Dalanyng barlyq jerinde kóptegen kóne jәne jana molalar, qorghandar men ýiindiler shashyrap jatyr. Búl mylqau eskertkishter qaysaq ómirinde tarihy túrghydan góri geografiyalyq túrghydan manyzdyraq, sebebi jerlengenderding aty-jóni halyqtyng esinde mәngi-baqy qalady da, qaysaq ózining jolyn, baghytyn osy molalargha qarap baghdarlaydy.

Mola1 - naqty tújyrymdamasy joq atau, búl sózding ayasyna kóne jәne jana zirattar da enedi, biraq kóbine mola dep qarapayym, jay ýiilgen topyraq, tas ýiindi nemese balshyqtan iylengen siyqsyz eskertkishti ataydy. Jana molalar eskilerden osynday qarapayymdylyghymen, siyqsyzdyghymen erekshelenedi, tek birazyn, mәselen, Qúlan hannyn2 molasyn, Sýiik3 pen Ábilqayyr hannyng molasyn4 (Kishi jýz) búl sanatqa qospau kerek.

Mola salatyn materialdar da ózindik erekshelikke iye, tek (Tashkentten kelgen) shalaqazaqtardyn5 molasy basqasha bolady. Qaysaqtardyng molasynan onyng talghamy men sәuleti, oima jәne kórkemsuret óneri kórinis tabady.

Jana molalar negizinen eki týrli bolyp keledi: jeke jәne qorghan tәrizdes6, songhy mola tashkenttik qorghandargha úqsas, yaghny syrtqy travespen7 bekitilgen esigi batysqa qaraghan bekinis.

Dalanyng barlyq jerinde kóptegen kóne jәne jana molalar, qorghandar men ýiindiler shashyrap jatyr. Búl mylqau eskertkishter qaysaq ómirinde tarihy túrghydan góri geografiyalyq túrghydan manyzdyraq, sebebi jerlengenderding aty-jóni halyqtyng esinde mәngi-baqy qalady da, qaysaq ózining jolyn, baghytyn osy molalargha qarap baghdarlaydy.

Mola1 - naqty tújyrymdamasy joq atau, búl sózding ayasyna kóne jәne jana zirattar da enedi, biraq kóbine mola dep qarapayym, jay ýiilgen topyraq, tas ýiindi nemese balshyqtan iylengen siyqsyz eskertkishti ataydy. Jana molalar eskilerden osynday qarapayymdylyghymen, siyqsyzdyghymen erekshelenedi, tek birazyn, mәselen, Qúlan hannyn2 molasyn, Sýiik3 pen Ábilqayyr hannyng molasyn4 (Kishi jýz) búl sanatqa qospau kerek.

Mola salatyn materialdar da ózindik erekshelikke iye, tek (Tashkentten kelgen) shalaqazaqtardyn5 molasy basqasha bolady. Qaysaqtardyng molasynan onyng talghamy men sәuleti, oima jәne kórkemsuret óneri kórinis tabady.

Jana molalar negizinen eki týrli bolyp keledi: jeke jәne qorghan tәrizdes6, songhy mola tashkenttik qorghandargha úqsas, yaghny syrtqy travespen7 bekitilgen esigi batysqa qaraghan bekinis.

Jalpy múnday mola barlyq jaghy otyz sajyngha, biyiktigi alty ne jeti arshyngha ten, qabyrghasynyng qalyndyghy segiz vershok*1 tórtbúrysh qúraydy, biraq olardyng keybirining kólemdi bolatyny sonshalyq, jýzge juyq adam shabuyldan qorghansa, syiyp ketui mýmkin. Búl qorghandardy beriktigi jaghynan tashkenttik bekinistermen úqsastyra otyryp, shalaqazaqtardiki dep aitqan jón.

Búl pishin basqalargha qaraghanda qaysaqqa kóbirek únaydy, sebebi onyng kólemdiligi zattyng úlyqtyghynyng birinshi sharty, sondyqtan osynday molalar manyzdy әri dәuletti qyrghyz-qaycaqtardyng mәiitine salynady. Múnday molalar Semeydegi tatar ziratynda bar, qyrda Ýlken jәne Kishi Alatau eteginde, Úly jýzde kezdesedi.

Úly jýz Shu ózenining arghy betine kóship, Tashkentpen myqty baylanysta bolghan, sondyqtan búl pishinning de solardan kelui mýmkin jәne alghashqyda sheberler sol jaqtan shaqyrylghan.

Men Úly jýzde kezdestirgen eng ýlken osynday mola Talghar ózeninde, Qashghar keruen joly boyynda Qúlan hangha arnap túrghyzylghan. Búl mola eki bólikten túrady: qorshauy jәne mazardyng ózi. Qorshau qorghan tәrizdi*2, búryshtarynda múnarasy bar jәne esikteri qarapayym әshekeylengen. Mazar qorshaudyng ishinde jәne tórtbúrysh túghyrgha ornatylghan kýmbez*3 pishininde. Búl molanyng ýlkendigi sonshalyq, oghan barlyq han úrpaghy syiyp keter edi.

