QAZAQ HANDYGhY - MEMLEKETI QALAY QÚRYLGhAN?
Últjandy azamat, qazaqtyn belgili jazushysy Múhtar Maghauin aghamyz: «Ensemizdi qayta kóteru ýshin, ruhany janghyryp, sanadaghy jaraqat jazylu ýshin әli de birtalay enbektenuge tura keledi»1 - degende osy babalar tarihyndaghy búrynda әr týrli qúityrqy sayasatqa negizdelip, úrpaqtan әdeyi jasyrylyp, aitylmay, jazylmay jazylsa shynayy tarih búrmalanyp berilgen oqighalar býginde qalpyna keltirilui tiyis ekendigi turaly aitqan bolar.
Ótken tarihymyzdyng qalpyna keltirilui býgingi tanda әlemdik halyqaralyq qauymdastyqtaghy QAZAQ elining bedelining odan sayyn artuyna yqpal etip, memlekettiligining bastauy keybireuler aityp jýrgendey keshe ghana qúrylmaghan birneshe ghasyrlargha sozylghan tarih ekendigin, ony mekendegen qazaqtar bayyrghy halyqtar qataryna jatatyndyghyn aighaqtaydy. Memleketimizding qúryluyn búlay erekshelep atap ótu, qazaqtar osy ónirding ABORIYGENDERI – belgili bir elding nemese jerding bayyrghy túrghyny ekendigin joqqa shygharatyndardyng kýmәndaryn seyiltetini sózsiz. Búlardyng jana qonystanghandardan aiyrmasy – aboriygender óz jerin atam zamanynan beri mekendep keletindigi.
Shynghyshan úrpaqtary ýstemdik etken Altyn Orda, Aq Orda, Shaghatay handyqtarynyng ydyrauyna baylanysty, Deshti Qypshaq dalasy men Ortalyq Aziya ónirinde payda bolghan úsaq handyqtardyng jәne osy handyqtardyn taghyna talasqan handar men súltandar basqarghan týrlishe feodaldyq toptardyng tynymsyz ózara soghystarynan qanjilik bolghan halyq búqarasy búl qyrqystardy tiyatyn, alasapyrandy toqtatatyn bir tútas memleketti arman etti. Búl sol kezdegi óz aldyna beybit ómir sýrudi ansaghan qazaq halqynyng kókeytesti tilegi edi.
Osy Ortalyq Aziyada, Deshti Qypshaqta, sonyng ishinde onyng shyghys europalyq bóliginde, Edil boyynda, Batys Sibirde, Shyghys Týrkistanda sharuashylyq-әleumettik, sayasi, mәdeniy-tarihy damu dengeyi de әrtýrli boldy. Búl ónirlerdi biriktirgen monghol úlystarynyng ekonomikalyq jaghdayynyng túraqtylyghy da berik bolmady. Ártektes etnikalyq taypalar mekendegen olar uaqyt óte kele tarihy jaghynan baylanysty, sharuashylyq jәne etnikalyq negizi bar sayasy qúrylymdargha bólshektenip ketti. Búl bólshektenuge qoghamdyq qatynastar damuyndaghy belgili bir ózgerister, etnikalyq prosessterdegi toptasushylyq faktorlar yqpal etti.
Qazaq handyghynyng qúrylu qarsanynda (XIV-XV ghasyrlarda) Qazaq taypalary Sibirden Syr boyyna, Ertisten Jayyq jaghasyna deyingi jalpaq ónirge jayylyp qonystanghan bolatyn. Osy dәuirdi bayandaytyn orta ghasyrlyq tarihshylardyn shygharmalarynda qazaq dalasynyng negizgi túrghyndary retinde qypshaq, qanly, qarlúq, ýisin, nayman, kerey, qonyrat, manghyt taghy basqa taypalar atalady. Búlar qazaq dalasynyng ejelgi túrghyndary, sonday aq búdan búryn osy ónirlerde qúrylghan Aq Orda, Mogholstan, taghy basqa handyqtardyng halqyn qúraghan etnikalyq toptar edi. Búl taypalar ishinde qypshaqtardyn orny ózgeshe boldy, XIII ghasyrdyng derekterinde Altyn Orda handary «Qypshaq patshalary»2 dep ataldy. Qypshaqtar XIV ghasyrda Orda Ejen men Shaybany úlystaryn mekendegen Aq Orda halqynyn, al keyinnen Ábilhayyr handyghy halqynyng da edәuir bóligin qúrady.3
Batys Sibir taypalarymen kórshi bolyp, olargha eleuli yqpal etken qazaq taypalarynyng negizgi úiytqysy qypshaqtar edi. Ertis ónirinin Torghay, Esil dalalarynyn qypshaqtary: qúlan qypshaq, qytay qypshaq, saghal qypshaq, torayghyr qypshaq jәne majar (madiyar) qypshaq birlestikterine bólindi.
