Jazushy, tarihshy, kósemsózshi Beybit Qoyshybaevtyng "Qazaq memleketi tarihyna kózqaras" atty enbegin jalghastyryp berip otyrmyz. Basy myna siltemelerde: http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4553; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4554; http://abai.kz/post/view?id=4579 

Salqam Jәngir jongharlardyng qazaq elindegi shúrayly jerler men  Syrdariya ózeni boyyndaghy sauda ortalyqtaryna súqtanatynyn,  solargha qol jetkizu ýshin ýzdiksiz shapqynshylyq jasay beretinin  aiqyn týsinetin. 

Shynynda da, Ertisting bastauynda 1635 jyly «Tórt Oirat Odaghy» (Jonghar handyghy) qúrylyp, oirat taypalary kýsh biriktirgennen keyin, olardyng biyleushisi Batyr qontayshy búl niyetin ashyq kórsetti. Sol jyly birden qazaqtargha qarsy alghashqy iri shapqynshylyghyn jasady. Maqsaty belgili, kóship-qonugha jayly jer-su men sauda-sattyq jasaugha qolayly Syr boyy qalalaryna iyelik etu. Qazaq qolynyng jetekshisi Salqam Jәngir mýmkindiginshe qarsylyq úiymdastyrdy. Biraq úrys barysynda ózi tútqyngha týsip qaldy. Edәuir qiyndyqtan keyin qashyp shyghyp, qaytadan qorghanys soghystaryn jýrgizdi.  Sozylmaly qandy shayqastar nәtiyjesinde  qazaq jasaqtary jer-suyn negizinen qorghap qala aldy, degenmen biraz uaqyt jongharlargha salyq tólep túrugha mәjbýr boldy.

Batyr qontayshynyng әskerleri qazaq eline jasaghan joryghynan keyin shyghystaghy mongholdardy da, Eniysey boyyndaghy qyrghyzdardy da jenip, olardan da alym-salyqtar alyp túrdy.  Jonghar әmirshisining qol astyna búl kezde handyqtyng ústyny bolghan Batys Mongholiyagha qosymsha Ile ózeni jogharghy aghysynyng jәne oghan kórshi jerlerding júrttary da qaraytyn. Onyng biyligin Shyghys Týrkistan halqynyng bir bóligi men Eniyseyding orta aghysyn mekendeytin haqastar da moyyndaghan. Endi jer-jerdegi oirattardyng birligin arttyru qajettigi kýn tәrtibine shyqqan edi. Eger 13-shi ghasyrda әlemning jartysyn jaulap alghan Shynghys han fenomeni Gumiylev anyqtaghanday «passionarlyq dýmpu» kórinisi bolsa,  sonday «passionarlyq dýmpudin» jana kórinisin 15-shi ghasyrdyng ortasyndaghy Esen tayshynyng sәtsiz әreketinen keyin, 17-shi ghasyrda qúrylghan Jonghar handyghy kórsetuge tiyis sekildengen.  Batyr qontayshy sonday ahualgha jetudi armandady, sondyqtan da ózi bas bolyp, Jonghar handyghynyng kýlli biyleushileri qostap, 1640 jyly kýllimonghol qúryltayyn shaqyrdy. Oghan Jonghariyanyng ózinen, Batys jәne Soltýstik Mongholiyadan, Tiybetten, Shyghys Týrkistannan, Orta Aziyadan barlyq oirat aqsýiekterining ókilderi keldi. Oirattyng torghauyt taypasyna jatatyn elu myng shanyraghyn bastap kóship baryp, Edil boyyna, qazaq elining teristik-batysyna ornyqqan Ho-Órlýk tayshy eki noyon úlymen kep qatysty.  

