Qúrban shalu qaydan shyqqan?

«Qúrban» – arab sózi. Maghynasy «jaqyndau» degendi bildiredi. Demek, búl layyqty izgi ister jasau arqyly Jaratqangha jaqyndau degen sóz. Al qúrban shaludyng sharighattaghy anyqtamasy – «Qúdaygha qúlshylyq niyetimen ereje-sharttaryn eskere otyryp, mal shalu».

Arab tilinde aitta soyylatyn qúrbandyq mal «údhiya» dep, al aittyng ózi «idul-adha» dep atalady. Al týrki halyqtarynda «qúrban shalu», «qúrban aity» sózderi qoldanylady.

Qúran Kәrimde Adam atanyng úldary Abyl men Qabyldyng dauy Qúday Taghalagha qúrbandyq shalu arqyly sheshilgendigi aitylady.  Sonymen birge Ibrahim payghambar iylәhy ayanmen úly Ismaildy Qúday jolynda qúrbandyqqa shalmaqshy bolghandyghy bayandalghan. Sonda Jaratqannyng әmirimen ótkir pyshaq ótpey qaldy. Qúrbandyqqa shalu ýshin kókten qoshqar týsirildi. Synaghynan sýrinbey ótken sýiikti qúlyn Alla solay syilaghan. Búl jayynda Saffat sýresinde: «Sonda Biz oghan: «O, Ibrahiym! Kórgen týsindi rastadyn», – dedik. Rasynda, búl ýlken synaq edi. Biz oghan úly qúrbandyq berdik. Izgilerge sonday syy beremiz», – delingen.

Qúrban shaludyng ýkimi

Al adamzattyng asyly, iylәhy elshilerding sony bolghan Múhammed payghambardyng (Allanyng oghan salauaty men sәlemi bolsyn) sharighatynda qúrban shalu qajylyqtaghy bir rә­sim әri qajylyqtan tysqary músylmandar ýshin uәjip qúlshylyq bolyp bekitildi. Ghúlamalar qúrban shaludyng hijranyng ekinshi jyly bekigendigin aitady. Haq Taghala Kәusar sýre­sinde: «Rabbyng ýshin namaz oqy jәne qúrban shal» dep búiyrghan. Sonday-aq, Payghambar (Allanyng oghan salauaty men sәlemi bolsyn) sahabalary búl ghibadattyng mәnin súraghanda: «Qúrban shalu – Ibrahim (a.s.) babalarynnyng salyp ketken joly. Qúrbandyqqa shalghan maldarynnyng әrbir tal qylshyghy ýshin sauap alasyndar», – dep jauap bergen. Osynday aighaq-dәlelderdi algha tartqan úly imam Ábu Hanifa qúrban aitta mal shalu shamasy jetkenderge uәjip degen pәtua bergen.

Negizinde, paryz ben sýnnetting ortasyndaghy mindetti is uәjip ýkimine iye. Mýmkindigi bola túra sarandyqtan, ne salghyrttyqtan qúrbandyq shalmaghan músylman kýnәli sanalady. Óitkeni Payghambar (Allanyng oghan salauaty men sәlemi bolsyn): «Shamasy jete túra qúrban shalmaghan jan namaz oqityn ornymyzgha jaqyn­da­ushy bolmasyn!» – dep qatang eskertken.

Asylynda, Alla Taghala shal­ynghan maldyng qanyna da, etine de múqtaj emes. Kerisinshe, pendeler Onyng rahymyna múqtaj. Sol ýshin shynayy yqylas-niyetpen mal shalyp, Rahmannyng razylyghyna úmtylmaq kerek. Búl jayynda Haj sýresinde bylay bayandalghan: «Qúrbandyqqa shalynghan maldyng eti de, qany da Alla Taghalagha jetpeydi. Biraq Oghan senderding taqualyqtaryng ghana jetedi».

Qúrban shalu Alla Taghalanyng bergen sansyz nyghmet-nesibelerine әri jyldan jylgha aman-esen jetkenge shýkirshilik retinde hәm jyl boyy jibergen kýnә-qatelikterdi juu ýshin oryndalatyn ghibadat. Sonday-aq, músylman shalghan malynyng etinen bala-shaghasyna, aghayyn-tuysyna, kórshilerine taratady, kedeylerding de auzy qyzylgha tiyedi. Sol arqyly qoghamdaghy bereke-birlik, yntymaq, janashyrlyq, aghayyndyq, tatulyq arta týsedi.