Tobyldyng tómengi boyynan Úlytau men Syrdariyagha deyingi territoriyada basqa taypalardyng edәuir bóligi olardyng ishinde naymandar, kereyler, merkitter men onghyttar qonys tepti.4
XV ghasyrda Aq Orda ornyna qúrylghan Ábilhayyr handyghynyn (1428‒1468) halqy arasynda qarlúq, qonyrat, ýisin, nayman, ókiresh nayman, qiyat, manghyt, shynbay, itjan, tapghút, dúrman, túbay, taymas, kýshti, otarshy, shap, qytay, baraq, úighyr, kýrleuit, ishki, ishki-manghyt, túman t.b. taypalardyn bolghandyghy mәlim.5
Noghay ordasynyng qúramynda manghyt, nayman, arghyn, qonyrat, qanly, alshyn, qypshaq, kengres, qarlyq, alash, tama t.b. taypalar boldy.6 Mogholstangha qarsty Jetisu taypalary: dulat, qanly, (bekchiyk) qarlyq, kerey, arghynot, kýrleuit, kýshshi, barlas, shoras, kónshi, qalushy, búlghash t.b. edi.7
Qazaq handyghynyn qúryluy qarsanynda, әrbir qazaq taypasynyng óris-qonystary úlan-baytaq territoriyany alyp jatty:
Naymandar XV-XIV ghasyrlarda Úlytaudan Esilge deyingi audandardyn kópshiligin qonystandy.
Qonyrat XV-XIV ghasyrlarda Týrkistan men Qaratau audandaryn meken etti.
Arghyndar XV-XIV-ghasyrlarda Ertisten batysqa qaray ortalyq Qazaqstandy, ishinara Syrdariyany jәne batys Jetisudy mekendedi.8
Kereyler XV-XIV-ghasyrlarda Jetisuda jәne Tarbaghatayda, sonday-aq Ertis boyynda, Zaysan kólinen Om jәne Tobyl ózenderine deyingi ónirde ómir sýrdi.9
Dulattar XV-XIV ghasyrlarda Ile, Shu, Talas ózenderinin alqaptarynda, Ystyqkólden ontýstikke qaray, sonday-aq ontýstik Qazaqstanda «Otyrar jasyl alqabyn» mekendedi.10
Qanlylar Qaratau baurayy, orta Syrdariya jәne batys Jetisudaghy ózenderinin ejelgi mekeninde boldy.11
Ýisinder ózderinin bayyrghy zamannan bergi mekeni Jetisu ónirin qonystandy. Tarihiy derekterdin aituynsha, Ábilhayyr handyghynda da ýisinder bolghan.12
«Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy» men «Rauzat as-safanyn» deregine qaraghanda, XV-XIV -ghasyrlarda Ilenin sol jaghasynda jәne Yangiy (Taraz) audanynda kereytter (kereyler), Shu ózeninin on jaghasynda arghyndar mekendegen. 13
Jalayyrlar Qaratau baurayyn, orta Syrdariya óniri men Jetisudi qonystanghan.14
«XV ghasyrdyng aqyry men XVI ghasyrdyng alghashqy on jyldyghynda qazaq halqyn qúraytyn negizgi etnikalyq toptardyng memlekettik birlestigi halyqtyng birigu barysyn jedeldete týsti. Ábilqayyr men Aq Orda handyqtaryna qaraghanda Qazaq handyghynyng ereksheligi-onyng anaghúrlym keng de berik etnikalyq negizi-qalyptasqan qazaq halqy boldy»15. Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluy qarsanyndaghy osy ónirdegi etnikalyq jaghdaydyng jogharyda atalghanday ornalasuy Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluyna óz yqpalyn tiygizdi. Al Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluy osy úlan-baytaq ónirdi qonystanghan qazaq taypalarynyn jәne qazaqtyng etnikalyq territoriyasyn biriktirdi. Qazaqtyng óz aldyna halyq bolyp qalyptasu barysy birjolata ayaqtaldy.
1428 jyly Aq Ordanyng aqyrghy hany Baraq ishki feodaldyq qyrqysta qaza bolghan son, Aq Orda memleketi ydyrap, úsaq feodaldyq iyelikterge bólingende ózara qyrqys ýdey týsti. Búrynghy Aq Ordanyng ornyna Ábilhayyr handyghy men Noghay Ordasy qúryldy. Shaybany túqymynan shyqqan Ábilhayyr han búryn Orda Ejen biylegen Aq Orda territoriyasy – shyghys Deshti Qypshaqqa 40 jyl (1428-1468) ýstemdik etti. Ábilqayyr han qúrghan búl memleket "Kóshpeli ózbekter memleketi" dep te ataldy. Ábilqayyr (1412-1468 jj) Joshynyng besinshi balasy Shaybannan taraydy. Memleketting territoriyasy XV ghasyrdyng orta sheninde Syrdariyadan Sibir handyghyna deyingi úlan-baytaq jerdi alyp jatty. Ábilqayyr jóninde Múhammed Haydar Dulaty ózining "Tariyh-iy-Rashidi" atty shygharmasynda: "Ábilqayyr han býkil Deshti-Qypshaqty biylep, tóstedi. Joshy úrpaqtarynyng keybir súltandary Ábilqayyrdan aramdyq әreketter men soghys qúmarlyghynyn iyisi anqyp túrghanyn bilip, múny bolghyzbaugha talpyndy»16 dep jazady.
