Europalyq Reseyding ontýstik-shyghys bóligi men tundrada, býkil Sibirding ormany men dalasynda otyryqshy, kóship qonyp jәne qanghyryp kóptegen týrli taypalardyng halyqtary ómir sýredi, olar búratana degen atpen belgili. Búl halyqtar fiyn, týrki jәne monghol taypalaryna jatady jәne osy taypalardyng barlyghynyng qosyndysynan túrady. Búl halyqtardyng ómir salty men tili belgisiz derlik, degenmen Imperatorlyq Geografiyalyq qogham ózining paydaly isteri men Reseyding búratana, basqa dindegi halyqtary turaly etnografiyalyq mәlimetterdi jinaugha tyrysuda, biraq әli kýnge deyin bizding qolymyzda týbegeyli birde bir maqala joq. Sibirding ontýstik-shyghysynda, Altay men Eniysey boyynda, týrkiler men mongholdardyng besigi bolghan jerde ómir sýretin monghol týrki taypalary әli kýnge deyin týrki tilining tazalyghy men salt-dәstýrin saqtay otyryp, izdenimpaz mongholtanushy filologtar ýshin mol qazyna bolyp tabylady. Sibirde bolghan akademik Kastren1 olardyng kópshiligin týrkilengen samoedter taypasyna jatqyzyp, Sayan taularyn finderding besigi sanaydy. Fiyn, týrki jәne monghol taypalary adamzattyng damuyna týrli kezenderde jәne tili jaghynan da yqpal etkenine kýmәn joq. Fiyn, týrki, monghol tilderining әsirese, songhy ekeuining tuysqandyghyn kóptegen ghalymdar moyyndady.