Qúrban shalu kimderge uәjip?

Balighat jasyna tolghan, aqyl-esi týzu, zeket beretin mal-mýlik mólsherine iye, jolaushy emes әrbir músylmangha qúrban shalu – uәjip. Zeket beretin mólsher 85 gramm altyngha, yaky sonyng qúnyna teng keletin qarajat. Qúrban shalu uәjip bo­luy ýshin osy mólsherdegi qarajattyng bir jyl boyy qolda boluy shart emes. Qúrban aity qarsanynda bolsa da jetkilikti. Al osy mólsherdegi qarjysy bolmasa da basqalarmen birigip, iri qara shalsa, ne jeke ózi qoy shalsa, qúrbandyghy qabyl

Qanday mal shalynady?

Qúrbandyqqa bir jasar qoy-eshki, eki jasar siyr, bes jasar týie shalynady. Soyylatyn mal aryq, aqsaq, soqyr, qúlaqsyz shúnaq, mýiizi synghan bolmauy kerek. Ártýrli kemshilikterden ada, tolyqqandy týlik boluy tiyis. Qúday jolynda eng jaqsy maldy shalmay razylyqqa jetem deu – әbestik. Ály Imran sýresinde Jaratqan Ie bylay dep eskertedi: «Ózdering jaqsy kórgendi Alla jolyna júmsamayynsha, iygilikke jetpeysinder».

Ánes sahaba (r.a.) Alla Elshisining (Allanyng oghan salauaty men sәlemi bolsyn) qúrbandyqqa mýiizdi, aq ala eki qoshqardy tәkbir aityp, óz qolymen shalghandyghy turaly jetkizgen. Qoy-eshki bir adamnyng atynan shalynady. Iri qara maldy jeti kisi birigip shalugha bolady. Shamasy jetken adam óz atynan birneshe mal shalsa da bolady. Qúrbandyq maldy basyn qúbylagha qaratyp, «Bismilla, Allahu әkbar!» dep bauyzdaydy. Qúrbandyqty aittyng ýsh kýni shalugha bolady.

Músylman meyramdary turaly

Hadiste «Árbir qauymnyng óz meyramy bar» delingen. Rasynda da әrbir elding ózine tәn meyramdary, aituly kýnderi bar. Olardyng toylanu sebepteri әrkelki. Sharighatta meyramdy iyd dep ataydy. Qazaqsha ait dep atalyp ketken. Búl sózding qoldanystaghy maghynasy «meyram», al týbirindegi maghynalary «qaytu, oralu, qaytarym». Yaghni, jyl sayyn qaytalanyp keletindikten, qúlshylyqqa qarymta mereke bolghandyqtan solay atalghan delinedi. Merekeler әrtýrli jaghdaylargha, tarihi, mәdeny sebepterge qaray naqtylanady. Osy orayda músylman meyramdarynyng ózindik erekshelikteri turaly aityp ótken oryndy.

Jaratushygha iman keltirgen ýmbetting әrbir ghibadaty, qúlshylyghy, tirshiligi Alla Taghalagha boysúnushylyqqa negizdelgen. Haq Taghala Qúran Kәrimning Ángham sýresinde bylay dep búiyrdy: «Shyn mәninde, mening namazym da, qúlshylyghym da, tirshiligim de, ólimim de әlemderding Rabbysy Alla ýshin dep ait». Sondyqtan da mýminning quanyshy, merekesi de Jaratushymen birge, Rabbysynyng әmir-tyiymyn oryndau arqyly bolady.

Aldynghy tolqyn músylmandardaghy taqua jandar: «Kimde-kim Allany eske almay quanyp, shattansa, onysy Rabbysyn úmytyp, ghapyldyqqa salynghany. Ghapyldyqta qalghan pende әueyilikke, nәpsige erip, elitedi. Al aqyldy jan Rabbysyna jasaghan taghat-qúlshylyghy ýshin quanyp, toylaydy», − degen eken.

Sondyqtan da músylmandardyng meyramdarynyng mәn-maghynasy Qúdaygha degen qúlshylyqpen tyghyz baylanysty.