XV ghasyrdyn ortasynda Ábilhayyr handyghyndaghy tolassyz bolghan qan tógis soghystar men ishki feodaldyq qyrqystar barghan sayyn ýdep, feodaldyq ezgi men qanau halyq búqarasyn auyr kýizeliske týsirdi.
Alasapyran soghystar men feodaldyq bytyranqylyq saldarynan Deshti Qypshaq dalasynda búrynnan qalyptasqan mal jayylymyn paydalanudyn daghdyly kóship qonu tәrtipteri búzyldy, kóshpendi taypalar mezgilinde jaylau-qystaularyna bara almaytyn boldy. Búl kóshpendi mal sharuashylyghyna auyr zardabyn tiygizdi. Osynday auyr tauqymet tartqan halyq beybit ómirdi, Ábilhayyrdyng әdiletsiz ýstemdiginen qútylyp, óz aldyna tirshilik etudi arman etti. Aq Ordanyng aqyrghy hany Úrys (Orys) hannyn úrpaqtary Kerey men Jәnibek búl jaghdaydy óz maqsattary ýshin paydalandy da, Ábilhayyr hannyn qanaushylyghyna qarsy kýresken, bolashaqta qazaq dep atalghan júrtty qúraghan taypalargha basshylyq jasady. Osy qazaq atanghan qalyng taypalardy bastap batys Jetisugha qonys audardy. Ol kezde 1434-1462 jyldary Jetisudy biylegen Mogholstan hany Esenbúgha búl qazaqtardy Ábilhayyrgha qarsy paydalanu ýshin qarsy alyp, qonys berdi. Búlar batys Jetisudy meken ete otyryp, qazaq handyghyn qúrdy. Tarihshy Múhammed Haydar Dulaty «Tarihi-iy-Rashidiy» atty enbeginde: «Ol kezde Deshti Qypshaqty Ábilhayyr han biyledi. Ol Joshy әuletinen shyqqan súltandargha kýn kórsetpedi. Nәtiyjesinde Kerey men Jәnibek Mogholstangha kóship ketti. Esenbúgha han olardy qarsy alyp, Mogholstannyn batys shegindegi Shu men Qozybas aimaqtaryn berdi. Ol kóship kelgen ózbekterdi «qazaqtar» dep atady. Qazaq súltandary 870 jyldary (1465-1466) biyley bastady...» degen mәlimet qaltyrghan.17
1456 jyly Kerey men Jәnibek súltandar, Ábilhayyr han ýstemdigine qarsy kýresken qazaq taypalaryn bastap shyghys Deshti Qypshaqtan batys Jetisu jerine qonys audaruy qazaq handyghynyng qúryluyna múryndyq bolghan manyzdy tarihiy oqigha bolatyn. Al qazaq handyghynyn qúryluy qazaq halqynyn tarihyndaghy tótenshe manyzdy oqigha boldy. Ol úlan-baytaq ónirdi mekendegen týrik tektes taypalardyng basyn qosyp shoghyrlandyruda, qazaqtyn etnikalyq territoriyasyn biriktiruge, qazaqtyn bayyrghy zamannan bastalghan óz aldyna jeke el bolyp bir jolata qalyptasuynda asa manyzdy jәne týbegeyli sheshushi ról atqardy.
Orta ghasyrlyq ataqty tarihshy Múhamed-Haydar Dulatidyng kuәlandyruy boyynsha, búl oqigha 1456 jyly bolghan. Osy 1456 jyl, jaratylysynan erkindik ansaghan qazaq júrtyn bastaghan Kerey men Jәnibekting jana bir úlystyng derbestigin jariyalaghan erekshe oqigha – qazaq degen ataudy iyemdengen halqymyzdyng tarihyndaghy manyzdy qúbylys, janghyrghan qazaq etnosynan túratyn memlekettin dýniyege kelgen mezgil boldy.
«Keyingi zertteushiler 1465 jyldy, tipti, búdan songhy kezenderdi atap jatady. Búl tarihshylardyng payymdauynsha, Qazaq Ordasynyng tu kóterip, irge bekitui tek Ábilqayyr kenetten qaytys bolghan song ghana jýzege asqan siyaqty. Osyghan deyingi úzaq on eki jyl tepe-teng kýres ýstinde ótkeni esepke alynbaydy. 1465-1470 jyldar – handyqtyng qúrylghan emes, nyghayghan uaqyty, halyqtyng óz tәuelsizdigin emes, kórshi júrttargha birjola tanylghan mezgili. Týptep kelgende múnyng bәri qazaq tarihynyng bastauyn mýmkin bolghanynsha keyindetu talabynyng bir kórinisi ghana»18 - degen Maghauinning tújyrymy sol kezdegi tarihy oqighalardy zerttegen ózge de tarihshy-ghalymdardyng pikirlerimen ýndes.