Europalyq Reseyding ontýstik-shyghys bóligi men tundrada, býkil Sibirding ormany men dalasynda otyryqshy, kóship qonyp jәne qanghyryp kóptegen týrli taypalardyng halyqtary ómir sýredi, olar búratana degen atpen belgili. Búl halyqtar fiyn, týrki jәne monghol taypalaryna jatady jәne osy taypalardyng barlyghynyng qosyndysynan túrady. Búl halyqtardyng ómir salty men tili belgisiz derlik, degenmen Imperatorlyq Geografiyalyq qogham ózining paydaly isteri men Reseyding búratana, basqa dindegi halyqtary turaly etnografiyalyq mәlimetterdi jinaugha tyrysuda, biraq әli kýnge deyin bizding qolymyzda týbegeyli birde bir maqala joq. Sibirding ontýstik-shyghysynda, Altay men Eniysey boyynda, týrkiler men mongholdardyng besigi bolghan jerde ómir sýretin monghol týrki taypalary әli kýnge deyin týrki tilining tazalyghy men salt-dәstýrin saqtay otyryp, izdenimpaz mongholtanushy filologtar ýshin mol qazyna bolyp tabylady. Sibirde bolghan akademik Kastren1 olardyng kópshiligin týrkilengen samoedter taypasyna jatqyzyp, Sayan taularyn finderding besigi sanaydy. Fiyn, týrki jәne monghol taypalary adamzattyng damuyna týrli kezenderde jәne tili jaghynan da yqpal etkenine kýmәn joq. Fiyn, týrki, monghol tilderining әsirese, songhy ekeuining tuysqandyghyn kóptegen ghalymdar moyyndady. Sibirlik kóshpendiler men týrki monghol taypalarynyng anshy taypalary shamandyqty ústay otyryp, ómir sýru sipaty men tilinde osman týrikteri2 men Qazan tatarlaryna qaraghanda, ózindik túrmys erekshelikteri kóp. Músylman dini olardyng túrmystyq ereksheliginen, últtyq ózgesheliginen aiyrady: Qazan tatarlaryn alynyzdar, olardyng Batyilyq mongholdar men Batyy әskerlerining týrki-qypshaqtarmen qosyndysynan shyqqany tarihtan belgili. Aytynyzdarshy, Edil mongholynyng boyynda onyng shyghu tegin bayqatatyn ne bar? Eshtene. Qazandyqtar, osmanlylar, qyrymdyqtar Qúran men Islamgha berilgeni sonsha, birde-bir últtyq ertegisin nemese kóne әn-jyryn saqtamaghan. Qazan muzasynyng jalghyz poemasy Múhammadiya mazmúnynyng ózi diny sipatta. Olardyng tilderindegi sózderding jartysy arab jәne parsy sózderi. Qalay aitsanyzdar da, músylman dini óz degenine jetti. Islam dini barlyq úmtylushylardy arabqa ainaldyryp, olardy Qúran men Payghambardan basqa eshteneni oilamaugha, syilamaugha ýiretti. Týrki-músylmandardan siz diniy-sholastikalyq baghyttyng tek bir ghana jaghyn kóre alasyz; ózge jaghyna kelgende olar sonshalyqty topas jәne ózge kәsipke qabiletsiz, al olardyng «dinsiz» bauyrlary bilimi jaghynan tómen túrghanmen, aqyl-oyy jaghynan әldeqayda joghary. Qanghybas yakut, qalmaq, mongholdyng últtyq sipatyn aitpaghanda, ózining poeziyasy, soghan oray ózindik túrmystyq aimaghy, shaghyn bolsa da, intellektualdyq damuyghan ómirining órisi bar. Yakuttardyng poemalaryn oqynyz, Shukinnyn3 aytuynsha, olardyng poetikalyq («Poezdka v Yakutsk») jetistigimen qosa tarihy manyzy da bar. Onogoy bay (osy attas poemanyng basty keyipkeri) halyq anyzy boyynsha, Altaydan 150 adammen shyghady. Búl anyzdyng negizi bar: qaraghas4 tatarlarynyng (Eniysey guberniyasynda) arasynda әli kýnge Saha dep atalatyn bolys bar, yakuttar da [ózderin] saha dep ataydy. Múnday poemalar yakuttarda kóp: Ellyay batyr, Onogay batyrdyng sonynan ergen kósh basshysy, Bagany batyr, Nemeybay-toyon. Olardyng әrqaysysy halyq tarihynyng әrbir kezenining oqighasyn mәngilikke qaldyryp otyrady. Halyqtyng dini men diny ghúryptarymen tanys etetin poemalar: Horylan, Mohsogol, Eberen Emehsiyn, romantikalyq, mahabby jyrlaytyn Kylannyh-Kys batyr (Zamechanie o yakutskom yazyke Ogorodnikova5. «Otechestvennye zapiski» 1846)*1. Qaraghastar (Eniysey guberniyasy, Minusin uezy), teleuit, kergitter*2 (Tom guberniyasy) jәne ózgelerding de kóptegen anyz-әngime, ertegileri bar. Olardyng mәtelderi de ómirlik shyndyqqa túnyp túr, mәselen, teleuitterding maqaly: «Qúl knyaziden kóp bilui mýmkin, biraq oghan sóileuge kim rúqsat beredi»; «Saqalda aqyl joq» jәne t. b. Eniysey jәne Tom búratanalary tilining sózderine qaraghanda, taza týrkilik. Chihachev6 myrza dәl bayqaghanday, shaghatay tiline jaqyn, zerttelgen dialektiler ishinde eng negizgisi fin jәne jalpy týrki monghol tilderining qosyndysy bar. Búl fin týrki monghol tilderining jaqyndyghyn anyqtaghysy keletin ghalymdar ýshin erekshe paydaly bolar edi. Yakut tili jayly jurnaldar men broshuralardaghy maqalalar (Zamechanie o yakutskom yazyke. «Otechestvennye zapiskiy», tom XLVII; Smesi; Izvestiya Geograficheskogo Obshestva...) jәne qaraghas tili turaly (ibid*3., knyazi Kostrov)7 eshqanday mәlimet bermeydi. Týrki tilderining dybystaluyn orys әlippesimen erekshe fonetikalyq belgilersiz beru olardyng ajaryn ketiredi. Avtordyng keybir sózderdi týrki jәne monghol sózderimen salystyruy kelemej... songhylaryn aldynghysynyng da dúrys ekenine kýmәn keltiredi. Ghylymnyng naghyz paydasy ýshin bizdi osy halyqtardyng tilimen tanystyrghysy keletinder sózdik qúrauda, mәselen Yakut tilining sózdigin jasauda «Zamechanie o yakutskom yazyke» avtory Ogorodnikov myrza 1846 jyly sol tilderding jazyluy bekitilgen monghol nemese arab әlipbiyin tandauy kerek edi: 1) osy tilderdegi dybystardy dúrys beru ýshin; 2) monghol jәne tatar tilinde bar sózderding ózgelerden aiyrmashylyghyn bayqau jenil bolu ýshin. Jaqsy sózdik nemese grammatika qúrastyru ýshin monghol tilin nemese týrki tilderining bir dialektisin tereng bilu qajettigin aitpay-aq qoyayyn. Onsyz barlyghy bos әreket.

Ogorodnikov myrza óz maqalasynda «Shottyn8 týrki tili men yakut tili úqsastyghy jayly barynsha negizdi boljamdaryn» rastau ýshin kelesi salystyrudy jasaydy. Mine onyng dәlelderi*4.

Uber die Jakutische Sprache (Archiv V. Erdmann)*5.

Osydan keyin fransuzsha jazylghan týrki sózderin tanugha bolmay túrghan kezde, belgisiz yakut tili jayly aityp kóriniz. Búl salystyru shyghystanushy Shottqa da tiyesili.