Oraza aityn toylaghanda otyz kýn orazany oidaghyday atqaryp, Jaratqannyng jarylqauynan ýmit etip, ghibadat nauqanyn ayaqtaghany ýshin shattanyp quanady. Alla Taghalanyng Ózi solay búiyrdy. Baqara sýresinde bylay delinedi: «(Jaratqan IYe) ...senderding merzimdi (ramazan aiyn) toltyryp, tura jolgha salghany ýshin Allagha tәkbir aitularyndy (meyramdaularyndy)  (qalaydy)». Tәpsirshiler múndaghy tәkbir aitudyng maghynasy oraza ait namazyn oqu, aittau dep týsindirgen.

Al Qúrban aity qajylyq qúlshylyghymen, qúrbandyq shalumen tikeley baylanysty. Músylmandar osy qúlshylyqtardy abyroymen oidaghyday oryndaghan song aittap, meyramdaydy. Qúday Taghala: «Namaz oqy jәne qúrban shal», – dep búiyrdy. Múndaghy namaz – Qúrban ait namazy, al qúrbandyq osy aitta shalynatyn mal.

Álbette, músylman meyramdarynyng ózindik erekshelikteri bar. Mysaly, keybir qauymdar óz merekelerin shólmek soghystyryp, araq-sharap ishumen, kýnәli isterden bastasa, al músylmandar óz meyramdaryn kýn shyqqannan ait namazyn oqudan bastaydy. Múnyng ózi quanyshty kýnning Qúday Taghalany eske alusyz ótpeytindigin bildiredi. Sonday-aq, músylmandar ait namazynan song bir-birin qúttyqtaydy. Qúrban aitta shalynghan maldyng etin jaqyn-juyqtaryna, múqtaj jandargha taratady. Bir-birining ýiine bas súghyp, aittaydy. Kópten kórmegen tuystarmen qauyshady, nauqastardyn, múqtaj jandardyng hal-jaghdayyn súraydy. Dýniyeden ótken kisilerge Qúran baghyshtap, jarylqau tileydi. Osynyng barlyghy músylmansha merekeleu mәdeniyetining ereksheligin bildiredi.

Qúdaygha shýkir, din janashyry Elbasymyzdyng tikeley jarlyghymen Qúrban aity Qazaqstanda resmy toylanatyn meyramdardyng qataryna engizilip, aittyng alghashqy kýni demalys bolyp jariyalandy.

Alda kele jatqan músylmandardyng eng úlyq merekesi Qúrban ait barshamyzgha mýbәrak bolsyn! Qasiyetti mereke Alash júrtyna qút-bereke, iygilik әkelsin! Jaratqan IYemiz elimizge tynyshtyq, basymyzgha amandyq, dinimizge beriktik bersin! Ámiyn!

Erjan qajy MALGhAJYÚLY,

Qazaqstan músylmandary diniy

basqarmasynyng tóraghasy, Bas mýftiy

Býgin – qasiyetti meyramnyng birinshi kýni

Arafa kýni

Búl – qasiyetti meyramnyng alghashqy kýni qarsanyndaghy mezgil. Islam dinindegi bar-lyq qasiyetti kýnder men týnder tәrizdi arafany da (arapa) qasterleuge tiyistimiz. Islam dinining daghuatshylary arafa kýni men týni turaly hadiys-shәripterde bylay dep aitylghan deydi: 

«Arapa kýnin qúrmettender! Arapa – Allah Taghala qadirlegen kýn».

Tashriq tәkbiyri

Zulhijja aiynyng bes kýni, yaghny Arafa kýni men keyingi Qúrban aittyng ýsh kýni – «Ayyamut – tashriyq» (tashriq kýnderi) dep aitylady. Osy kýnderi paryz namazdarynan song tashriq tәkbiyri aitylady.
Tashriq tәkbiyrin aitu Arafa kýnining tang namazynan bastalady, sodan Qúrban aittyng tórtinshi kýnining asr namazynda ayaqtalady.

Tashriq tәkbiyri:
«Allohu әkbar, Allohu әkbar. Lә iylәhә illәl – lohu, uollohu әkbar. Allohu әkbar uә lillәhil – hәmdi». Tashriq tәkbiyrin aitu – er adamdargha uәjip, әiel, mýsәpirge shart emes. Tek mýsәpir oghan úiysa, tashriq tәkbiyrin aitu – uәjip. Tashriq tәkbiyrin jalghyz da, jamaghatpen birge de aitugha bolady. Jamaghat er-әiel aralas bolsa, tәkbirdi әielder er adamdargha estirtpey, aqyryn aitugha tiyisti.

 Abai.kz