Alghashynda qazaq handyghynyng territoriyasy batys Jetisu jeri, Shu ózeni men Talas ózenining alqaby edi. Mine naq osy territoriyagha derektemelerde túnghysh ret «Qazaqtar» degen atau qoldanylghan (Uasifi, 16-ghasyr),19 ejelden osy alqapty mekendegen qazaqtyn úly jýz taypalary Deshti Qypshaqtan qonys audarghan qazaq taypalarymen etene aralasyp ketti. Ábilhayyr handyghyndaghy alasapyran soghys saldarynan qanjilik bolghan qazaq halqy búl aragha kelip es jiyp, etek jauyp, ekonomikalyq túrmysy týzele bastady. Múny kórgen Deshti Qypshaq kóshpendileri Ábilhayyr han qol astynan shyghyp, bógeui búzylghan suday aghylyp Qazaq handyghyna kelip jatty. XV ghasyrdyng 50 jyldarynyng ortasynan 70 jyldarynyng basyna deyin Ábilhayyr hannyng qaramaghynan batys Jetisugha 200 myng adam kóship bardy.20
1462 jyly Mogholstan hany Esenbúgha qaytys bolghan son, búl memlekette ishki feodaldyq qyrqys kýsheyip, ókimetsizdik jaghdaydyng óris aluy, Amasanjy Tayshy bastaghan oirat jongharlarynyng jasaghan shabuyly saldarynan Mogholstan memleketining shanyraghy shayqalghan kezde Jetisudy mekendegen qazaq taypalarynyng Qazaq handyghyna kelip qosyluy ýdey týsti. Búlar janadan qúrylghan Qazaq handyghynyng ýkimet biyligin nyghaytyp, onyng bedeli men әskeriy-sayasy kýsh-quatyn arttyra týsti.
Jazushy-ghalym Múhtar Maghauinning osy rette: «Kóne Týrik qaghandyghy–bizding týp tamyr, әuelgi úly memleketimiz, Altyn Orda – odan songhy babalarymyz ornatqan danqty úlysymyz, Kók Orda – qazaq júrtynyng etnikalyq birligine jol ashyp, memlekettik jýiesin qalyptastyrghan kezeng desek, Qazaq Ordasy bizding óz atauymyzben atalghan, halqymyzdy etnos retinde birjola ornyqtyrghan qúrylym boldy»21-dep bergen baghasy ghylymy negizdelgen tújyrym bolyp tabylady. Qazaq handyghynyng qúryluy ejelgi týrik taypalarynyng bir bóligin ata mekenge úlys etip úiystyrumen qatar, olardyn birtútas halyq-últ retinde saqtaluyna mýmkindik jasady. Búl kezde ótkendegi Altyn Orda qaramaghyndaghy basqa týrik tektes taypalar qyrylyp-joyylyp jatqanda, qazaq tuyn kótergen qauym ózining eldigin saqtady, úlan-baytaq jerin úrpaghyna miras etip qaldyrdy.
Býgingi jәne keleshek úrpaq ýshin ótken zamanymyzdyng qay kezenindegi tarihymyz bolmasyn qymbat, súrapyl-saghattarda tu ústaghan babalarymyzdyng barlyghy da ardaqty. Búrynghy-songhy tarihta orny erekshe túlghalar da bolghan. Olar – Qazaq Ordasynyng negizin salghan túnghysh handarymyz–Kerey men Jәnibek. Ekeui de dana, ekeui de er. Alashtyng asyp tughan dara úldary. Olardyng ata jónin taratar bolsaq, ejelgi týrikting qiyat ruynan bastau alatyn, qazaqtyng ýsh jýzine ortaq tóre degen rudan. Arghy babalary – Shynghys han, odan Joshy han, odan Toqay-Temir, odan Óz-temir, odan Qoja, odan Bәdighúl, onyng úly ataqty Úrys (Orys) han. Úrys hannyng jeti úlynyng ýlkeni Toqtaqiya han, ortanshysy – Qúiyrshyq han. Toqtaqiya hannan Bolat tuady, Bolattan qazaqtyng Kerey hany. Qúiyrshyq hannan ataqty Baraq han tuady, Baraqtyng úly – qazaqtyng Jәnibek hany. Yaghni, Qazaq Ordasynyng negizin salushy Kerey men Jәnibek handar ýshinshi atadan tabysady. Kók Ordany kórkeytken Úrys hannyng shóbereleri.
