QALJAN AHUN
XVII ghasyr sonynda Tәuke hannyng «Jeti jarghy» zanyn qabyldauy qazaq dalasyndaghy diniy-ruhany ahualdyng asa kýrdeli ózgeristerge týsuine yqpalyn tiygizdi. Qazaq halqynyng jýzdegen jyldar boyy ústanghan joly-yasauiya tariqaty diny iydeologiya retindegi rolinen ajyrap, onyng ornyn naqshbandiya tariqaty basty. Parsy mәdeniyeti negizinde dýniyege kelgen búl sopylyq joldyng dәstýrli týrki mәdeniyetine negizdelgen Yasauy jolynan belgili dәrejede ózgesheligi bar edi. Eng basty ereksheligi qazaq halqynyng dýniyetanymdyq negizderimen say kelmeytin. Yasauy jolynda tanym negizinde «uahdat al-ujud» - bolmystyng birligi jatsa, naqshbandiyler tanymynyng negizinde «uahdat al-shuhud» jatty. Biri halyq sanasyna adam balasynyng býtinning bólshegi ekendigin sezindirip, әr bir adamnyng ózi ýshin ghana emes, ózi ómir sýrip jatqan qoghamnyng da bolmysyna jauapty ekendigin sezindiretin jәne qoghamdasyp ómir sýruge ynghaylaytyn. Ekinshisi, әrbir adamnyng tek ózi ýshin jauapty ekendigin, әrbir jannyng Allamen aradaghy baylanysy jeke bolu kerek degen týsinikte boldy. Demek, әrbir jan iyesi ózi ýshin ghana ómir sýrui tiyis degen qaghida qogham sanasyna birtindep sine bastady. Búl tanymdaghy ózgerister qazaq qoghamynda qalyptasqan ruhani, mәdeny tútastyqty ydyratushy basty faktor boldy desek, artyq aitqandyq emes. Onyng ýstine san ghasyr boyy qazaq halqynyng ruhany birligining negizi-Yasauy jolynyng halyq arasynda jetekshi ruhany kýsh boluyna yqpal etushi Yasauy joly ókilderining biylik jýiesinen ysyryluy da qazaq halqy arasyndaghy ruhany tútastyqty odan әri әlsirete týsti.
Ár jýzding basyna han qoyylyp, ru, taypalar basyna biyler sol ru, taypa ókilderining ózinen taghayyndalatyn boldy. Búl qazaq qoghamy ishindegi separatistik pighyldyng kýsheyuine, ru, taypalar arasyndaghy birlikting әlsirep, bәsekelestikting artuyna әkeldi. Búryn biyler tek Yasauy joly ókilderining qatarynan ghana taghayyndalatyn. Olar ýshin bar qazaq bir bolatyn. Olardyng ózderi basqaryp otyrghan ru, taypa arasynda tughan, tuysy bolmaytyn. Sondyqtan da ol biyler әr kezde әdildikten taymaytyn. Osy prinsip búzylghan son, әr biyding óz tuysynyng sózin sóileuine, qazaq qoghamyndaghy әdildik prinsipterining búzyluyna әkeldi. Búl jalpy memleketting ruhany birligine orasan zor núsqan keltirildi. Ár jýzding әr jaqqa tartuy memleketting әlsireuine, ortalyq biylikting qauqarsyz quyrshaqqa ainaluyna әkeldi.
Qazaq handyghynyng jongharlardyng qazaq jerine alghashqy basyp kelgen kezeninde dúrys qarsylyq kórsete almauynyng astarynda osy faktor jatty. Tek, Abylay hannyng qazaq halqyn basyn qayta biriktiru jolyndaghy janqiyarlyq enbegi ghana qazaq halqynyng odan ary etnikalyq jikteluge týsuden aman saqtap qaldy.[1] Alayda, Abylay hannyng dini-iydeologiyalyq sayasatty qayta ózgertpek bolghan әrketi ayaqtalmay qaldy. Ol satqyndyqtyng qúrbany boldy. Qazaq handyghy elu jyldyq soghysta jenip, túryp jenildi. Memlekettigin kýiretti. Múnyng astarynda bir ghana sebep jatty. Ol – qazaq qoghamyndaghy ruhany tútastyqtyng ydyrauy edi.