Ogorodnikov myrza 21 әriptik әlipby úsynyp, mysal keltiredi, biraq odan eshtene týsinikti bolyp túrghan joq. Degenmen atalghan mysaldar men jazudan bayqalghanday, basym element - týrkilik, degenmen sózder, bәlkim findik bolar, belgisiz. Grammatikasy jalpy týrkilik. Mine, septeu ýlgisi (Ogorodnikov maqalasyn qara):

Jekeshe týrde                              Kópshe týrde

Atau - ogo - úl

(Shottaghy ol endi ogo)

Ilik - ogonu, ogolor, t.b.              ogolar jәne t. b.

Barys - ogogo

Kómektes - ogonen

Áldene dúrys emes, shamasy avtor septikterdi shatastyrghan: onyng kómektes septigi ilik septigine kóbirek úqsaydy 9, al ilik septik tabys septik ornynda túr.

Mine, esimdikter:

Men - miyn                                       Shotta - (?)

Sen - en

Ol - kiny (?)

Silteu esimdikteri búl - subu, bu; birinshisi shamasy [su]dan shyghady, qyrghyzdar osy deydi.

Tәueldik meniki - mien [miene]

Seniki - mene [eyiene]

ózimdiki - beemgene [beyem kiene],

Qyrghyzdarda meniki degen sóz bar.

Jikteu: Asyekha - jeu

Men jeymin - asabyn [ahyybyn]

Sen jeysing - asagyn [ahyygyn]

Ol jeydi - asyr [ahyyr]

Biz jeymiz - asabyt [ahyybyt]

Búl shatasqan nәrseden eshtene týsinu mýmkin emes. Múnday ýlgi esh payda bermeydi. Sózderding barlyghy derlik týrkilik, biraq óte búrmalanghan. Mine, bir yakut maqaly: Kim bar bu ola eregya soh bary tylyunan kepetyari - oidarana10.

Bu degen silteu [esimdigi] dep qabyldayyq, olany bilmeymin, eregya - ol da solay, soh - bilmeymin, bary (qyrghyzdarda da [bar]), kepetyar sózi týrkining ashyq rayynyng ýshinshi jaghy, oidarana Ogorodnikovtyng aituy boyynsha, janghyryq. Búl sóz shamasy, kýrdeli sóz - ýngir, quys, jyra jәne... aighay. Birge - jyra aighayy, quys aighayy. Avtordyng aituynsha, maqal: (dәlme dәl audarma emes) kim oqymay bar tilde sóiley alady? - Janghyryq. Múnda silteu esimdigi bu joq dep shamalaugha bolady). Bu ola eregya - tatardyng [yer] sózine jaqyn. Sonda maghynasy mynaday: kim (bar) búl jerde (óz jerin núsqap túr) barlyq tildi biledi? - Janghyryq.

Búdan bayqalghanday, avtor ózi tildi jaqsy bilmeydi jәne ony oqymaghan, tek súrau arqyly jazyp shyqqan. Múnday týsindirme arqyly biz eshqashanda búratanalar tilin bile almaymyz, qashan bir týrki jәne monghol tilin biletin ghalym shyghyp, zertteu jasap, erekshelikterin beredi, odan artyq kerek emes. Eniysey, Tomsk jәne Irkutsk guberniyalaryndaghy búratana kóshpendilerdi aralap shyghudyng tarihy paydasy da bolar edi. Shyghys zertteushilerining geografiyalyq mәlimetteri zertteuge túrarlyq. Ábilghazynyng siltemesi boyynsha, Dulon Buldak shatqalyn ashu kóp payda әkeledi*6. Kóptegen ózender ataulary - Barfuchin (Barguziyn), Kerulen, Onon qazir de bar. Bәlkim kóp jazylghan Ikar - Murun «10 ózen» atauy týzemdikter tilinde de bar shyghar?