Qazaq Ordasy qúrylghanda aldymen jasy ýlken Kerey aq kiyizge han kóterilipti. Kereyding naqty qay jyly qaytys bolghany belgisiz. Odan song Jәnibek han әmir jýrgizedi. Qazaq júrtynyng Ábilqayyrdy jenip, birjola irgelenui Jәnibek túsynda bolsa kerek, jana handyqtyng ózindik qúrylymy men zang jýiesi de osy Jәnibek zamanynda jónge týsken sekildi. Tarihshy Mahmúd ibn Uәliy, Kerey men Jәnibek syrtqy sayasy ister men baylanystarda óz betterinshe qimyl jasaghan handar, erekshe memlekettik sayasat jýrgize bilgen biyleushi bolghandyghy turaly mәlimet qaldyrghan: «Esenbúgha hannyng tiri kezinde, oghan jogharyda atalghan handar (yaghny Kerey men Jәnibek) kómek kórsetip, qoldap otyruynyng arqasynda Jýnis han tәkapparlyq ýzengisine әdepsiz ayaghyn sala alghan joq»22 - dep jazghan eken. Jәnibekting qazaq tarihyndaghy airyqshy túlgha ekendigining bir belgisi – ol halyq sanasynda әuliyege para-par, aqyldy әri әdiletti әmirshi retinde tanbalanghan, últtyq tarihymyzda jay ghana Jәnibek han dep atalmaydy, Áz-Jәnibek han dep atalady. Áz Jәnibek – qazaq júrtynyng irgesin bekitip, ordasyn ornyqtyrghan úly han ghana emes, sol halyqtyng bar iygiligine úiytqy bolghan asyl úryq, úly әuletting de negizin salushy 23 0. Qazaq Ordasynyng qúdiretti әmirshileri, qazaq halqynyn asyl perzentteri: Qasym han, Haqnazar han, Tәuekel han, Ensegey boyly Er Esim han, Salqam Jәngir han, Áz-Tәuke han, Abylay han, eng sony Kenesary han, úly ghalymymyz Shoqan, Alash-Orda kósemi Álihan Bókeyhan – barlyghy da osy әulie Áz-Jәnibek hannyng tikeley úrpaqtary.
Qazaq saltynda han kóteru, taq almasudyng sonau Týrik qaghandyghy zamanynan qalyptasqan ózindik últtyq erekshiligi bolghan. Taq biyligi әkeden balagha emes, aghadan-inige kóshken. Múrager inining keshegi ótken hanmen emshektes boluy mindetti emes, nemere ne shóbere, jalpy sol әuletten boluy shart bolghan jәne kóp tuystyng kez-kelgeni emes, tobynan ozghan aqylgóy batyry ghana han bolyp saylanghan.
VIII ghasyrdan jetken ataqty Bilge-Qaghan eskertkishinde: «Áueli әkeleri qaghan boldy, odan song inileri qaghan boldy, sodan keyin balalary qaghan boldy», - dep jazylghan. Múndaghy bala dep otyrghany – aghanyng balasy, odan song kelesi inige, kelesi aghanyng әuletine jol ashylmaq. Býgingi tilmen aitsaq, taq biyligi әkeden balagha kóshpeydi, aghadan inige kóshedi. Múrager inining keshegi әmirshimen birge tughan, emshektes boluy shart emes, tobynan ozghan aqylgói, batyry ghana han kóteriletin bolghan.
Búl tuystyq salt, ainymas ata dәstýri búzylghan jaghdayda, biyleushi top arasynda alauyzdyq, júrt ishinde býlik shyghatyn bolghan. Qazaq Ordasynyng tórt jýz jylgha juyq úzaq tarihynda búl dәstýr birer ret qana búzylghan. Keybir handardyng esimi bizding zamangha jetken tarihy qújattarda tanbalanbay qaldy. Ejelgi salt tórt ghasyr boyy berik saqtaldy. Qazaq tarihynda eshqashan da han kóteru jolynda qan tógilmeui, taq ýshin qyrqys tumauy – eng aldymen osy kóne dәstýrdin, úlys ishinde qalypty sayasy jaghdaygha negiz bolghan ata saltynyng arqasy. 24
Qazaq Ordasynyng әuelgi әmirshisi – Kerey han boldy. Kereyden song onyng shóbere inisi Áz Jәnibek han biylik qúrdy. Áz Jәnibek ólgennen song agha balasy retinde Kereyding úly Búryndyq han kóterildi. Búryndyq han kóz júmghannan keyin az ghana uaqyt handyq dәreje Áz-Jәnibekting úly Ádikke kóshedi. Ádikten keyin onyng tughan inisi Qasym Qazaq Ordasynyng hany bolyp saylanady. Qasymnyng han saylanuymen biylik Áz Jәnibek úrpaghyna auysady. Týrik júrtynyng búghan deyingi myng jyldyq tarihynda synnan ótken jol-jora, qalyptasqan jýie negizinde songhy eki jarym ghasyr orayynda er halyqtyn, mәrt halyqtyng jiyn ortasynan jaryp shyqqan, bar tilegi elining múratymen berik astasqan asyl túqym – Shynghys han – Joshy han – Úrys han – Áz Jәnibek han әuleti óz júrtyn tarihtyng barlyq qiyn ótkelinen alyp ótti, Qazaq Ordasy dep atalatyn baytaq ta quatty úlystyng túghyrly tuyn berik ústady. Birtútas qazaq halqynyng últtyq úrany – “Alash”, memlekettik eltanbasy- gerbi – “Tóre tanba” (yaghny bas tanba) atalatyn, kóne týrik zamanynan tartylghan, Altyn Orda túsynda qalyptasqan dini bir ýshem bitik ۩. Bas bayraghy – tóre tanbaly qyzyl tu. 25
Qazaq Ordasynyng astanasy býkil týrik júrtynyng ziyarat etetin ortalyghy Áziret-Súltan kesenesi túrghan qasiyetti Týrkistan qalasy boldy.
