Stalinizm nemese stalinshildik 20-ghasyrdyng 30-jyldarynyng sonyna qaray KSRO-da óz kýshi men yqpalyn tolyq ornyqtyrdy. Sayasy biylik ýshin kýreste 20-jyldary KSRO-da әrtýrli kýshter qaqtyghysty. Kenes memleketining negizin qalaushy V. Leninning kezinde bolishevikter partiyasynyng (BK(b)P) óz ishinde sayasy biylik ýshin bastalghan tartys I. Stalinning tolyq jenisimen ayaqtaldy. V. Lenin men L. Troskiyding kózqarastaryndaghy alshaqtyq, әsirese  songhysynyng әsire shekten tys ambisiyasy men kósemshildikke, onan eng joghary biylikke úmtyluy bolishevikter partiyasy ishinde әrtýrli fraksiyalyq toptar men oppozisiyalyq aghymdardyng payda boluyna alyp keldi. Olardyng arasyndaghy tartys, eng belgili degen troskiyshildermen kýres, olardyng әldeneshe ret jenilis tabuy, әrtýrli alys jerlerge jer audaryluy (onyng ishinde  L. Troskiyding ózining 1928-1929 jj. jer audarylyp, Almatyda túrugha mәjbýr boluy) búl ózara kýresti toqtatqan joq. Al L. Troskiy men olardyng jaqtastarynyng qazaq últtyq basshy qyzmetkerlerimen qarym-qatynasy, olardy óz jaghyna tartu әreketteri óz aldyna jeke zertteudi talap etedi.Biraq ishki sayasattaghy búl ýrdis stalinshildik pen troskiyshildik kýresin halyqaralyq arenagha da shyghardy. Sondyqtan memlekettik basqaru sayasatynda búl jaghday soghys qarsanynda jәne soghys kezining ózinde de troskiyshildik, últshyldyq siyaqty aghymdarmen kýreste qatang әri berik saqtaldy.

Stalinizm nemese stalinshildik 20-ghasyrdyng 30-jyldarynyng sonyna qaray KSRO-da óz kýshi men yqpalyn tolyq ornyqtyrdy. Sayasy biylik ýshin kýreste 20-jyldary KSRO-da әrtýrli kýshter qaqtyghysty. Kenes memleketining negizin qalaushy V. Leninning kezinde bolishevikter partiyasynyng (BK(b)P) óz ishinde sayasy biylik ýshin bastalghan tartys I. Stalinning tolyq jenisimen ayaqtaldy. V. Lenin men L. Troskiyding kózqarastaryndaghy alshaqtyq, әsirese  songhysynyng әsire shekten tys ambisiyasy men kósemshildikke, onan eng joghary biylikke úmtyluy bolishevikter partiyasy ishinde әrtýrli fraksiyalyq toptar men oppozisiyalyq aghymdardyng payda boluyna alyp keldi. Olardyng arasyndaghy tartys, eng belgili degen troskiyshildermen kýres, olardyng әldeneshe ret jenilis tabuy, әrtýrli alys jerlerge jer audaryluy (onyng ishinde  L. Troskiyding ózining 1928-1929 jj. jer audarylyp, Almatyda túrugha mәjbýr boluy) búl ózara kýresti toqtatqan joq. Al L. Troskiy men olardyng jaqtastarynyng qazaq últtyq basshy qyzmetkerlerimen qarym-qatynasy, olardy óz jaghyna tartu әreketteri óz aldyna jeke zertteudi talap etedi.Biraq ishki sayasattaghy búl ýrdis stalinshildik pen troskiyshildik kýresin halyqaralyq arenagha da shyghardy. Sondyqtan memlekettik basqaru sayasatynda búl jaghday soghys qarsanynda jәne soghys kezining ózinde de troskiyshildik, últshyldyq siyaqty aghymdarmen kýreste qatang әri berik saqtaldy.

