HH ghasyrdyng basynan bastap kóptegen elderding biylik ókilderi tabighat zandylyqtary men adam fiziologiyasyn eskermey tәulikting jaryq uaqytyn «tiyimdi» paydalanu maqsatynda jazghy ozyq uaqytty (óz ornalasqan uaqyt beldeuinen shyghysyraq ornalasqan beldeudi paydalanu) qoldana bastady. Beldeulik uaqyt Jerding óz osinen ainalyp onyng betki qabatymen Kýnnen týsken jaryqtyng qozghaluymen baylanysty jәne taltýs uaqyt beldeuining әrbir orta meridiany boyynsha 12:00-ge sәikes kelui kerek.

Jer ghalamshary әrqaysysy 15 gradustan túratyn 24 uaqyt beldeuine bólingen, barlyq beldeuding qosyndysy 360 gradusqa (әr gradus 4 minutqa ten), yaghny Jerding óz osinen 24 saghatta tolyq ainalyp shyghuyna sәikes keledi. Jerding 15 gradusqa ainaluy 1 saghatta iske asady. Ár uaqyt beldeuining orta meridianynda saghat tilining 12:00 kórsetui Kýnning osy meridiandaghy kuliminasiyasyna sәikes astronomiyalyq taltýs bolyp esepteledi. Beldeulik bólu ýshin Grinvich meridiany (GMT0) bastau nýktesi, al onyng eki jaghynan әrqaysysy 7,5 gradus UTC0 uaqyt beldeui bolyp tabylady.

Qazaqstannyng shyghys oblystary jaghdayynda UTC+5, GMT-men 5 saghat aiyrmashylyqpen orta meridian shyghys boylyqpen 75 gradus (75:15=5) Balqash jәne Ekibastúz qalalary arqyly ótedi, endi osy boylyqtyng eki jaghynan әrqaysysy 7,5 gradus (30 minuttan) shyghys boylyqpen 67,5 jәne 82,5 meridiandar arqyly +5 uaqyt beldeuining shekaralary ótedi. Osy boylyqtarda jatqan barlyq aumaq UTC+5 uaqyt beldeui bolyp tabylady. Endik uaqyt esepteude qoldanylmaydy.

Jerding óz osi boyynsha tәuliktik ainaluy jaryq pen qaranghylyqtyng qaytalanatyn siklderi bar ózine tәn dinamikalyq ekojýieni tughyzady. Búl geofizikalyq qúrylymda tirshilik Kýnnen bólinbey payda boldy, ol 24 saghat aralyqpen Jer betine jaryq jetkizedi.

Energiya men genouytty stress kózi retinde jaryq barlyq jaryq sezgish tirshilik formalaryna kýshti evolusiyalyq әser etedi. Jaryq fotosintezge qajetti fotoenergiyamen qamtamasyz etkenimen, ol ózining jaryq-qaranghy sikldary arqyly kýshti radiasiya men temperaturanyng tez auytquy týrinde de ekologiyalyq әserler tudyrady. Onyng nәtiyjesinde sirkadty yrghaqpen (latynsha circa – shamamen, die kýndiz) ómir sýruding kóptegen týrleri men olardyng biologiyalyq ýrdisteri payda bolyp, damydy. Sirkadty yrghaqtardy belgili bir astronomiyalyq kýnde dәl 24 saghat bolmaghandyqtan kýndizgi shama dep ataydy, sondyqtan tiri aghzalardyng denesine ishki endogendik yrghaqtardy syrtqy tabighy yrghaqpen kýndelikti sinhrondauy qajet.

Osynyng әserinen milliardtaghan jyldar evolusiya barysynda jer betinde ózindik hronometrajdyng endogendik mehanizmderi, qorshaghan orta signaldarymen әrekettik, biologiyalyq jәne zat almasu yrghaqtary ýshin ishki molekulalyq mehanizmi  bar tirshilik formalary payda boldy. Olar fenotipti variasiya, jasushaishilik, jasushalyq, mýshelik, jýieli dengeyde tabighattyng periodty týrde ózgeretin yrghaqtaryna aghzanyng adaptasiyalanuyn shegine jetkizu maqsatynda qorshaghan ortanyng kýndelikti sikline beyimdelu ýshin sirkadty úiymdastyryludy mýmkin etti.

Evolusiyalyq túrghydan alghanda sirkadty yrghaqtar ómir sýru ýshin belgili bir artyqshylyqtar beredi. Sirkadty yrghaqtar ósimdikter men bir jasushaly aghzalarda da kezdesedi. Dәl osy evolusiyalyq negizde barlyq derlik irgeli biologiyalyq ýrdister kýnning shyghuy jәne batuymen baylanysty bolady әri biologiyalyq yrghaqtargha baghynady.

Ishki saghattyng júmysyna jauapty gender period jәne timeless dep atalady. Olardyng belsendiligi kýni boyy auytqidy jәne ilmekti keri baylanys mehanizmimen retteledi. Osy gender kodtaghan aquyzdardyng mólsheri belgili bir dengeyge jetkennen keyin osy aquyzdardyng sintezi toqtaydy, dengey tómendegende sintez qayta bastalady.