Dәrejesi tómen adamdardyng molalary bir-birine úqsas, konus nemese tórtbúryshty piramida siyaqty, keyde tóbesine birdeme shanshylyp qoyylady nemese piramida týrinde baspaldaqtar jasalyp, ýzik syzyqtarmen әshekeylenedi, bylaysha aitqanda, molalardyng týri sansyz.

Qúrylysqa arnalghan negizgi material topyraq. Múnda ol kóp qoldanylatyn material deuge túrarlyq. Kóptegen molalar aldymen topyraqtan túrghyzylyp, syrtynan balshyq jaghylyp nemese kýidirilmegen kirpishpen qalanady. Qazaqtar búl ónerdi qaydan ýirengeni belgisiz, biraq kýidirilgen kirpish dalada siyrek deuge bolmaydy jәne ol kóne qúrylystarda jii kezdesedi.

Qaysaq kirpishi balshyghynyng myqtylyghymen jәne tegistel-megendigimen erekshelenedi; ol óte júqa jәne әrtýrli pishinde, qajetine qaray dóngelek [qúrylysqa] - dóngelengen, piramida ýshin tórtbúryshty jәne tiktórtbúryshty. Men Súltan Sýiik molasynyng qirandysy janynan kirpish kýidiretin bir tashkenttik qolynan shyqqan peshterdi kórdim. Búl peshter orys peshinen esh kem emes.

Qorghan tәrizdes molalar ýnemi shiyki kirpishten jasalady, Tashkenttegi naghyz qorghandar siyaqty balshyqtan iylenbeydi. Óndelmegen taspen, úsaq taspen shaghyn jәne eleusiz molalar qalanady. Mәselen, Sýiikting molasy qasynda búzylghan mazar basyp qalghan birnesheui boldy. Olar jay ghana topyraq ýiilip, úsaq taspen jabylghan. Qozy Kórpeshting manynda da osynday molalar kóp. Olardyng qataryna bekinis pen ózenge esimi berilgen Qapal batyrdyng molasy jatyr. Aghashtan jasalghan mola óte siyrek kezdesedi. Men múndaydyng tek bireuin ghana kórdim: ol jinishke terek aghashynan jogharygha qaray ýshkildene qalanghan eken.

Úly jýzdegi Sýiikting molasyn (Abylaydyng úly) jogharyda aitylghanday, tashkenttik shalaqazaq qalaghan. Tórtbúryshty bólmeni kýmbez jauyp túruy kerek bolghan, onyng biyiktigi on bes arshyn shamasynda; shamasy, shalaqazaq kýmbezding qalay jabylyp jatqanyn kórip túrghan, ony bitirip ýlgermey qúrylys qúlap, sheber men toghyz júmysshy qaysaqty basyp qalghan. Sýiikting úly Baraq aman qalghan. 1853 jyly qúlaghan búl molanyng qirandysy Qaratal ózeninen on shaqyrym jerde Boranay tauynyng eteginde jatyr.

Abylay han Áziret súltanda jerlengen.

Ábilqayyr hannyng molasy (Kishi jýz) Torghaygha ong taraptan qúyatyn Ýlkeyek ózeninde. Ony Rychkov 1771 jyly qalmaqtar qashqan kezde sipattap jazghan. Biz onyng sipattamasyn ensiklopediyalyq leksikonynan (birinshi tom, 54 bet) keltiremiz: «Ábilqayyrdyng eskertkishi súr kirpishten qalanyp, jartylay dóngelektene bitken konus tәrizdes. Onyng biyiktigi tórt arshyn, kóldeneni ýsh arshyn. Jartylay shardyng basyna әdet boyynsha týrli shýberekter, qasyq, tostaghan, jylqy qúiryghy baylanghan nayza men biday bumasy shanshylghan».

Osy molanyng sipattamasyna qarap men Úly jýzde osyghan úqsas eki molany keziktirdim, syrtqy jobasyna qarap búlar Atash batyr men Bayghazynyki dep mólsherleuge bolar.

Ekeuining de tórtbúrysh irgetasyna gotika ýlgisindegi jartysharlar qoyylghan; shardyng ishi bos jәne býiirinde sanylau bar: irgetasqa jaqyn eki ýlken tesik, bireui tereze ornyna qoyylghan shaghyn; kýmbezge kóterilu ýshin bir jaghynan baspaldaq jasalghan. Ontýstik jaghynan negizgi qúrylysqa japsarlas shaghyn qabyrghaly oryn qorshalghan. Búl shamasy dýnie salghan song batyrlardyng janynan oryn tebetin tuystaryna arnalsa kerek. Bayghazy molasynyng teksheli irgetasynyng ishi quys jәne eskertkishti ainala topyraq dualmen qorshalghan ziratty ainaldyra ormansyz ashyq dalagha әdemi jasyl kórik beretin tal aghashtary otyrghyzylghan. Ekeuining de kýmbezine attyng qyly baylanghan nayza qadalghan.