Resey imperiyasy bolsa, búl kezende qazaq dalasyn iygeruding joldaryn qarastyryp jatty. Úzaq jyldargha sozylghan zertteu júmystary arqasynda, otarshyldar, qazaq qoghamynyng ruhany tútastyghyn ydyratpay túryp, ony tolyghymen sayasy túrghydan iygeru mýmkin emestigin aiqyn sezindi. Orys zertteushileri ol kezende qazaq dalasyn sharlap, onyng әdet-ghúryp, salt-dәstýrin, jalpy ruhani, mәdeny bolmysyn býge-shigesine deyin zertteude boldy. Búl Resey imperiyasynyng Qazaq handyghy tarihtan ketpey túryp, qazaq dalasyn dini-iydelogiyalyq túrghydan iygeruge baghyttalghan әreketke kirisuine mýmkindik berdi. Ol әreket Ufa jәne Simbirsk namestniygi O.A. Ingelistromnyng úsynysyna sәikes II Ekaterinanyng jarlyghy boyynsha Ufa qalasynda músylman diny basqarmasynyng 1789 jyly ashyluynan bastaldy. Sóitip, alghash ret qazaq dalasyn diniy-ruhany túrghydan iygeruge baghyttalghan Resey imperiyasynyng sayasaty iske qosyldy. Ol diny basqarma Orynbor muftiyligi dep ataldy[2.104]. Maqsaty – qazaq dalasyn dini, ruhany túrghydan ydyratu, músylmandardyng diny negizde bas kóterulerining aldyn alu edi. Ol ýshin arnayy osy maqsatqa dayyndalghan moldalar qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli dinine qayshy keletin uaghyzdar jýrgizuge tiyis boldy. Olar qazaq arasyna kirip, qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny tanymynan ajyratu, tanym negizderin ózgertuge kýsh saldy. Ol moldalardy qazaq arasynda «zakaznoy moldalar» dep atady. Óitkeni, әrbir qazaq auly olardy oqyghan qarajaty men ózge shyghyndaryn tólep, satyp alatyn. Orynbor muftiyligining qazaq arasynda ruhany ydyratushylyq baghytta pәrmendi әreket etkendigin myna sifrlardan-aq kóruimizge bolady. XVIII ghasyr sonynda qazaq arasynda Resey imperiyasynyng sayasatyn jýrgizetin 28 ahun, 969 molda, 114 meshit, 1921 mudarris boldy. [2.105] Olardyng qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymyna qarsy әreketin qazaq ziyalylary kórmey qalghan joq. Olar qarsy әreket etti. Diny túlghalar qazaq halqynyng ruhany tәuelsizdigin saqtap qalugha kýsh saldy. Múny biz Kenesary hannyng Resey patshalyghyna qarsy kýresin qoldaghan Maral ishan mysalynda kóre alamyz. Onyng qazaq halqynyng tәuelsizdigin saqtap qalu jolyndaghy әreketi, tek diny uaghyzben ghana shektelip qalmay, qolgha qaru alyp kýresuge de shaqyrdy. Qazaq jerining soltýstiginde tuylghan Maral ishan Resey otarshyl sayasatymen kýrese jýrip, Syr boyyna kelip, túraqtaydy. Sayasy kýreste jene almasyn sezgen ol qazaq halqynyng ruhany tәuelsizdin saqtap qalugha kýsh salady. Ol din isterin Reseymen emes, Búharamen baylanystyrghandy jón sanady. Búl әreket óz jemisin berdi. [3] Qazaq dalasynyng ontýstik ólkesining halqy diny qyzmetkerlerdi Búhara qalasynda oqytudy qolgha aldy. Búl әreket Syr ónirinde keninen etek jaydy desek artyq aitqandyq emes. Oghan Maral ishan әrekti tikeley yqpal etkenine dau joq. Búhara qalasyndaghy medreselerde oqyp, qazaq arasyna qayta oralghan túlghalardyng qazaq halqynyng ruhany ósuining kezekti baspaldaghynyng biri bolghany anyq. Eng bastysy, Búhara qalasyna barghan jastardyng aldymen «Mir Arab» medresesine baruynyng ózi jas talapkerding ózge diny aghym sonyna ermeuin qadaghalap, diny tanymyn qalyptastyryp baryp, ózge oqu oryna auysatynyn kóremiz. Óitkeni, «Mir Arab» medresesining negizin qalaghan, saldyrghan Yasauy jolynyng ortaghasyrlardaghy kórnekti ókili, Múhammed Shaybany hangha pir bolghan, Sauran qojalarynyng ókili bolatyn. Ol jerde 20 ghasyr basyna deyin Yasauy joly negizinde bilim berilip keldi. Bilim aludy osy oqu ornynan bastaghan jastar odan keyingi oqu oryndarynda qansha bilim alsa da, ózge aghym sonyna ilese qoymaytyn. Sol sebepti, Búhara qalasynda oqyp, bilim alghan Syr boyy ahundarynyng oi-pikirleri qazaqtyng dәstýrli diny tanymynan alshaq bolghan joq. Ony Syr boyy ahundarynyng mysalynan kóre alamyz. Alayda, qazaq halqynyng ishinde olargha da kýdikpen qaraghanyn kóremiz. Oghan mysal retinde Bazar jyraudyng Qaljan ahungha arnaghan myna óleninen kóruge bolady:
Jany ardaqty jaqsynyn,
Kýnde biri ólsin der.