Qúryltay Tarbaghatay audanyndaghy Úlan-bura alqabynda ótti. Búl qúryltaydyng basty maqsaty birikken halhalar (Soltýstik Mongholiya) men oirattardyng (Jonghariya) negizinde, sony túghyr etip, әr ólkedegi handyqtardyng ózindik imperiyasyn qúru, sóitip ortaq jaugha qarsy kýsh jinau, syrttan dúshpan tiyisken jaghdayda ózara kómek berudi qamtamasyz etu bolatyn. (Osy shaqta manichjurlar Soltýstik Qytay ýshin soghysqan, Qytaydy jaulap alghan da, onda manichjurlardyng Sin dinastiyasyn ornyqtyrghan). Qúryltayda handyqtyng Kavkazdaghy iyelikterinen bastap Ýndistan shekarasyna deyingi  barlyq bodandaryna – mongholdar men oirattargha, qalmaqtargha ortaq, ózara kelispeushilikter men qaqtyghystardy boldyrmaugha tiyis monghol-oyrat zandarynyng jinaghy qabyldandy. Shynghys hannyng Yasasynan bastau alyp, kóshpendilerding әdet-ghúryp zandaryn boyyna sinirgen «Dalalyq Zandar jinaghy» (Iky Saadjin Bichik – Úly Zandar Kodeksi)  dep atalatyn búl zannamalyq qújat barlyq oirat iyelikterine kýshi jýretin birtútas zandardy belgiledi. Sonday-aq, Qúryltaygha Buddalyq joghary dinbasylarynan ghalym jәne aghartushy, oirat әlipbiyin (diny mәtinderdegi jazbalardy onaylatu jәne sóileu men jazudy jaqyndatudy kózdeytin todo bichig – aiqyn jazu erejesin) jasaushy hoshouyt Zaya-Pandita qatysqan-dy. Ol jasynda Tiybetke baryp, buddizmning qisyny (teoriyasy) men is-daghdysyn ýirenuge jiyrma eki jylyn arnaghan, odan eline oralghannan beri Budda ilimin taratu jolynda belsendi missionerlik júmys jýrgizip jýrgen bolatyn. Sol kezde Batyr qontayshynyng býkilmonghol qúryltayyn ótkizu jayyndaghy jobasyn maqúldap, shaqyruyn quana qabyl aldy. Qúryltay onyng missionerlik úmtylysyn zandastyrdy.  Oirattardyng barshasy ústanugha tiyis birynghay din retinde Gelugpa (Raqymshyl) mektebi dәstýrindegi  buddizmdi bekitti. Qúryltay kózdegen basty maqsattyng ózi monghol tildes әrtýrli taypalardy buddizm jәne birynghay qúqyqtyq normalar men zandar auqymynda biriktirudi jýzege asyratyn qújat qabyldau edi. Ol jýzege asty.

Batys Mongholiya men Edil–Jayyq aralyghynda (Qalmaq handyghynda) túryp jatqan barlyq oirat handary men aqsýiekterining ókilderi qúryltayda ózderi qabyldaghan sheshimderdi jýzege asyrugha bir kisidey qúlshyndy. Olar Qazaq handyghyna batystan da (Edildegi Qalmaq handyghy), shyghystan da (Jonghar handyghy) ýzdiksiz shabuyl jasap túrdy. Jәne, alghan jerlerin qúzyrlaryna birjola bekitip qon ýshin, ózderining diny ghibadathanasyn – Budda hramyn salyp otyrghan. (Býginderi de tarihy oryn retinde aitylyp jýretin Óskemen manyndaghy Ablaykit monastyri 1654–1656 jyldary salynghan. Oirattardyng úzyndyghy bir shaqyrym, eni jarty shaqyrym jerdi alyp jatqan búl diny ordasyn qazaq jasaqtary 1670 jyly qausatqan. Jonghariyanyng HVIII ghasyrda jasalghan kartasyna qaraghanda, oirattar Jetisuda 58 buddalyq hram men monastyri salghan).

Kýllimonghol qúryltayynan keyin Jonghar handyghynyng qazaq eline jana da joyqyn basqynshylyq jasamaq niyetpen joryqqa dayyndalyp jatqanyna baylanysty, Salqam Jәngir Búhara handyghymen kelissózder jýrgizdi, qyrghyzdarmen baylanysyn nyghaytty. Jәne Batyr qontayshy әskerining qazaq jerine Jonghar Alatauy arqyly basyp kirmek túsyn aldyn ala bilip, qorghanys sharalaryn jasady.  Áskeri ishinen sol zamanghy ozyq oq-dәrili myltyqpen qarulanghan arnayy ekpindi top jasaqtady. Osy arnayy jasaqty dúshpannyng jolyn tosugha bólip, eki tau arasyndaghy qysang túsqa or qazyp bekindirdi. Áskerding ekinshi bóligi beles syrtynda tosqauylda túrdy. Keng taralghan derekke qaraghanda, qorghanystaghy qazaq әskerinde alty jýz sarbaz, al jaulap alugha kele jatqan jonghar qolynda elu myn  adam bolghan.  Batyr qontayshynyng búl qaterli joryghyna «Dalalyq Zandar jinaghy» biriktirgen kóptegen oirat noyondary qatysqan, olardyng qatarynda shyghys-monghol (halha) әmirshisi Altan hannyng úly Ombo-Erdeni, sonday-aq, Ho-Órlýk tayshy jibergen Edil qalmaqtary da jýrdi degen derek bar. Osy joryqta olar Jәngir jasaqtarymen betpe-bet kelgenge deyin Alatau qyrghyzdarynyng biraz jerin, Shu ózenining jogharghy jaghyndaghy júrtty jaulap alghan-dy. Degenmen qazaq jasaqtarynyng kózsiz  erligi olardyng shapqynshylyghy aldyna alynbas qamal túrghyzdy. Or qazyp bekingen, myltyqpen qarulanghan qazaq sarbazdary  jonghardyng qalyng qolyna batyl qarsy túryp, alghashqy tegeurindi әskery toytarys berdi. Az qolmen ýlken әskerge tikeley tótep beruding qiyndyghyn týsingendikten jasalghan әskery aila ong nәtiyjege jetti, orlargha  bekingen ýsh jýz jauynger qalyng qolgha  myltyqtan oq jaudyrsa, qalghan ýsh jýz sarbaz syrtynan shabuyl jasaydy. Aldy-artynan  jaughan   oq   pen  eki jaqtaghy taudan tómen qúlatylghan tastar shapqynshylar qataryn qatty siyretti.  Úzamay qazaqtargha kómekke Búqar handyghynan Samarqan әmirshisi Jalantós bahadýr jiyrma  myn  әskerimen keledi (Jalantós Seyitqúlúly – qazaq batyry, әskerbasy, Samarqan qalasynyng Registan keshenindegi sәulet  ónerining jauhary bolyp tabylatyn Shiyr-Dor, Tillya-Kary medreselerin saldyrghan biyleushi,  ataqty Áyteke biyding atasy). Kómekke qyrghyz jasaqtary da jetedi.  Tarihta Orbúlaq shayqasy degen atpen bederlengen osynau  1643 jylghy úrysta jongharlardyng oisyray jenilgeni belgili. Búl shayqasta Jәngir han zor qolbasshylyq daryn men әskery sheberlik tanyta bilgen. Sol danqty shayqastyng 350 jyldyghyn tәuelsiz Qazaqstan 1993 jyly atap ótti.