Alayda janadan qúrylghan Qazaq handyghynyng ekonomikalyq negizi әli de әlsiz edi. Birsypyra qazaq taypalary Ábilhayyr handyghynyn, Mogholstannyn, Noghay odaghynyng jәne Batys Sibir handyghynyng qol astynda tórt handyqqa baghynyshty bolyp otyrghan bolatyn. Onyng ýstine shyghys Deshti Qypshaqty biylegen Ábilhayyr han ózine qarsy shyghyp, Jetisugha qonys audarghan qazaqtardyng óz aldyna handyq qúryp, erkinsip otyrghandyghyna, әsirese Ábilhayyr handyghynan kóptegen taypalardyng oghan ketip jatqanyna narazy bolyp, qylyshyn qayrady. Ol jana qúrylghan Qazaq handyghyn tarpa bas salyp joyyp jibermek boldy. On shaqty jyl ainalasynda batys Jetisu ónirine eki jýz myng jan sany bar kóshpeli taypalardyng jinaluy keng óris-qonys kerek etti. Al kóshpeli elding otyryqshy-eginshiligi kórkeygen audandarmen, әsirese qolóneri men saudasy damyghan ekonomikalyq ortalyq-Syrdariya jaghalauyndaghy qalalarmen sauda-sattyq qarym-qatynastaryna qolayly jaghday jasau halyq túrmysyndaghy manyzdy mәselege ainaldy. Búl qarym-qatynastyng onaluyna tek kóshpeli halyqtar ghana emes, otyryqshy aimaqtardaghy eginshilik ónimderin ótkizip egis kóligin aludy maqsat etken eginshiler de, qolóner ónimderin ótkizip shiykizat (jýn, teri, t.b.) aludy qajet etken qolónershiler de, sauda tauaryn ótkizip payda tabugha úmtylghan saudagerler de mýddeli boldy. Bay aimaqtar men qalalardy qol astyna qaratugha feodaldar tipti de mýddeli edi, әsirese janadan shanyraq kótergen Qazaq handyghyn sayasi-ekonomikalyq baza retinde paydalanu ýshin Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalardy qaratu óte manyzdy boldy.
Sóitip qazaq handyghy aldynda ýsh mindet túrdy:
1.Mal jayylymdaryn paydalanudyng Deshti Qypshaq dalasynda búrynnan qalyptasqan daghdyly tәrtibin qalpyna keltiru (búl tәrtip Ábilqayyr handyghyndaghy alasapyran arqyly búzylghan bolatyn)
2.Shyghys pen Batys arasyndaghy sauda keruen joly ýstine ornaghan Syrdariya jaghasyndaghy Syghanaq, Sozaq, Otyrar, Yassy (Týrkistan) t.b. qalalaryn qazaq handyghyna qaratu. Búl qalalar osy ónirdegi sayasiy–ekonomikalyq jәne әskeriy-strategiyalyq berik baza boldy.
3.Qazaq taypalarynyng basyn qosyp, etnikalyq territoriyasyn biriktiru, búlardyng ishindegi eng manyzdy mindet–Syrdariya jaghasyndaghy qalalardy qaratu boldy. Syrdariya boyyndaghy bay qalalar búdan búrynghy memlekettik birlestikterdin-Aqordanyn, Ábilqayyr handyghynyng sayasiy-әkimshilik jәne sauda-ekonomikalyq ortalyqtary edi. Sondyqtan osy qalalardy ózining ekonomikalyq jәne әskery tiregine ainaldyru búdan búrynghy tarihta da Deshti Qypshaq dalasyn biyleuding basty sharty bolyp kelgen edi.
Kerey men Jәnibekting sonyna ergen, qazaq atanyp bólingen júrttyng әuelgi sany – eki jýz mynday adam bolghan. Búl san sol zaman ýshin kóp halyq, biraq baytaq úlysta qalghan tuystardyng sany búdan alty-jeti ese artyq bolatyn. Shu boyyna, Alatau etegine ornyqqan júrt biraz kýsh jinap, ózining sayasy jaghdayyn nyghaytqan son, búrynghy Kók Orda jerin týgel qaytaryp alu jolyndaghy kýresin bastaydy. Kórshilerimen jýrgizgen soghystar sәtti bolyp, nәtiyjesinde jәne qolayly tarihy jaghday arqasynda ainalasy on jylgha tolar-tolmasta ýlken quatqa ie bolady. Alayda, Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalar men Deshti-Qypshaq dalasy ýshin kýreste qazaq handyghynyng basty bәsekelesi jәne ata jauy Ábilqayyr han boldy. Qazaq handyghy Ábilqayyrgha qarsy kýresu ýshin eng aldymen Mogholstan memleketimen tatu, kórshilik, odaqtyq baylanys ornatty. Búl odaq Oirat jongharlarynyng tayshysy Amasanjynyng Mogholstangha shabuyl jasauynan jәne Ábilqayyr hannyng Jetisudaghy qazaq handyghyna shabuyl jasauynan tize qosa otyryp qorghanudy qajet etti.