Múnday az tanymal halyqtar qataryna týrki qyrghyz halqy da jatady. Ábilghazynyng mәlimetine sәikes, olar Ontýstik Sibirde Seleng jәne Ikar Murun, (Angarada)*7ózenderining boyynda tirshilik etken. Ol olardy kerkez nemese qyrghyzdar...*8 dep ataydy jәne olar Oghyz nemeresi qyrghyzdan*9 tarady deydi. Rashid ad-Din olardy Barhudjin Tukum elin meken etken orman halyqtary qataryna qosady. Shynghyshan túsynda inal (Ábilghazynyng aituy boyynsha, búl halyqta knyazi solay atalghan) qyrghyz súltany Orys bolghan. Ol Shynghyshangha baghynyp, onyng Boru elshisine qosyp qyzyl kózdi jәne qyzyl shengeldi aq súnqar jibergen. Bizding eramyzdaghy 1207 jylghy Qytay jazbalarynda Shynghyshan ózining eki sheneunigi Altan men Borudy kir szis eline jiberedi jәne osynyng nәtiyjesinde Idirnere men Aldar (qyrghyz súltandarynyng elshileri bolsa kerek) eng jaqsy súnqarlardy әkeldi dep jazylghan. Shynghystan keyin qyrghyzdar Tóle úlysyna ótti yaghni, búrynghy mekenderinde qalyp, ózge týrki monghol taypalarynyng әskery joryghyna qatyspaghan. 1254 jyly úly han Mónkening ordasynda bolghan Rubrukvis qyrghyzdar Qaraqorymnyng soltýstik jaghynda ómir sýredi dep jazady.

Qaraqorym qayda bolmasyn, Seleng aghysy boyynda nemese Orhonnyng jogharghy aghysynda ma, qyrghyzdar, qalay bolsa da, Sibirding ontýstik bóligin mekendeushiler bolyp qalady jәne olar Baykalgha deyin [taray] alghan. Buryattar әli kýnge deyin Jana*10 Sibirdegi qorghandy kirgiz ger (qyrghyz ýii) dep ataydy. Fiysher («Sibirskaya istoriya») Ikar Murun degen Huanhe, sondyqtan qyrghyzdar Ontýstik Sibirge Shynghystan әldeqayda keyin qonys audardy degen boljam aitady. Klaprot (Memoires relatifs a l'Asie) búl [gipotezany] joqqa shygharyp, Yuani dinastiyasy (1280-1367 jj.) tarihynan ýzindi keltirip, onda ki li ki sz (kirkis dep oqy) halqy turaly jazylghanyn uәj etedi.

Búl halyqtyng kelesi taghdyry Sibirde orystar payda bolghangha deyin jәne kazaktar men qyrghyzdar jәne uryanhaylarmen qaqtyghysyna deyin belgisiz. Esesine XVII ghasyr boyy Sibir jazbalarynda olardy ýzdiksiz kezdestiremiz. Olar birde Tomgha, Kuzneskige shabuyl jasaydy, birde teleuittermen, uryanhay Altan hanmen nemese jonghar tayshysymen*11 odaq qúrady. 1606 jyly Nemcha bodandyq súrap, osy diplomatiyalyq kelissóz ýshin [әielin] jiberedi. Áyel isti sәtti jýrgize almaydy, ony kemsitip, qyrghyzdar ósh alyp, Tara men Tomgha shabuyl jasaydy. 1607 jyly olar orys bodanyna ótedi, al 1642 jyly jonghar biyleushisi Batorgha baghynyp, al 1657 jyly uryanhay Altan hannyng [úly] Lobzannyng bodany bolady. Olar ol kezde Aq jәne Qara Yus boyymen, Abaqan, ontýstikte Sayan taularyna deyin, batysqa Tomgha deyin jәne shyghysqa Eniyseyge deyin kóship qonyp jýrdi (qyrghyzdar turaly Fiysherding «Sibirskaya istoriya»; Iakinfting «Istoricheskie obozrenie oiratov» enbekterin qara).

XVII ghasyrdyng sonynda qyrghyzdar mýldem joq bolyp, olardyng aty Sibir jazbalarynda kezdespeydi.

Fiysherding mәlimeti boyynsha, olardy jonghar [qontayshysy] kóshirip jiberedi, biraq qayda ekenin ol bilmeydi, biraq estigen mәlimetterge sýienip, olardyng jana mekeni Tiybet pen Gindukush tauynyng many bolar dep boljaydy. Levshinning aituynsha, Sibirde bolghan shved ofiyserleri búl oqighany alghash bolyp tariyhqa engizgen (Levshin «Opisanie kirgiyz-kaysaskih ord y stepey»). Klaprot búl pikirdi rastap, olardyng jana qonystaryn dәl kórsetedi (Journal Asiatique, 1823).