Salqam Jәngir han Jonghar handyghynyng quatyn әdil baghalay bildi, Batyr qontayshynyng Edil qalmaqtaryn, jer-jerdegi barlyq oirat birlikterin «Iky Saadjin Bichiyk» negizinde óz handyghy múrattarymen tútastyra alatyn mýmkindikterin  esepke aldy. Sondyqtan, bitim jasap, beybit kelisimshartqa otyru maqsatymen Jonghariyagha ózining úldary Tәuke (bolashaq han) men Apaqty bas etip eki ret elshilik attandyrdy.  Alayda dauly mәseleler bәribir sheshimin tappady.

Búl kezde Qytaydaghy manichjur (jýrjen) taypalary qúrghan Sin dinastiyasy kórshi elderdi óz imperiyasyna qosu sayasatyn jýrgize bastaghan. Olar shyghysyndaghy Koreya men ontýstigindegi Vietnamdy jaulaumen jýrip, alghashqy kezde Jonghariyagha nazar audara qoymaghan edi. Osy jәit oirattardyng qazaq eline joryqtargha shygha beruine qolayly boldy. Qazaqtardan kek qaytaru ýshin olar 1646 jyly qaytadan atqa qondy, tútqiyldan shabuyldap,  qazaqtardyng birer belgili túlghalaryn bala-shaghasymen tútqyngha týsirdi, mol oljamen keri oraldy. Alayda múnday úsaq jenis Batyr qontayshyny qanaghattandyra qoymaghan. Onyng basshylyghymen Qazaq eline jana da ýlken joryq jasaugha jongharlar múqiyat dayyndaldy.   Orys patshasynyng Sibirdegi әkimshiliginen bolashaq   soghysqa qajet sauyt-sayman, qaru-jaraq, oq-dәriler satyp alyndy. Sóitip, 1652 jyly Qazaq handyghyna taghy bir ýlken joryq jasady.  Osy iri shayqasta qazaq jasaqtary jeniliske úshyrady. Memleket basshysy retinde kemel sayasatymen, tughan elin qorghauda kóregen qolbasshylyghymen jәne qolyna qaru alyp tikeley shayqasqa kiretin eren erligimen býkil Ortalyq Aziya elderi arasynda keng tanymal bolghan Salqam Jәngir maydan dalasynda qaza tapty.

Azdaghan ýzilistermen 18-shi ghasyr ortasyna deyin jýrgen jonghar-qazaq soghysynyng 1635 jyldan bastalghan bastapqy kezi – Jәngir han (Esim hannyng ekinshi úly, alghashynda taqqa onyng ýlken úly Jәnibek otyrghan)   qaza tapqan 1652 jylgha deyingi kezeni – oirattardyng ýzdiksiz shapqynshylyghyna toly boldy. Olar Jetisudaghy, Shyghys jәne Ortalyq Qazaqstandaghy shúrayly jayylymdargha talasyp,  Syr boyyndaghy sauda joldary men eginshilik aimaqtaryn qolgha týsiruge úmtylghan edi. «Tórt Oirat odaghynyn» Qazaq handyghynan qonys tartyp aludy maqsat etip, tolassyz shabuyldaudan taymauy sol shaqta Qazaq memlekettigining saqtalyp qalu-qalmau mәselesin tarazygha týsirgen bolatyn. Osynday qiyn shaqta Jәngir hannyng ýlken sayasatkerligi, kórshi handyqtarmen diplomatiyalyq qatynastar jasaugha mәn berui, әskerin ot-qarumen jaraqtandyra aluy, Búharamen, Samarqan әmiri Jalantós bahadýrmen, Tyani-Shani qyrghyzdarymen dostyq qarym-qatynasta boluy, qolbasshylyq daryny men jeke basynyng batyrlyghy qazaq eldigining irgesin búzghyzbaudy qamtamasyz etti. 

(JALGhASY BAR)

Beybit Qoyshybaev

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