Býginde tarihiy-publisistikalyq basylymdarda I. Stalin jәne onyng jaqtastary KSRO-nyng qorghanys quatyn nyghaytpady, әsirese 1939-1941 jyldary (Germaniya KSRO-gha basyp kirgenge deyin) batystaghy qorghanys shepterin soghysqa әzirleuge, nyghaytugha mәn bermedi degen pikir ornyqqan. Onyng eng bir útymdy túsy retinde Molotov pen Ribbentrop (KSRO jәne Germaniya syrtqy ister ministrleri) qol qoyghan Polisha men Pribaltika elderi turaly qúpiya kelisimshartty algha tartyp, A. Gitler men I. Stalindi bir-birine para-par túlgha retinde kórsetedi. Búl dúrys pa, qisyq pa, - ol әrkimning búl faktining qújattaryn, jalpy tarihyn dúrys ajyrata bilui men tarazylay aluyna baylanysty ekeni aiqyn. Alayda stalindik biylik, tipten ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys bastalmay túryp-aq, Germaniyamen soghystyng erte me, kesh pe bolatynyn naqty bilgen jәne soghan dayyndalghan. Tipten Germaniyanyng batys pen shyghystaghy geosayasy odaqtastary turaly da naqty pozisiyasyn bildirgen. Oghan 1937-1938 jj. «ýlken terror» kezinde halyq jaulary degen aiyppen qúrban bolghan qazaq últtyq basshy qayratkerlerining tergeu isterindegi aiyptau qorytyndylary men shygharylghan ýkimderi kuә. Mysaly N. Núrmaqov, T. Rysqúlov, S. Seyfulliyn, S. Qojanov, Ú. Qúlymbetov jәne basqa da kóptegen qazaq basshy qayratkerlerine taghylghan aiyptau qorytyndylarynda: olar «Germaniyamen soghys bastalghan kezde Qazaqstandy KSRO-dan bólip alyp, Japoniyanyng protektoraty etudi maqsat etti», - degen sózder bar [1]. Búghan sol kezderi keninen qanat jayghan batys elderimen qarama-qarsylyq, jalpy antiykenestik iydeologiyalyq kýres pen qatar Týrkistan emigrasiyasynyng kenes memleketi men iydeologiyasyna qarsy is-әreketi (M. Shoqay, Z. Validiy-Toghan t.b.) jәne shyghysta tatar-bashqúrt emigrasiya ókilderining Tokio qalasynda ortalyq qúruy, Japoniyanyng Manichjuriyany basyp alyp, Shyghys Týrkistanda (Sini-szyani) kenes eline qarsy әreket etui sebep boldy [2].

Osynday aiyptarmen atylyp ketken qazaq basshylarynyng qatarynda әskeri  adamdar da boldy. Moskvadaghy ashyq sot prosesterindegi әskery kontrrevolusiyalyq úiymdargha eliktep, Qazaqstanda da qazaqtan shyqqan әskery qyzmetkerler terrorlyq әreket jasaugha úmtyldy, olar KSRO ortalyghynda astyrtyn jau úiymdarymen birge múnda da astyrtyn úiym qúryp, L. Troskiy tapsyrmasyn oryndamaqshy boldy degen tújyrym jasaldy [3].

Soghysqa deyin Kenes Qaruly Kýshterining qatarynda әrtýrli dengeyde qyzmet atqarghan Seytqaly Beysembaev (Ontýstik Qazaqstan oblystyq әskery komissary),  Ahmet Maldybaev (Ayakóz audandyq әskery komissary), Ramazan Qúrmanghaliyev, Shәmil Qarataev (1937 j. Orynborda әskery qyzmette), Ahmet Maylybaev (Qazaq últtyq atty әskery polkining komissary) jәne basqalary repressiyagha úshyrady [4]. Áriyne, búlargha M. Tuhachevskiy, I. Uborevich, I. Yakir jәne basqalaryna taghylghan aiyp qaytalanghan joq. Sebebi, masshtaby sәikes kelmeytin edi, biraq qalay bolghanda da solargha úqsas etip, Qazaqstanda da «әskeriyler isin» dayarlau qajet boldy.

Jalpy stalinizmning memleket pen qoghamdy basqarudaghy әdisteri soghys kezinde de jalghasty. Oghan әrtýrli oqighalargha baylanysty teoriyalyq tújyrymdar da jasaldy. Biraq qalay bolghanda da, soghys jaghdayyndaghy eldi soghan sәikes әskery zandar men erejeler arqyly basqaru asa qatang stalindik qaghidalar men aila-әreketter arqyly iske asyryldy. Osyghan sәikes soghys jyldary Kenes Odaghynyng basqa jerlerindegi siyaqty, Qazaqstanda da stalinshildikting ózindik kórinisteri aiqyn sezildi. Olar halyqtyng ómirine tikeley әser etti. Sonyng birnesheuine toqtalyp óteyik.