Tútas taypa kenetten joghalyp, qalmaqtardyng bir bóligine ainalyp shygha keldi degen Iakinf әkeyding boljamyna kelisu qiyn. Iakinf qyrghyzdar - qara qyrghyzdar týrkilik Sibir qyrghyzdarynan mýldem bólek halyq, al olardyng kergyz degen atauy týrkilik. «Sibir kazaktary, - deydi avtor, - qyrghyz dep atalatyn bir qalmaq tobymen kezdesken». Múnday boljamdar eshqanday payda әkelmeydi: bashqúrt bolysynda kerey degen ru bar, qyrym noghaylary men Astrahan guberniyasynyng kundur11 tatarlarynda jәne qazaqtarda (qyrghyz-qaysaq) da bar. Osyghan qarap, Eniysey qyrghyzdary bashqúrttardan, noghaylardan nemese qazaqtardan shyqty deuge bola ma nemese kerisinshe, bashqúrttar, noghaylar men qazaqtar qyrghyzdardan shyqty ma? Ghalym monah ne shyghystyq ne tipti ózi kóp mәlimet alghan Qytay derekterine de sýienbegen. Hakastar dep atalatyn qyrghyzdar týrki hoy huymen tuysqan halyq retinde Aspan asty imperiyasynyng tarihshylarynyng jazbasynda kezdesedi (Klaproth, Memoires relatifs a l'Asie) onyng Shynghyshan turaly tarihynda kirszis halqyna elshilik turaly aitylghan. Qyrghyzdar men qalmaqtar arasynan shyqqan halyq qonys audarghan qyrghyzdardyng qalyp qoyghandarynan nemese qyrghyz-qaysaqtar*12 men kundur tatarlary siyaqty әskery tútqyndardan qalyptasuy mýmkin. Georgiy12 1779 jyly jaryq kórgen enbeginde*13 halyqtardy sipattay kelip, bylay deydi: «Olardyng arasynda (kundur tatarlary) birneshe qara qyrghyz taypasy nemese Úly jýz qyrghyzdary bar (Úly jýz qaysaqtaryn qyrghyzdarmen kórshi bolghandyqtan, avtor olardy ýnemi shatastyrady), olar 1758 jyly jongharlardyng biraz bóligimen qosyldy». Bashqúrt pen noghaylargha da olar osynday sebeptermen qosyluy mýmkin. Bashqúrttar 1780 jyldyng ózinde aq Orta jýzding [nayman] bolystary, Ayagóz ózeni boyynan barymta jasaytyn bolghan. Al noghaylar tarihy mәlimetter men halyq anyzdary boyynsha, qyrghyz dalasynda 1680 jylgha deyin, Tarbaghataydan shyqqan torghauyttardyng basshysy13 [Ho] Órlikting kóterilisine deyin ómir sýrgen. Barymta kóshpendi dala halqynda búrynnan bar, sondyqtan shapqyngha da kedergi (?) bolmaghan.

Day-siyn-IY-tun-Chjiyding qytay geografiyasynda polu nemese pulu dep atalatyn qazirgi Qara orda*14 alqabynda ejelden kóship qonghan týrki taypasy turaly aitylady jәne olar, Tan dinastiyasy túsynda ómir sýrgen qytaylyqtar olarmen aralaspaghan (Tableaux historiques de l'Asie. Journal Asiatique, 1823; Memoires relatifs a l'Asie). Qashgharda pululardyng bolghanyna sýiene otyryp, qytay geografy mynanday boljam aitady: «Polu atauy borugha úqsas, sondyqtan pulu degen qyrghyzdar ekenine kýmәn joq». Avtor burut degen ataudy mindetti týrde týsindirgisi kelgen, tek qytaylyq ghana poludan burut jasay alady (Levshin «Opisanie kirgiyz-kaysaskih ord y stepey»; Otechestvennye zapiski; Klaproth. Magasin Asiatigue).

Qyzyq, burut sózi qaydan shyqty eken; qyrghyzdar ózderin qyrghyz nemese qara qyrghyz dep ataydy, al polu, burular nemese buruttar turaly, shamasy, eshtene bilmeydi. Búl atau jogharyda aitylghanday, qytay sózi emes, al qytaylyqtyng óte aqyldy, ghylymy jolmen sózding maghynasyn týsindirgisi kelgeni kórinip túr. Eger qyrghyzdar arasynda burut degen ru bolsa da, ol tek qyrghyz taypasynan shyqqan boluy mýmkin, Rashid ad-Dinning jazuynsha, olar qyrghyz sekildi orman halqy bolyp, oirattargha jatqan (Jurnal ministerstva narodnogo prosvesheniya. 1845 g. May).

Keyingi úrpaqta olardyng búryn Eniysey boyynda kóship-qonghany jәne ontýstikke qonys audaruy saqtaldy ma, joq pa - biz bilmeymiz. Bizge belgilisi - olar anyzgha óte bay. Úly jýzdegi ýkimet tarapynan pristav bolghan mayor G. Franelding 1849 jyly jinaghan mәlimetterine sәikes, olar ózderine deyin sol jerdi meken etken noghaylardyng úrpaghymyz dep sanaydy. Olardyng týp atasy Qyrghyzbay eki úly Atygen*15 jәne Taghaymen noghay knyazideri Manas pen onyng úly Semetey yghystyrghan son, Ile jaghalauynan qashyp, ontýstikte ornalasqan taulargha ketedi.

