorttar qospasy payda boluda. Elitalyq túqymdy jappay óndiru mәselelerin sheshu ýshin memleket jaqyn bolashaqta myna tәjiriybe stansiyasynda qúrylatyn elitalyq shygharatyn kishi zauyt salugha 35 million ese bolyp otyr.
Mamandardyng aituy boyynsha qajettilikti qanaghattandyru ýshin oblysta 6,5 myng tonna túqym kerek. Qazirgi tanda 14 elitalyq sharauashylyqtardyng beseui ghana júmys isteydi. Sonymen qatar últtyq ónim 50-55 tenge túrady, al importtyq bagha 2 ese tómen. Túqymnyng baghasy joghary bolsa qarapayym sharua qojalyqtary bazardan kontrabandalyq jolmen әkelingen sapasyz sertifikatsyz tómen baghaly túqymdy alularyna tura keledi.
Maqtanyng baghasy súranysqa jәne Liyverpulidyq birjanyng úsynysyna baylanysty qoyylady. Áriyne әlemdik baghanyng ósui nemese tómendeui qazaqstandaghy maqtanyng baghasyna әser etedi. 2003 jyly Maqtaaralda 1 sorttyq maqtanyng baghasy tonnasyna 90000 tenge boldy. Sonyng arqasynda kelesi jyly 220 myng tenge gektaryna egildi, biraq 2004 jyly sharua qojalyqtaryndaghy maqtanyng ózindik qúny tonnasyna 42-45 myng arasynda boldy. 2006 jyly 10 tamyzda maqtanyng baghasy Liyverpulidyq birjada 1324 $ qúrady.
Auyspapy egisting bolmauy tek qana ónimdilikke ghana emes, sonymen qatar topyraqtyng qúnarlylyghyna da әser etip otyr. Biraq kishi tәlimde (5-10 gektar) auysymyn saqtau mýmkin emes, óitkeni tek jonyshqa sharua otbasyn asyray almaydy. Nәtiyjesinde Maqtaaral audanynda egis alqabynyn 3 % - yna jonyshka egilgen, al qalghan alqapqa jylma-jyl maqta egilude.
Eskirgen auyl sharuashylyq tehnikasy jәne onyng tehnikayayq jaraqatanuynyng tómendeui. Qamtylghan kolhoz ben sovhozdyng mýliktik payyzy qalghan tehnika moraldyq jәne tehnikalyq payyzdan eskirgen, jaramsyz jaghdayda. Maqta jinau mashinalarynyn, traktorlar men avtomobiliderining kóp bóligi joghary dәrejede boluyna baylanysty qolda bar tehnikany tek aghymdy etuu men tehnikalyq qyzmetke ghana emes, sonymen kýrdeli jóndeuge de manyzdy qarjylay buyndardy talap etedi.Kóptegen maqta ósirushi sharuashylyqtarda maqta jinau mashinalary olardyng qymbat baghasyna baylanysty bolmay otyr. Meliorasiya jýiesining jәne tynaptqyshtardy jinaudyng joqtyghy, agrotehnikany saqtamau. Tynaytqyshtardy paydalanu kólemi jyldan-jylgha ósip keledi. Tynaytqipshardy paydalanu jónindegi eng jogharghy kórstkish auyl sharuashylyq kәsiporyndarymen salystyrghanda sharua qojalyqtarynda bayqalyp otyr. Sonyng nәtiyjesinde maqtanyn ónimdiligi artuda. Biraq, maqta alqaptaryn óndeude negizinen azotty tynaytqyshtar paydalanyluda,onyi ishinde ammiakty, ol topyraq ónimdiligin kóterudegi keshendilikti kórsetedi.
Ziyankestermen kýres. Maqta alqabynda basty ziyankesi qarapayym (maqta) órmekshi kenesi, temeki tripsy, shirkey men maqta sovkasy. Kýresting negizgi sharalaryna agrotehnikalyq tonghaq jerdi jyrtu, qysqy suaru jәne maqtagha beder salu), himiyalyq jәne biologiyalyq tәsilder jatady.
Ziyankestermen tiyimsiz kýresu key kezde bolsa da maqtadyng әleuetti ónimdiligining 30-40%-ish joyyp jiberedi.
2002 jyly maqta alqaptarynyng ziyankestermen kýresine respublikalyq budjetten 133,9 mln tenge, 2003 jyly 394,3 mln tenge, 2004 jyly 441 mln tenge bólindi.
Sharua qojalyqtaryn irilendiru mәselesi. Kishigirim jer ýlesi bar sharuashylyq kooperasinyng artyqshylitghyn týsinedi: auyspaly egis, auyl sharuashylyghy tehnikasyn paydalanu, nesie alu. Biraq, adamdardyng bir - birine degen, tipten tuysqandar arasynda da senimning jetispeuishligi keri әserin tiygizedi. Sonymen qatar, kishigirim sharuashylyqtardyng birikkisi kelmeytin sebebi: jeke túlgha mәrtebesinen airylu olardy jenildikgerden aiyrady jәne qaghazbasgylyqqa әkeledi.