Molalar ýnemi biyik jerlerge, keruen nemese kósh joldaryna jәne ózen-kólderding manyna qoyylady. Múndaghy maqsat - ótken-ketkender marqúmnyng ruhyna arnap dúgha jasasyn degen tilekten tughan.

Kóne eskertkishter pishinderining әrtýrliligimen, materialynyng jaqsy óndeluimen, myqty kýmbezimen jәne qosymsha oima órnekterimen erekshelenedi. Janynan ótken sayahatshy óz jazbasyna búl qúrylystar jabayy emes, bilimdi halyqtyng tuyndysy ekenin jazady. Biraq osy dalada bilim qashan gýldengen? Búl isti tarihy shyndyq qanshalyqty mýmkindik beredi, sonshalyqty týsindiruge tyrysamyn.

Birinshiden, kóne molalardyng qarapayymdylyghy men óner týrine qaray eki topqa bólinetinen eskertu kerek: halyq molasy (ýiindiler) jәne qúrmetti adamdar molasy (mazarlar).

Qazaq mazarlarynyng týrleri

Búl jer, bizding dalamyz mongholdar kezenine deyin týrki tektes halyqtardyng otany boldy; óz әkesine qarsy kýreste Oghyz handy qorghaghan tórt taypa: úighyr, qalaj, qanly jәne qarlúqtar týrki odaghynyng negizin qúrady. Shyghu tegi basqa, biraq týrkishe sóilep, týrkilerding ghúrpyn ústanghan halyqtar da boldy. Olar - búlghar, hazar, bashqúrt, madiyarlar. Mongholdardyng shabuyly búl elding túrghyndaryn mýldem ózgertip jiberdi, taypalardyng ataulary joghaldy, tek birazy ghana qazaq taypalarynyng atauyn saqtap qaldy; eski túrghyndar jana túrghyndargha sinisip ketti, búl jerlerde monghol zandaryna sәikes Altyn Orda odan basqa ordalar: Noghay nemese Manghyt ordasy, Oraldaghy orda, Seyhungha deyingi Kók orda jәne shaybaniyler qúrghan Týmen ordasy payda boldy. Búl ordalardyng barlyghynyng handary ózderin dala týkpirine jerleudi ósiyet etse kerek, mәselen, Manghyt ordasynyng negizin qalaushy Edigening molasy Úlytaudaghy qolbasshy esimimen atalatyn biyikterding birinde. Onyng molasy - әsheyin úsaq tastardyng ýiindisi, shamasy, kezinde onyng belgili bir pishini bolghan shyghar, biraq keyinnen búzylghan, onyng ereksheligi ózi ornalasqan taudyng ayaq basuy qiyn jerinde túruynda.

Sonymen, kóne molalardyng qúry-lysyn monghol dәuirine jatqyzghanda, mongholdardan múnday qúrylys ónerinde kóp maghlúmat talap etu kerek, alayda týrkiler olargha qaraghanda әldaqayda bilimdi bolghan, qalalar salyp, ol jerde otyryqshylyqtyn, dәulet pen saudanyn, eskertkishterin qaldyrghan.

Mәselen, búlgharlardyng astanasy Búlghary Qazannan 60 shaqyrym qashyqtyqta, әli kýnge deyin qirandy týrinde saqtalyp jatyr. Týrkilerding basqa qanatyndaghy úighyrlardyng da bilimi az bolmaghan, qalalarda túrghan, jazuy bolyp, hristian dinining nestoriandyq baghytyn ústanghan. Búl eki halyq, shamasy, monghol biyleushilerine tamasha sheberlerdi úsynghan bolsa kerek. Italiyandyq Plano Karpiny Qaraqorymdaghy8 han taghynyng kórkemdigin suretteydi, onyng tórt búrqaghy bolghan, bireui qymyz atqylaghan.

Búdan keyin Úlytau siyaqty menireu dalada, Kengirde ózining qúrylysymen tang qaldyratyn Qamyr han, Alasha han, Dombauyl әuliye, Bolghan ana jәne basqalardyn, kóptegen molalardyng boluy zandy, búlardyng barlyghy kirpishten qalanghan, syrtynan әr týsti syrmen boyalghan. Qarajardaghy Qarakengirding salasyndaghy Bolghan ananyng molasy aq týsti, kýmbezi shaghyn ghimarat9 jәne basqalary da osylay salynghan. Alasha handiki sәl ózgesheleu: kýmbezding irgetasy mazardan kishkentay, sondyqtan tóbesi jabylghan, al qabyrghalary joghary qaray taryla kelgen shaghyn baspaldaqpen shyghugha bolatyn balkon qúrghan.