Qyrghyzbaydyng ýlken úly Ámudariya men Syrdariyanyng jogharghy jaghynda, Badahshan*16 taulary arasynda jatqan Pamir alqabynda kóship jýredi, al kishisi Kýngey men Teriskey taularynyng alqabyna qonystanady. Birinshisi - Kýngey Alataudyng ontýstik baurayyna, [Ystyqkóldin] soltýstik jaghalauyna deyin, ekinshisi - kólding ontýstik jaghalauy men Qyrghyz Alataudyng soltýstik baurayyna, kól jaghalay ornalasady. Bizge Ystyqkól qyrghyzdarynyng tek ýsh ruy ghana belgili, al ontýstikte túratyn olardyng tuystary jayly mәlimet joq; qytaylyqtardyng jazuynsha olar on bes rudan túrady.

Ystyq*17 kólining jaghasynda shashyrap jatqan kóne qalalar men múnaralardyng qirandylary da noghay kezenindegi halyqqa telinedi.

Jalpy, bizding Qara qyrghyz ordasy jayly mәlimetterimiz tym shekteuli. Anaghúrlym jagha mәlimetterdi kýtuge tura keledi, olardy endi bughular bizding bodanymyz bolghannan keyin jinau mýmkin bolar.

Qyrghyzdardyng Ystyqkóli... jaghymsyz aua rayy kezinde әr týrli ýy túrmys zattaryn jaghagha shygharyp tastaydy. Halyq búl qúbylysty bylay týsindiredi: ertede, noghay dәuirinde kól ainalasynda gýldengen qalalar men eldi mekender kóp bolghan. Qúday halyqty búzylghany jәne dinsizdigi ýshin jazalaydy: jaghalaudyng shyghys bóligi qalalar men eldi mekenderimen qosa jer astyna ketip, kól dinsiz noghay ruyn tolayym jútyp jiberedi.

Búl noghaylar turaly anyz keremet. Búghan qosa, ol kóshpendi ortaaziyalyq taypalardyng bәrine ortaq. Qyrghyz-qaysaqtar óz jerlerining ontýstik jәne batys bóligindegi qirandylardyng barlyghyn noghaylargha tiyesili deydi. Qaraqalpaqtar men bashqúrttar da noghaylargha qatysymyz bar desedi. Búl mәsele zertteuge túrarlyq, sondyqtan men ol jayynda tolyghyraq14 ózge jerde, basqa oqighagha baylanysty bayandamaqpyn. Endi qazaqtargha oralayyq.

Qyrghyz-qaysaqtar tili jaghynan týrki halyqtaryna jatady jәne shyghu tegin kóp adamdar týrkiler dep tanidy. Qyrghyz halqy eshqashanda saliqaly zertteu nysany bolghan emes, Levshinning «Opisaniya kirgiyz-kaysaskih ord y stepey» [jәne Bronevskiyding «Zapisky o kirgiyz-kaysakah Sredney Ordy»] (Otechestvennye zapiski) atty birshama qúndy, biraq keyde ortadan tómen dengeyde jazylghan enbekterdi eseptemegende, tipti manyzdy etnografiyalyq jәne aghartushylyq maqalalardy oqymadyq.

Kóptegen ghylymy zertteushiler ghúndar, pechenegter, oghyz, avarlar turaly aita otyryp, mynanday qorytyndy jasaydy: ghúndar tirshilik etken ólkede mekendeytin, Attila15 monarhiyasy qúlaghannan keyin, Edilge oralghan jәne úzaq uaqyt kutigur, arzy gur degen atpen belgili bolghan qyrghyz-qaysaqtar men qalmaqtar ghúndardyng úrpaghy. Shynynda da qyrghyz siyaqty jazu syzuy joq, demek, ótkeninen eshqanday estelik qalmaghan halyqtardyng shyghu tegin anyqtau óte qiyn. Kóshpendi halyqtardyng shyghu tegi men tarihy siyaqty eshqanday naqty mәlimetter, derekter bolmaghan song eshtenege anyq kóz jetkizbeytin túmandy boljamdar jasaugha mәjbýrleydi. Biraq, halyqtyng etnografiyasyn múqiyat zerttey otyryp, biz dәl aqiqat bolmasa da, belgisizdikting qalyng túmanyn azdap ashatyn, onyng sәl de bolsa sәulesin taba alamyz. Eger Gomerdin16 poetikalyq shygharmalary men Gerodottyn17 el auzynan jinaghan mәlimetteri tarihy qúndy maghlúmattar deuge túrarlyq bolsa; eger auyzdan auyzgha tarap jetken kez kelgen mysaldyng negizinde shyndyq oqigha jatqan bolsa, onda qazaqtardyng kóneden kele jatqan anyz әngimeleri, túrmys tirshiligi, qazirgi kýngi ómir salty men ata baba túrmysynyng ainasy bolghan dәstýri jәne salystyra kelgende tarihy mәlimettermen barlyq jaghynan dәl keletin osynyng barlyghy tarihy aqiqat degen sóz. Tútas qoghamnyng ómiri men damuyn, sezim-týisigin beyneleytin... taza halyqtyq aqyl oidyng tuyndysy retinde... halyq auzynan bir adam sózi siyaqty tógilgen búl shygharmalar tarihi, filologiyalyq jәne psihologiyalyq túrghydan qyzyghushylyq tudyrady.