Qazaq bolyp bólingen qauymdy qolda bar kýshpen taptap, janyshtaugha shamasy jetpegen Ábilqayyr býkil úlysyna sauyn aityp, әsker jinaydy. Edil dariyanyng jaghasynda qalyng qol týzip, 1468 jyly qysta Ábilqayyr han qazaq handyghyn qiratpaq bolyp, Jetisugha joryqqa attanady, biraq sapary sәtsiz bolyp, joryq jolynda qaza tabady. 26
Ábilqayyr bastap kelgen әsker qazaq bolyp bólingen júrtty shabugha ýzildi-kesildi qarsylyq bildirgenge úqsaydy. Óitkeni Kerey men Jәnibekting tuy astyndaghy júrt pen Ábilqayyr tuynyng astyndaghy júrt – bir-aq halyq edi, bәri de alash úly, keyingi ýsh arystyng úrpaghy. Shynynda da solay bolady. Ábilqayyr ólisimen, qaramaghyndaghy әsker tarap ketedi; búrynghy әmirshisine adal shonjarlardyng bir toby Ábilqayyrdyng úly Sheyh-Haydardy han kóteredi, biraq ol kóp úzamay, qazaqtarmen qaqtyghysta qaza tabady. Sóitip, alghash tu kótergennen song arada bir mýshel óter-ótpeste Kerey men Jәnibek ata júrtyna tolyq ie bolady. Qazaq ordasy búrynghy Altyn Ordanyng shyghys bóligi Kók Orda jerinde birjola ornyghady, ejelden ata mekeninde otyrghan týrik-qypshaq rulary endi qazaq degen últtyq ataumen atalady. Qazaq Ordasynyng qúryluy, osynyng nәtiyjesinde qazaq atalatyn halyqtyng tarih sahnasyna shyghuy–bir júrttyng ekinshi júrtty jaulauynyn, belgili bir taypalardyng jana qonysqa kelip, jana patshalyq ornatudyng nәtiyjesinde jýzege asqan is emes. Búl – tili bir, týri, dini bir, salt-sanasy ortaq tuysqan rulardyn, yaghni, etnikalyq túrghydan alghanda, birshama qalyptasqan qauymnyng janghyrghan Orda qúramynda qaytadan toptasuy bolatyn.
Ábilqayyrdyng qaza tabuy qazaq handyghynyng nyghangyna jәne kólemining kenenine jaghday tudyrdy. Ábilhayyr ólgennen song onyng elinde qiyan-keski qyrqys bastalyp, handyq ydyray bastady: «Ózbek úlysynyng shanyraghy shayqaldy, shiyelenister bastaldy. Onyng (qaramaghyndaghylardyn) ýlken bóligi Kerey han men Jәnibek hangha kóship ketti».27 Múnday tiyimdi jaghdaydy der kezinde paydalanghan qazaq handary Kerey men Áz Jәnibek búdan 12 jyl búryn ózderi auyp ketken ata qonysy Deshti Qypshaqqa qayta oraldy. Qazaq handary Ábilhayyr hannyng múragerlerine qarsy kýreste olardyng tap bolghan ishki-syrtqy qayshylyqtaryn tolyq paydalandy, búrynnan beri Ábilhayyrmen biylikke talasyp kelgen Joshy úrpaqtary-Ahmet han men Mahmúd batys Sibirding biyleushisi Ibaq hanmen, sonday-aq Noghay odaghyn biylegen myrzalarmen odaqtasyp, tize qosa otyryp kýres jýrgizdi.
Ábilhayyr hannyng ornyna otyrghan múrager balasy Shayh Haydar búl kýreste óltirildi.28 Ábilhayyr hannyng nemereleri Múhammed Shaybany men Mahmúd súltan Astrahangha baryp panalady. Ábilhayyr hannyng múragerlerimen kýreste tolyq jeniske jetken qazaq handyghy Ábilhayyr han 40 jyl biylegen shyghys Deshti Qypshaq dalasyn jәne ondaghy kóshpeli taypalardy birte-birte ózine qosyp aldy. «XV-ghasyrdyng 70-jyldarynda qazaqtar Syrdariya boyymen oghan jalghas Qaratau ónirining birsypyra jerin basyp aldy».29 Sóitip qazaq handyghynyng territoriyasy әldeqayda keneydi, oghan tús-túsynan qazaq taypalary kelip qosylyp jatty.