«Janazasyn oqy» -dep-
Shaqyrushy kelsin!-der.
«Sqat, Qúran shygharyp,
Mal men mýlkin bólsin!» der.
Sol bólingen oljadan,
«Ózgelerden kóbirek,
Sybaghama bersin!» der.
Búl moldalar tilegi. [4.162]
Biraq, Búhara qalasynda oqu bitirip kelgen diny túlghalardyng kópshiligi Resey tarapynan dayyndalghan moldalardan ýlken ereksheligi boldy. Olardyng dýniye, mal ýshin emes, halyqtyng ruhany tútastyghyn qalyptastyryp, ózgelerding ruhany yqpalyna týsip qalmauynyng aldyn alu ýshin qyzmet etkenin kóremiz. Oraz-Múhammed ahun Beketayúly, Aldashbay ahun Ernazarúly, Qaljan ahun Bólekbayúly siyaqty túrghalar qazaq halqynyng ruhany tәuelsizdigin saqtap qalu jolyndaghy naghyz kýreskerler boldy. Búlardyng enbekterining arqasynda «Syr sýleyleri» degen atqa ie bolghan aqyn-jyraular shoghyry dýniyege keldi desek artyq aitqandyq emes. Sonymen qatar, Búhara medreselerinen bilim alghan týlekter arasynda qazaq ruhaniyatyna jana serpin, jana lep әkelegen túlghalar kóp boldy. Mysaly, Túrmaghambet syndy túlghalar arab, parsy halyqtaryndaghy inju-marjandardy qazaq tanymyna say qayta jyrlap, qazaqtyng ruhany bolmysynnyng ayasyn kenitti. Solarday arystardyng arasynda pisip, jetilgen Qaljan ahunnyng da qazaq ruhaniyatyn janghyrtugha sýbeli ýles qosqanyn kóremiz. Alayda, onyng ózge ólkede tuyp, Syr ónirine keluining ózinde belgili bir zandylyq bar. Ol Syr ónirinde ghana ózining ruhany quatyn kórsete alatyn edi. Onyng Oraz ahunmen syrlas dos boluy, sonyng yqpalymen Syr boyyna kelui jәy emes. Ózining bilimin halyq kәdesine tolyq jaratu mýmkindigi osy ónirde ghana mýmkin bolatynyn sezinui edi. Áriyne, Qaljan ahun aldymen diny ilim iyesi. Sondyqtan Qaljan ahun sonynda qalghan múralardyng kópshiligi diny mәselelerge arnalghan. Biz ony Qaljan ahunnyng Týrkiya Respublikasyndaghy úrpaghy Hasan Hasan Yyldyrymnan alynghan qoljazba derekteri negizinde aita alamyz. Mysaly, onyng qalamynan shyqqan dýniyeler ishinde sharighatqa qatysty mәselelerding keninen qarastyrylghanyn kóremiz. Atap aitqanda, zeket jәne zeketting maldan jәne mýlikten tólenetin mólsherleri kórsetilgen. Sonymen qatar, neke, zina, talaq mәseleleri de Qaljan ahun arnayy qalam tartqan taqyryptardyng biri. Sonymen qatar, miras mәselesi de arnayy qarastyrylyp, sheshimi kórsetilgen. [5] Qaljan ahunnyng diny qyzmeti sharighat mәselelerimen shektelip qalmaydy. Ol diny salt-dәstýrdi halyq arasyna jaydyng jana joldaryn qarastyrady. Mysaly, ramazan ainyna qatysty arnap jazghan óleni, ramazan aiynyng manyzyn halyqqa terenirek týsindiru bolghanyn bayqaymyz. Ol ólendi kóshirushi sóz basynda bylay deydi: «Hazrati Haljan ahun shahr ramazan sharif aiynyng ... Allah taghalanyng tarfyndan yubargan bizlarga aziz qonaq edi dep, mehmangha nasibat aityb, anyng qúrmatin yaqshy qylyb ... riza aityb, shygharyb salu ýshin (jazghan) ghibrat-nama ghazaly dýr. Hosh keldiniz bizderden, razy bolyp ketiniz. Allah taghalanyng dargahynda mening hurmetimdi durys ada qylmady ua mehmanlyq haqymny utamady dep aryz-dad aitmanyz dep yazghan ...». Búdan ary Qaljan ahunnyng ózining shaghatay tilinde ramazan aiyna arnap jazylghan madaq óleni bylay bastalady:
Latif birlәn bizlarga dustlar Hudauanda jahan
Ghaybdan yetkurmish yerdi bir muazzaz mehman.