Búl qúrylystardaghy eng tamashasy kýmbezding óte berik ornatylghany jәne kirpishterding qighash qalanghany: kirpishterding bir qatary ong jaghymen tómen qalansa, ózgeleri sol jaghymen qalanghan. Múnday molalar dalada kóp qaytalanbaytyn óte siyrek, tek Núra ózenining saghasyndaghy Botaghaydyng molasy osyghan úqsas, biraq men onyng qúrylysy jayly eshtene aita almaymyn.

Osynday pishinnen [damyghan] kóne mola piramidagha, ashyq galereyalargha, tesikteri bar shaqpaq tastargha ainala kele jay baghana týrine jetti.

Ishi quys piramida týrindegi molalar әdette óndelmegen tastan jasalynady; múnday molalardyng piramidalyq pishini jerden bastalmaydy, aldymen qabyrghalary túrghyzylyp, jogharylaghan sayyn taryla beredi. Men múnday ýsh molany ghana bilemin: Ýige qúyatyn, Orynbor liniyasyndaghy, Toghyzaq ózeni manyndaghy Pallas jazghan Kesene 10, Aqsu men Basqan ózenining ortasyndaghy, Ayagózden Qapalgha jýretin joldaghy Qarasu bekinisinen 12 shaqyrymdaghy Ordabay11 molasy, onyng ishinde granit balbal túr jәne eng manyzdysy Qozy Kórpesh molasy. Ol Ayagóz ózenining jaghalauynda Ayagóz bekinisinen 90 shaqyrymda túr. [Qúrylystyn] qabyrghasyna aziattyqtar beynesindegi tórt balbal qoyylghan, moyyndaryna әshekey búiymdar taghylghan, eki qoly ishine bir kesindini ústay týiisken*4. Búl balbaldar qaysaq jyraulary kýni-týni aitatyn jyrdaghy qaharmandardy beyneleydi. Poema keyipkerining atyna sәikes mola da Qozy Kórpesh dep atalady. Ayagózge qaray jolda taghy bir mola baghanasy bar, onyng manyndaghy súryqsyz balbal - Qozy Kórpeshting bәsekelesi Qodardyng mýsini. Sonday-aq, jerge qadalghan baghandar da bar. Olar Qyzylaray tauynyng eteginen oryn tepken. Olardyng sipattamasyn Qoqangha barghan bir esauldyng jazbasynan tabugha bolady12. Búl baghandardyng úshyna adam beyneleri salynghan. Esaul sol jerden sanylau tesikteri bar qighashtalyp qoyylghan taqtalardy kórgen13, olardy jalpy ghimarattyng esigi nemese terezesi dep sanaydy.

Qarqaralydan Aqtaugha jýrer jolda taqtadan qúralyp, bir-birine tyghyz japsyrylghan, bir jaghynda esigi bar molalar kóp kezdesedi14. Múnday galereyalar Úly jýzde de bar.

Kóneden qalghan jәdigerlerding barlyghyn qaysaqtar monghol shabuylynan keyin osy jerde kóship-qonyp jýrgen noghaylardyki deydi, ózgeleri (dalanyng shyghys bóliginde) - qalmaqtardyki, batys bóligindegi birazy - bashqúrttardyki nemese solarmen taypalas eldiki dep boljau kerek.

Múnday jәdigerlerge: qazirde bos qalghan, kezinde qazylghan ken oryndary (Jezdi-Kengir manyndaghy mys orny); bos qalghan egistikter (Týndigýr shatqalynda); diyirmen tasy (Almaty shatqalynda) jәne dual siyaqty týrli ýiindiler jatady.

Úly jýzde jekelegen tórt qabyrghaly bekinisterding dualy men orlar jii kezdesedi, biraq kónening eng keremet qaldyghy Kishi Alataudaghy Qora ózenining jogharghy saghasynan Shu ózenining bastauyna deyin qazylghan or. Búl or tau ýstinen, shúnqyrlardan qazylyp ótken, úzyndyghy 900 shaqyrymgha jetip qalady, terendigi qazirding ózinde bir jarym sajynnan kem emes. Qyrghyzdardyng búl orgha qatysty mynanday anyzy bar: bir hannyng úlyn jabayy qúlandar jazyq dalagha eliktirip, bala sodan joghalyp ketedi. Qúlandardy qaytar jolda ústau ýshin han dalagha kóldeneng or qazudy búiyrady. Biraq, búl Shynghys han úlysynyng shekarasy dep te boljaugha bolady15. Qapaldyng manynda, Biyen ózeninde granitti baghanasy bar kóne qorghan túr.