Óndiristik erekshelikteri. Kәsiporypda basqarushylyq esepti qúru onyng úiymdasshrushylyq jәne óndiristik qúrylymyna sýienedi. Úiymdastyrushylyq qúrylymy kәsiporyn qyzmetining jekelegen týrleri arasyndaghy kelisimdilikti jәne bólimshelerding negizgi miedetteri men maqsattaryn oryndaudaghy jigerlerin qamtamasyz etedi.Maqta tazalau kәsiporynyn, úiymdastyrushylyq qúrishymy óndiristi basqarudyng әr týrli dengeylerining qúramy men qatynasyn jәne osy úiymdastyrudyng formalaryn anyqtaydy. Kәsiporynnyng óndiristik qúrylymy bólimshelerdin, sehtardyn, qyzmetterding qúramy men qúrylymyn, olardyng quatyn, qúru formasyn jәne óndiristi basqarudyng әrbir dengeyindegi ózara baylanysty kórsetedi.Maqta tazalau kәsipornyndaghy óndiristik qúrylymdy qúrudyng erekshelikteri zauyttyng maqta shiykizatyn óndeudegi jyldyq quatyna týiindes ónimdi odan әri óndeu qyzmetining týrlerine, tehnologiyalyq prosesterding kýrdeliligine,bólimshelerdin, sehtardyn, qyzmetterding mamandandyrylu dәrejesi men týrlerine sharttalady jәne t.b. Basqarushylyq esep-qisatpy úiymdastyru manyzdy dәrejede osy erekshelikterdi esepke alumen negizdeledi. Basqarushylyq esettte jauapkershilik ortalyghy retinde әrbir bólimshelerding naqty sharuashylyq-ekonomikalyq jaghdayy, onyng tәuedsizdik dәrejesi men bólimshe basshysyna berilgen ókilettik arqyly anyqtalady. Ishki bólimsheler, jauapkershilik ortalyqtary, basqarudyng әr týrli dengeyleri arasyndaghy ózara baylanys ishki ekonomikalyq mehanizmi arqyly retteledi.
Ishki ekonomikalyq (sharuashylyq ishindegi mehanizm týsinigi tútas kәsiporynnyng da, onyng bólimshelerining de qyzmeti men damuyna qolayly jaghday jasaugha maqsatty әser etetin qúraldardyng jiyntyghyn qamtidy. Onyng negizgi elementterine tómendegiler jatady: josparlau, taldau, bagha qúrylymy, yntalandyru, esep, baghalau, baqylau jәne retteu. Ishki sharuashylyq mehany elementteri arasyndaghy baylanys kәsiporyn bólimshelerining qyzmetin baghalau jәne baqylau jýiesi, ónim jәne atqarylghan qyzmet kólemin ólsheu jәne baghalau kórsetkishteri, bólimshelerding jeke shyghyndary qúramyna enetin shyghyndar qúramy jәne sharuashylyqty jýrgizuding nәtiyjesin anyqtau arqyly retteledi.
Tehnologiyalyq erekshelikteri. Maqta tazalau kәsiporyndarynyng negizgi óndiristik bólimshelerine qozany dayyndaudyng zauyttyq jәne zauyttan tys punktteri jatady. Maqta zauyttary dayyndau punktterining әr-týrli sanyn iyelenedi. Ol óndiristik quatqa, maqtany tasymaldau sipatyna, dayyndau mólsherine baylanysty bolady. Sondyqtan tehnologiyalyq erekshelikterin maqta dayyndau punkti qyzmetining mysalynda qarastyramyz.
Dayyndau punktterining mindetterine óndiristik kooperativter, sharua qojalyqtary, ýy sharuashylyqtary, túrghyndar men basqa da ótkizushiler tapsyrghan qozany qabyldau, saqtau, keptiru jәne tazalau men óndiru jatady. Dayyndau punktine enuge qolmen jәne mashinamen jinalghan seleksiyalyq jәne ónerkәsiptik sorttaghy әr týrli qoza týsedi. Shyghysynda qospa men qoqystardan tazartylghan, keptirilgen, ónerkәsiptik sort boyynsha bunttargha salynghan qozany alamyz. Dayyndau punktining óndiristik qúrylymynda basqarushylyq esepti úiymdastyruda jauapkershilik ortalyqtaryna tenestirilgen kelesi bólimshelerdi ereksheleuge bolady: qozany qabyldau aimaghy, laboratoriya, keptiru-tazalau óndirisi, qozany saqtau aimaghy.
Maqta zauytynyng mindeti: qozany qoqys qospalardan tazartu, talshyqty túqymnan bólu, ýlpildegen túqymnan ajyratu maqsatynda óndeu. Maqta zauytyna enuge maqta dayyndau punktining keptiru jәne tazalau aimaghynan berilgen qoza týsedi. Maqta talshyghyn jәne oghan týiindes ónimdi: túqym, lint, uluk jәne basqa da talshyqty ónimdi alamyz. Osylaysha OQO -daghy maqta sharuashylyghynyng jaghdayynyng tandauy maqta shiykizatynyng óndiru jyl sayyn salanyng tiyimdiligi esebinen emes, tek qana maqta alqabynyng kólemin kóbeytu esebinen ghana úlghayyp otyrghanyn kórsetedi. Maqta tazalau ónerkәsibinde de jaghday mәz emes. Býgingi tanda respublikamyz jylyna 130 myng tonna maqta talshyghyn óndiredi, biraq talshyqtyng 97 % tómengi baghamen, sapasyz shiykizat retinde eng tómengi klassifikator arqyly eksportqa shygharylady. Bir ýlgide keltiruding últtyq jýiesi joq. Kóptegen úsaq kompaniyalar ózderining maqsattaryna jetuge úmtylady. Biraq әlemdik naryqqa Qazaqstandyq toqyma ótkizui jalpy strategiyalyq maqsatynsyz shyghu mýmkin emes. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde JÚÓ ónimning jalpy kólemi toqyma jәne tigin ónerkәsibining ýles salmaghy 0,5 % -di ghana qúraydy. Salystyru ýshin Germaniya men AQSh -ta osy salanyng ýlesi JÚÓ -ning 9 %, Týrkiya men Qytayda 12 %, Ýndistanda 16 % -ten joghary.