Fayz Haqnyng lazym yerdi hurmatin qylmaq yahan,
Bey adablik kórdi bizdan izzat urnygha ...
Bandasy asy ua lekin haq ózidur mehriban
Ulugh, hosh keldiniz mah sharif ramazan... [6]
Qaljan ahun osylay pozziya tilimen halyqqa ramazan aiynyng mәni men manyzyn týsindiredi. Aylardyng súltany bolghan búl aidy qadirli qonaq beynesinde surettey otyryp, bizdin ol qonaqqa layyqty qúrmet kórsete almauymyz jaratushynyng ózine qúrmet kórsete almauymyz dep týsindiredi. Odan keyin ramazan aiyna biz seni dúrystap kýte almady dep, beyәdeptik kórsetti,- dep aityp barma. Alayda, Jaratushy ken, óz bendesine rahymy týsip, bizding búl qateligimizdi keshirer dep ýmittenedi. Búl onyng din mәselesin halyq arasyna uaghyzdauda jan-jaqty tәsil qoldanghanynan habar beredi. Jalpy Qaljan Ahunnyng aqyndyq daryny bolghanyna búdan basqa da shygharmalary kuә bola alady. Ony Qaljan ahunnyng hikmet sarynynda jazylghan ólenderinen kóremiz. Mysaly:
Uah, darigha keshti ómirim barshasy oiran bolub,
Bilmadim halym ne dur, dunia dep hayran bolub,
Qylmadym yaqshy amallar kechalar karian bolub,
Ya, Allahym utmagaymyz ahyrda bey iman bolub. [6]
Búl hikmette Qaljan ahunnyng tanym negizderin aiqyn angharugha bolady. Ol Qoja Ahmet Yasauiy syndy ótken ómirin saralay otyryp, ózining ómirining bosqa ótkenin, Allagha shyn berilip, minәjat ete almaghandyghyn, ertengi kýn Alla aldyna barghanda imansyz bolyb qalmaymyn ba?- degen uayymyn algha tartady. Búl Qaljan ahunnyng halyqqa din ýirete jýrip te, óz isine ózi riza bolmaghanyn, qolymnan kelgen qyzmetimdi әli de tolyq atqara almaghandyghyn, ol ýshin ókinetinin kóremiz. Búl Qaljan ahunnyng halyq arasyndaghy ózining qyzmetining mәnin tereng týsingendigin kórsetedi.
Nemese:
Sening derting menga darmandin artuq,
Senga qúl bolghanym sultandin artuq,
Sening yadynny aisam chól ichinda
Bolur ul chól menga bustandin artuq.
Sening yadyng agar ketsa tilimdiyn,
Ujudim qurayur oirandin artuq.
Mening har bolmaghym óz ghaflatimdiyn
Makar qylsang nazar ahsandin artuq. [6]
Qaljan ahunnyng búl jazghandarynan onyng Allagha, Jaratushygha degen sheksiz ghashyqtyghyn kóremiz. Allagha shyn ghashyq bolu tek sopylargha ghana tәn qasiyet. Búl hikmet joldarynan biz Qaljan ahunnyng Jaratushygha degen mahabbaty bәrinen joghary ekendigin, Allagha qúl bola bilu, súltan boludan artyq ekendigin, Allany zikir etu shóldi miualy baqqa ainaldyratynyn; egerde Allany zikir etu tilden ketetin bolsa, ishki dýniyening qurap, bos qalatynyn, adamnyng qor bolmaghy ózining qateliginen ekendigi, ol ýshin Alla jaza berse, jaqsylyqtan artyq ekenin bayandaydy. Búl joldar onyng diny tanymynyng qay baghytta bolghanyn aiqyn kórsetip túr. Birinshiden, sopylyq tanymda, ekinshiden Yasauy jolynyng ókili bolghandyghyn angharu qiyn emes. Búl oghan qazaq halqynyng dәstýrli diny tanymyna belgili dәrejede qomaqty ýles qosuyna mýmkindik berdi.