Eng aldymen soghys jaghdayyna tap bolghan eldegi әskeriy-mobilizasiyalyq júmys pen maydandaghy oqighalar sәtine nazar audarayyq. Soghys bastalghanda KSRO-nyng batys shekarasyndaghy qorghanys bekinisteri úrysqa әzir bolmay shyqty. Oghan qosa býkil batys qorghanys shebindegi rezervte túrghan azyq-týlik, әskery mýlik pen tehnika týgeldey jau qolyna týsti. Tipten aerodromdarda túrghan әskery aviasiya úshyp shyqqan da joq, birden jau bombasynyng saldarynan qúryp ketti. Beyqam bolsa da, jau shabuylynyng bastaluyn kýtip otyrghan, býkil qorghanys jýiesin mobilizasiyalyq әzirlikte ústaugha jauapty KSRO Qorghanys ministri marshal S. Timoshenkonyn, Qyzyl Armiya Bas shtabynyng bastyghy armiya generaly G. Jukovtyn, Batys Erekshe әskery okrugining qolbasshysy armiya generaly D. Pavlov jәne basqa da lauazymdy әskery basshylardyng búghan tikeley jauapkershiligi bar ekenin býginde kópshilik bile bermeydi. 1941 j. kýzine qaray jәne 1942 j. jazyna qaray KSRO-nyng batysyndaghy eng bay tabighy resurstary, strategiyalyq ónerkәsip oryndary jau qolynda qaldy. Ol jerde soghysqa deyin býkil KSRO-da shygharylatyn astyq pen azyq-týligining 54 %-y óndiriletin. Mine, osynday kemistikting ornyn Qazaqstan, Sibir, Oral, Orta Aziya respublikalary óteytin boldy.

Soghys bastalghan 1941 j. 22 mausymnan bastap 1945 j. mausymgha deyingi aralyqta Qazaqstannan maydangha 1 mln. 210-myng adam alynghan eken. Eger soghysqa deyin Qyzyl Armiya qatarynda qyzmet etken qazaqstandyq jauyngerlerdi esepke alsaq, soghysqa Respublikadan 1 mln 366 myng adam qatysqan. Onyng 200 myny maydandyq qúrylys bataliondarynda bolghan. Soghys kezinde maydangha ketken osy 1 mln 210 myng adamnyng 681 myny tek alghashqy bir jarym jylda ghana sapqa túrypty (1941 j. mausym - 1942 j. jeltoqsan) [4]. Al osylardan aman qalyp, elge oralghandary tek 20% aspaydy. Sebebi búlar tiyisti dayyndyqtan ótip ýlgermey, maydannyng Moskva qorghanysy, Leningrad qorghanysy, Stalingrad shayqasy siyaqty súrapyl úrystarynda opat boldy.

1942 j. jazda Batys maydany komandovaniyesining (qolbasshysy N. Vatutiyn, әskery kenes mýshesi N. Hrushev) jәne Jogharghy Bas qolbasshy stavkasynyng ókilderi S. Timoshenko, G. Jukov jәne basqalarynyng kýshimiz jetkilikti dep Stalindi sendiruimen Harikov qalasy azat etildi. Búl N. Hrushev ýshin de, I. Stalin ýshin de, qolayly ýgit-nasihat oqighasy edi. Alayda, bir aptanyng ishinde qoldan qolgha ótken Harikovten aqyry aiyrlghan kenes komandovaniyesi Harikov týbinde (Barvenkov taghasy) 200 mynnan astam adamy men tehnikasy bar ýsh kenes armiyasynyng qorshaugha týsip, jau tútqynyna ainaluyna jol berdi. Shyghys baghytynda mýmkindik alghan nemis kýshteri Stalingradtan bir-aq shyqty. 1942 j. mausymnan 1942 j. qyrkýiekke deyin sheginip, qorghanugha mәjbýr bolghan kenes armiyasy jaugha tótep bere almady. Búghan I. Stalinnyng qol qoyghan «bir adym sheginuge bolmaydy» degen qaharly búiryghy da әser ete almady. Onyng esesine keyinnen barlyq rezervterin jinap, qarsy shabuylgha shyqqan kenes әskerleri Stalingradtaghy jenisten keyin birtindep jau qolynda qalghan jerlerdi azat ete bastady. Biraq ýnemi shabuylda bolghan әsker kýshteri ýlken shyghyndargha da tap boldy. Al Qazaqstanda osynyng saldarynan әskerge shaqyratyn adam qalmady. Jergilikti basshy organdar qashqyndardy izdep, jaraly bolghandardy qayta tekserip, maydangha jiberuge mәjbýr boldy [5].