Úiqy men oyanudyn, tynyshtyqtyng pen belsendiliktin, ash jýru men tamaqtanudyn, katabolitti jәne anabolitti siklderding ýilesimdi sirkadty rettelui adamnyng ontayly densaulyghy ýshin óte manyzdy. Gen ekspressiyasyndaghy sirkadty yrghaq biohimiyalyq ýrdister men zat almasu aghyndaryn syrtqy ortamen sinhronizasiyalap, aghzanyng fiziologiyalyq syn-tegeurinderge jauap retinde tiyimdi júmys isteuine mýmkindik beredi.

Búl yrghaqtardyng negizgi taymgeberleri (uaqyt berushi, uaqyt belgileushi, sinhronizator) jaryq pen qaranghy bolyp tabylady. Kóz arqyly jaryq pen qaranghynyng әserinen aghzada kýndelikti ózgerister bolyp túrady. Osylaysha kýndelikti, sirkadty yrghaqtar qaytalanyp túrady. Sirkadty yrghaqtardyng boluy ghylymgha búrynnan belgili bolghanymen, osy uaqytqa deyin búl genderding jasusha ishinde qalay basqarylanatyny belgisiz.

2017 jyly sirkadty yrghaqtardyng jasushaishilik mehanizmin ashqany ýshin AQSh-tyng ýsh ghalymy Djeffry Holl, Maykl Rozbash jәne Maykl Yang fiziologiya jәne medisina boyynsha Nobeli syilyghymen marapattaldy, búl hronobiologiya salasyndaghy zertteulerge odan әri qyzyghushylyq tudyrdy, óitkeni búl fiziologiya men genetikadaghy kóptegen ýrdisterdi, adam aghzasy men onyng әreketin týsindirdi, búl medisinada qoldanu ýshin manyzdy janalyq bolyp tabylady.

Jer betindegi barlyq tirshilik iyeleri syrtqy ortadaghy yrghaqty ózgeristerge tәueldi jәne Kýnning shyghuy men batuy, sonday-aq Kýnning kókjiyekten eng joghary nýktege kóterilu sәti, yaghny naghyz (astronomiyalyq) taltýske (12:00) baghyttalyp biologiyalyq yrghaqtargha úshyraydy. Hronodislokasiya nemese ishki desinhronizasiya bastaluymen aghza yrghaghynyng tolyq joghaluy nemese yrghaq fazasynyng qúbyluy yrghaqtyng fiziologiyalyq jiyntyghyn ózgertui mýmkin, búl zat almasudyng búzyluyna jәne aurugha, yaghny hronopatologiyagha әkeledi.

Biologiyalyq yrghaqtardyng payda bolu jaghdaylaryn, tabighatyn, túraqtylyghy men manyzyn, sonday-aq syrtqy bioritmder men adam densaulyghynyng ózara baylanysyn hronobiologiya ghylymy zertteydi. Hronobiologiya (kóne grekshe hronos – uaqyt) – belgili bir uaqyt aralyghynda biologiyalyq jýielerde bolatyn yrghaqty ózgeristerdi zertteytin biologiya salasy. Bioyrghaqtar tirshilikting negizi bolyp tabylady, tiri jәne tiri emes tabighattyng birligin qamtamasyz etedi jәne aghzalardyng beyimdeluine negiz bolady jәne әrqaysymyzdyng ómir sýruimizge mýmkindik tudyrady.

Ghylymy zertteulerding nәtiyjelerin dúrys qoldanu ýshin eng aldymen uaqytty esepteu sharttaryn bilu qajet, olar: jergilikti uaqyt (LT), beldeulik nemese qysqy uaqyt (ST), jazghy uaqyt (DST), túraqty jazghy nemese dekrettik uaqyt (PDST) jәne Grinvich uaqyty (GMT, UTC). «Eski uaqyt beldeuin qaytaru» petisiyasyna qol qoishylardyng talaby is jýzinde osy maqalanyng basynda jazylghan túraqty dekterttik jazghy uaqytyn (PDST) qoldanugha shaqyru bolyp tabylady.

Qorytyndylay kele ghylymy әdebiyetterde ghalymdar DST men ST arasynda uaqyt almastyrugha (jazghy uaqyt pen qysqy uaqytqa kóshuge) jәne PDST tolyq kóshuge týpkilikti qarsy. PDST kýndizgi jaryqty «tiyimdi» paydalanu maqsatynda jazghy uaqytty shamamen 8 aigha deyin sozu arqyly jogharyda keltirilgen barlyq әserlerden asyp ketedi (qoldanyp otyrghan elge baylanysty), al biologiyalyq saghat әdette jazghy úzaq jaryq kýnderge qaraghanda qystygýni keshteu bolady (kýndizgi uaqyttyng qysqaruyna baylanysty).

Al uaqytpen oinau, ony dúrys esep jýrgizbeu eng basty qúndylyq adam, onyng densaulyghy men ómirine keri әser etui mýmkin. Ár elding әrtýrli, tipti qate ataulardy qoldanuyna baylanysty neshe týrli jansaq týsinikter oryn aluda. Mysaly, dekrettik uaqytty «jergilikti» uaqyt dep atay otyryp, halyqty janylystyryp jatady. Sondyqtan aldymen terminderdi әrtýrli týsinu problemasyn sheship alu kerek jәne halyqaralyq praktikada qoldanylatyn terminderge sýienu qajet dep esepteymin.

Appazov Núrbol Orynbasarúly

himiya ghylymdarynyng kandidaty, Qorqyt Ata atyndaghy Qyzylorda uniyversiytetining zertteushi-professory

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