Qaljan ahunnyng tek diny qyzmetpen ainalyspay, mektep ashyp, bala oqytqany turaly da derekterdi osy qoljazba ishindegi jazbalardan taba alamyz. Onyng arab tili grammatikasyna arnalghan jazbalary Qaljan ahunnyng bir jaghynan bilimining qanshalyqty tereng bolghanyn bildirse, ekinshi jaghynan sol kezendegi qazaq dalasyndaghy oqu dengeyining qanday dәrejede bolghanynnan habar beredi. [5] Demek, búl qazaq arasyna taralghan qazirgi sauatsyzdyq turaly «anyzdardyn» negizi joqtyghyn kórsetedi.
Jalpy Qaljan ahunnyng artyna qaldyrghan dýniyelerining bir bóligin ol kisinin óz zamandastaryna jazghan hattary qúraydy. Olardyng birshamasy ólenmen jazylsa, keybir hattary qara sózben jazylghan. Ólenmen jazylghan hattarynyng barlyghy derlik ruhaniat mәselesine arnalsa, al qara sózben jazylghan hattary sayasy oqighalardy da qamtitynyn bayqaymyz. Oghan mysal retinde Qaljan ahun Mekkege qajylyqqa barghanda elge jazghan degen haty dәlel bola alady. Biraq búl hattyng Qaljan ahun qalamynan shyqpaghan boluy da mýmkin. Óitkeni, ol hatta hatty jazushynyng aty kórsetilmegen. Onyng ýstine ózge qoljazbalargha qaraghanda, jazu ýlgisi de erekshe. Alayda, búl hat Syr boyyndaghy kózi ashyq, kókregi oyau jandardyng tek qazaq dalasyndaghy sayasy oqighalardan ghana emes, jalpy әlemde bolyp jatqan sayasy ýderisterden de habary bolghanyn jәne ol oqighalargha ózderi tarapynan bagha beretin dәrejede bolghanyn kórsetedi. Mysaly, auyl-elding amandyghyn súraghan son, ózderining Mekkege qalay, qashan jetkenin, qay jerge toqtaghanyn bayandaghannan keyin Osmanly halifatynyng Balqan týbegindegi soghysy jәne ol soghysqa qanday memleketterding tartylghany, búl soghystyng bolashaq nәtiyjesi qalay bolu yqtimaldyghy turaly jasaghan saraptamasy sol kezendegi qazaq oqyghandarynyng sayasy sanasy oyau bolghandyghyn kórsetedi.
Qoryta aitqanda, Syr boyy ahundarynyng qazaq halqynyng ruhani, mәdeny bolmysyn, Resey otarshyldyghy jaghdayynda, qorghaugha baghyttalghan әrektetteri jemisti bolghanyn, solardyng janqiyarlyq enbegi arqasynda qazaq halqynyng ruhany dýniyesi qorghalyp qana qoymay, ony odan ary damyp, bayy týskenin kóremiz. Osy ruhany jetekshilerding ruhany yqpalynyng arqasynda Syr sýleyleri degen atqa ie bolghan aqyn jyraular shoghyry shyqty, olardyng sonynda ólsheusiz ruhany múra qaldy. Búl Syr boyy ahundarynyng qazaq halqynyng ruhaniyatynan alar orny joghary bolghanyn bildirse kerek. Ol túlghalardyng arasynda Qaljan ahunnyng da qomaqty ýlesi bolghandyghyna dau joq.
Paydalanylghan әdebiyetter:
- Jandarbek Z. Yasauy joly jәne qazaq qoghamy. –Almaty: «El-shejire», 2006.
- Jolseyitova M., Rýstemov S. XVIII ghasyr sony men XIX ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda tatar dinbasylarynyng qazaqtar arasyndaghy qyzmeti haqynda / Týrkologiya, №3, 2005. 104 b.
- Tebegenov T. Maral ishan baba nemese qazaqstandaghy Islam aghartushylarynyng tarihiy-mәdeny negizi / «Ana tili» gazeti, 27.01. 2011.
- Qaljanova Sh. Qaljan ahun. Almaty: «Sanat», 2002.
- Qaljan ahunnyng týrkiyalyq úrpaghy Hasan Yyldyrym tarapynan alynghan qoljazbalary.
- Qaljan ahunnyng M.Tólegenovten alynghan qoljazba kóshirmeleri.
Z. Jandarbek, t.gh.k.,
Qoja Ahmet Yasauy atyndaghy
HQTU-i Týrkologiya institutynyn
agha ghylymy qyzmetkeri.
Abai.kz