Stalinizmning soghys kezindegi sayasatynyng bir kórinisi - kenes jauyngerlerining ómirin ayamay, kerekti-kereksiz jaghdaylarda úrysqa saluy edi. Búryn batys tarihshylary men sayasatkerleri aitqan sózderde - soghys kezinde marshal G. Jukov «óz jenisterine kenes әskerlerining sýiegi arqyly qol jetkizip otyrdy» deuinde belgili bir shyndyqtyng bar ekenin moyyndau qajet. Búl qolbasshygha shayqasta eshqanday kýshti ayamay, basqa joldy izdemey,  tek ózining maqsatyna jetu, ózining degeni ghana dúrys ekenin ýstemdik etkizui tәn ekendigine ol turaly býgingi jariyalanymdar aiqyn dәleldeydi.

Stalinizmning Qazaqstanda jәne basqa da últ respublikalarynda iske asyrylghan әreketining bir kórinisi - últ sayasaty. Soghys jyldary jәne onyng qarsanynda Qazaqstangha 1 mln 207 myng adam jer audarylghan.

Olardyng er azamattary 1943 j. deyin maydangha alynbady. Tipten qalmaq, sheshen, ingush, qarashay, týrik, Qyrym tatarlary jәne basqa da jer audarylghandar múnda kelgen son, olardyng ókilderi 1943 jyldan maydannan keri shaqyrylyp alyndy. Olardyng ornyna basqa últ ókilderi maydanda shayqasty. Búl jer audarylghandardy kinәlau emes, biraq aqiqat osynday.

Stalinizmning Qazaqstandaghy soghys kezindegi ýstemdigining taghy bir kórinisi - ol iydeologiya salasyndaghy úrandary men olardyng is jýzindegi alshaqtyghy. Mysaly, soghys bastalghanda I. Stalin eldi qorghau maqsatynda I. Kutuzov, A. Nevskiy, A. Suvorov jәne basqalarynyng erlik ýlgisi men dәstýrine shaqyrghan bolatyn. Qazaqstan siyaqty últtyq respublikada búl A. Imanov, Kenesary, Abylay  jәne basqa da últtyq túlghalardy maqtan etu arqyly otansýigishtikke, eldi qorghaugha shaqyru dәstýrine ainaldy. Alayda jaudy jengen son, sayasat kýrt ózgerip, 1943 j. jaryq kórgen «Qazaqstan tarihy» syngha alyndy. Múnyng sony E. Bekmahanov, B. Sýleymenov siyaqty qazaq tarihshylaryn, basqa da ghylym salalary ókilderin qudalaugha úlasty.

Jalpy soghys kezining ózinde Qazaqstanda 1939 jyldan keyin toqtap qalghan repressiyany qayta órshituge úmtylys boldy. Oghan jergilikti NKVD organy belsendilik tanytty. Alayda, Moskvadaghy KSRO NKVD-sy aralasyp, «últshyldar isin» toqtatty. Biraq olardan 8 adam sottalyp, ýsheui atylyp ketti [6].

Mine, stalinizmge, jalpy stalinshildikke baylanysty soghys kezindegi Qazaqstanda onyng kórinis berui osynday mysaldardan aiqyn bayqalady.

Derekter:

1.       QR ÚQK arnayy múraghatynan.

2.       Qaranyz: Zaky Validy Togan. Vospominaniya. Boriba musuliman Turkestana y drugih vostochnyh turok za nasionalinoe sushestvovanie y kulituru. Moskva. 1997; Pisima A.-Z. Validova y M. Chokaeva. (1924-1932 gg.). Iz istoriy rossiyskoy emigrasii. Sostaviyteli y kommentariy S. Iskakov. M. 1999.

3.       Qaranyz: Azaly kitap - Kniga skorbi. Almaty jәne Alamty oblysy boyynsha atylghandar tizimi. Kn. 1. Almaty. 1996; QR ÚQK arhiyvining materialdarynan.

4.       QR OMA. 1146 q. 1 t. 224 is. 21 b.

5.       Sonda. 679 is. 19-19 syrt. B.

6.       KR ÚQK múraghatynan.