Kóshpendi tatarlar18 Islam dinin ústanghanymen, dinsiz bauyrlary siyaqty otyryqshy taypalastaryna qarama qayshy qalyptasqan. Olargha ertede qabyldaghan músylman dini tatarlar men basqalargha yqpal etkendey әseri bolmady. Qaysaqtar osydan 20 jyl búryn orys әkimshiligi [aymaqqa bóludi] engizgenge deyin músylman aty ghana boldy. Olar búrynghyday ózderining shamandyq salt-dәstýrlerin jalghastyryp, ruhtarmen tildesetin baqsyny qúrmet tútty. Dalanyng bir de bir batyry Múhammed payghambardyng kim ekenin bilgen emes. Orta jýzding súltany Baraq (1749 jyly dýnie salghan) tatar men búqarlyqtardan: «O, Múhammed! Alladan basqa qúday joq, Múhammed onyng elshisi» degen sózdi estip, qyzyghushylyq tanytyp, bylay dep súraydy: «Barlyq tatarlar men sarttar Múhammed, Múhammed deydi, shamasy ol pysyq bireu bolsa kerek» depti. Biraq qazir mýldem basqasha. 1822 jyly alghashqy okrug ashylghannan beri, ýkimetting qamqorlyghy arqasynda Islam tez taraldy. Árbir auylda molda men kóshpeli medrese bar, otyz kýn oraza ústap, bes uaqyt namaz oqymaytyndardy eshkim tyndamaydy, tuysqandary qúrmettemeydi; bir sózben aitqanda qyr qazaghy fanatizm jaghynan Stambul dәruishinen*18, shyr ainalghan Mәulauiy19 bauyrlastyghynyng ókilderinen kem týspeydi... Daladaghy jana dinnen keler úrpaqqa qanday payda keletinin bir Qúday biledi. Olardyng bәrin búrynghy qalpynda qaldyrghan jón emes pe edi? Qyrghyz dalanyng elikkish úldaryna tәn qylyqpen [Islamgha] boy úrdy, endi Qúranmen kelispeytin eshteneni de moyyndamaydy. Ólender, kóne jyrlar, kýres, әiel erkindigi men onyng kóppen birge kónil kóterui - barlyghy úmytylyp barady. Áyeldi ýiden shygharmay ústaudy qoldaushylar kóptep tabyluda, kiyiz ýige tyghylghan olardyng bayghús [әielderi] kim ótip barady, jaryq dýniyede ne bolyp jatyr, sony kóru ýshin kiyiz ýiding kiyizin tesip, syghalap túratyn boldy. Áyelderding tabighaty sonday: olar tyiym salynghan jemisti jemeyinshe tynym tappaydy. Qarttar janalyqty qabylday almay shaghymdanady; әielder qarttardyng pikirine ishtey qosylady, jastar kóbine tandau jasay almay tolqidy: ýilengenge deyin olar eskilikti qoldaydy, ýilengen song tәubasyna kelip, paryzdardy oryndaugha kóshedi; biraq uaghyz ben payghambar sýnnetin tolyq saqtamaydy. Qyrghyzdardy búrynghyday jayyna qaldyru dúrys bolmas pa edi? Olardyng tabighy daryny - shydamdylyq. Olar alghyr oiymen dinnen aqiqatty tauyp, tez damyp algha jyljyghanymen, toqyrap qalady,... olardyng birazy mýldem qarama qayshy ketip jýr. Qazirgi kezde anyq bayqalmaghanmen, shyghysqa elikteytin músylmandyq pen orysqa qarap boy týzeytin jana arasynda kýshti kýres jýrip jatyr. Múnday qúbylysty noghaylar da, bashqúrlar da bastan keshirip otyr, búryn qyrghyzdardan mal barymtalaytyn olar endi taza tatargha ainalyp ketti. Dalanyng ataqty muzykanttary bashqúrt sybyzghyshylary qazir әn salmaydy jәne batyrlar turaly jyr tolghap, kópshilikting kózin jasqa toltyrmaydy. «Altyn Ordanyng joqtauy» da estilmeydi - onyng zamany ótken. qyrghyzdar da qaytadan qalyptasyp keledi, qaraqalpaq taypasy joghalu aldynda, ejelgi tatardyng da jer betinen mýldem joghalu qaupi tónip túr. «Allanyng qalauy bolsyn! Bizding bәrimizdi jaratqan Alla jәne bәrimiz oghan qaytyp oralamyz».