Alayda Syrdariya jaghasyndaghy qalalar ýshin Ábilhayyrdyng nemeresi Múhammed Shaybany hanmen kýres otyz jyldan astam uaqytqa sozyldy. Búl kýres Kerey hannyng balasy Búryndyq hannyng (1480-1511jj) túsynda da tolastaghan joq. Syrdariya boyyndaghy qalalardy alu ýshin qazaq handyghymen talasqan beldi bәsekeles Múhammed Shaybany edi. Sonymen qatar Týrkistan aimaghyn biylegen Ámir Temir әuletinen shyqqan Ámir Múhammed Mәzit Tarhan men Mogholstan hany Jýnis hannyng da kózdegeni-Syrdariya jaghasyndaghy strategiyalyq manyzy zor qalalar boldy. Búl qalalar ýshin qazaq handary da soghysty. Qazaq hany Áz Jәnibekting ýlken balasy Mahmúd súltan Sozaq qalasyn baghyndyrdy, ekinshi balasy Erenji (IYrenji) Saurandy iyemdendi. Sauran týbinde qazaqtardan soqqy jegen Múhammed Shaybany Búharagha qashty.30 Sóitip, Syrdariya jaghasyndaghy eki qala-Sozaq qalasy men Sauran qalasy Qazaq handyghynyng qúramyna kirdi.
Búryndyq pen Shaybanidyng Týrkistan óniri ýshin úzaqqa sozylghan soghystary qazaq hanynyng Deshti Qypshaqta óz jaghdayyn nyghaytuyna әkelip soqty. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde Búryndyq Qazaq handyghynyng shyghys audandarynda óz iyelikterin territoriyalyq jaghynan birshama úlghaytty.
Monghol shapqynshylyghynan keyin, barlyq qazaq rulary men taypalary Jetisuda alghash ret bir memleketke biriktirildi. Qazaq handyghy nyghayyp, halqynyng birigu barysy jedeldeumen birge, onyng «qazaqtar» degen atau da bekidi.31
Bizding býkil ótken tarihymyz jaulas elderdin, jau bolmaghan kýnning ózinde jat júrt ókilderining qolymen jazylyp ózderining mýddelerine say búrmalanyp kelgendigin este saqtap, tәuelsizdigimizding kepili retinde ol ótken tarihtaghy aqiqatty búrmalap «aqtandaqtar» jasaugha jol bermeumiz qajet.
Esenghazy Quandyq,
tarih ghylymdarynyng doktory, professor.
Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:
1. Maghauin M."Qazaq tarihynyng әlppesi", Almaty-1995, 9-bet
2. «Altyn Orda tarihyna qatysty materialdar jinaghy», 1-tom, 364-442-448-bb
3.. Ivanov P.P. «Orta Aziya tarihynyng ocherkteri» 20-21better.
4. «Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty, 1983.2-tom, 192-bet.
5. Masghúd ibn Osman Kohstany «Tarihy Ábilqayyr han» 312-480 better
6. «Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty,1983.2-tom, 190-bet
7. Yudin V.T «Mogholstandaghy mogholdardyng taypalyq qúramy», 28-38 better
8. «Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty, 1983. 2-tom, 255-256-better
9. Múqanov M. «Orta Jýz qazaqtarynyng etnikalyq qúramy», 28-38 –better
10. Múhammed Haydar Dulatiy «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 7-22-34-better
11. «Shay baninama»,56-bet. «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 45-48 better
12. «Tauarih ghúzidain núsyratnama», 5-7-98-better
13. «Rauzat» as‒Safy», «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 23 bet
14. «Qazaq SSR tarihy», Almaty,1983. 2-tom, 257-bet
15. «Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 8-tom, 664-bet.
16. Múhammed Haydar Dulatiy «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 46-bet, «Qazaq handyghy
tarihynyn materialdary», 95-bet
17. Múhammed Haydar Dulatiy «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 46-bet, «Qazaq handyghy
tarihynyn materialdary», 95-bet
18. Maghauin M."Qazaq tarihynyng әlppesi", Almaty-1995, 12-bet
19. «Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 6-tom, 384-385-better.
20. «Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 6-tom, 384-bet.
21. Maghauin M."Qazaq tarihynyng әlppesi", Almaty-1995, 14-bet
22. Sonda, 16-bet
23. Sonda, 16-bet
24. Sonda, 16-bet
25. Sonda, 15 bet
26.«Baqyr al-asyrar», 1326-1336-better.
27. Múhammed Haydar Dulatiy «Tariyh-iy-Rashidiy», 46-174 bb.
28. «Tauarih ghúzidain núsyratnama»,V 96-bet, «Shaybaninama» A4, V 4-b.
29. «Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 8-tom, 235-b.
30.«Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 8-tom, 225-b.
31. Pishulina K.A. «Qazaq handyghy»,«Qazaq sovet ensiklopediyasy», 4-t.,385-b.
Abai.kz