Europada әli kýnge deyin kóshpendi taypalar qatygez tobyr jәne tәrtipsiz jabayylar degen qate týsinik basym. Kóshpendi mongholdar men qyrghyz turaly týsinik dóreki jәne mal siyaqty varvar degen iydeyamen tyghyz baylanysty. Alayda, osy varvarlardyng kóp bóligining óz әdebiyeti men jazbasha jәne auyzsha ertegi anyzdary bar. Alghashqylardyng qataryna mongholdar men jongharlar, ekinshilerine monghol týrki tektes kóshpendi taypalar jatady. Qyr qazaghy ózining ar úyaty men aqyl oy qabileti jaghynan otyryqshy tatar men týrikten әldeqayda joghary. Poeziyagha iykemdiligi, әsirese suyryp salyp janynan jyr shygharu barlyq kóshpendilerding ereksheligi. Beduinderding aqyndyq qabileti men olardyng suyryp salma aqyndary europalyqtargha jaqsy tanys. Arab jazirasy men shatyrlarda bolghan barlyq sayahatshylar bar saualgha kómeylerinen tórt joldan túratyn dúrys qúrylghan úiqasty ólenmen jauap atqylaghan balalar turaly tandana jazghan. Monghol-týrki úrpaghy da osynday. Beyqam kóshpendi ómirding yqpaly ma, joq tabighatqa jaqyn, júldyzdy ashyq aspan men ken-baytaq dalamen etene bolu kóshpendilerding aqynjandylyq jәne qaghylezdigining sebebi me, bizge bilip keregi joq, búl súraqtyng sheshuin tabighatty baqylaytyn, solar onyng adamgha yqpalyn jәne sol yqpaldyng jemisin zerdeleytin ghalymdargha qaldyrayyq. Biz tek derekter men mәlimetterdi úsynamyz.

Barlyq tatar halyqtarynyng ishinde aqyndyq qabileti jaghynan qyrghyzdar aldynghy orynda derlik. Olar turaly bizding qúrmetti shyghystanushymyz Senkovskiyding arabtar jayly aitqan pikirin qaytalaugha bolady: beduin - tabighatynan óleng qúrastyrushy jәne kóbine aqyn. Qyrghyz aqyndarynyng tuyndylarynan arab poeziyasyndaghy siyaqty óleng joldarynyng dúrys qúryluy bayqalmaghanymen, olarda da belgili erejeler bar. Týrki dialektilerining kórnektisi qyrghyz tilinde giyperbolikalyq beyneleu arab tilindegi sekildi iylene bermeydi, demek olardyng poetikalyq erekshelikteri әr týrli boluy qajet. Dala poeziyasy retinde ol arab poeziyasyna jaqyn, dala ómirin suretteydi, kóshpendi tirlikting birqalypty kórinisteri, taypalardyng qaqtyghysy men bir birimen jaulasuy - olardyng úqsastyghyn ýstey týsedi. Qalay bolghan jaghdayda da qyrghyzdardyng poeziyasy ómirding naqty kórinisi, qoghamdaghy týsinik pen qarym qatynastyng bayany retinde óte qyzyqty jәne aluan qyrly bolyp keledi. Osy maqalamen qyrghyzdardyng poeziyasy jәne suyryp salmalyghy turaly sózimizdi ayaqtaymyz.

Negizgi oiymyzgha qayta oralsaq. Tarihy túrghydan alghanda, ha-lyqtyng aqyndyq ruhy keremet: birinshiden, suyryp salma aqyndar-dyng tanqalarlyq jady arqasynda qaharmandardyng erligin jyr etken barlyq kóne poemalar tamasha eske saqtau qabiletining arqasynda kópshiligi tilining kóneligi jaghynan jәne jana buyngha týsiniksiz kóp sózderi boyynsha Altyn Orda kezenine jatatyn óz qaharmandary turaly tarihy oqighalary boyynsha da bizge búrmalausyz jetken. Ekinshiden, әrtýrli kezende ómir sýrgen aqyn-jyraular halyq sanasyna óz dәuirining oqighasyn sinirgeni sonshalyq, onyng barlyghy birigip kelip, bir býtindi qúraydy. Ýshinshiden, osy poemalardyng barlyghy salt-dәstýrmen, maqal mәteldermen, halyqtyng adamgershilik turaly jarghylarymen birige kelip, halyqtyng tarihy jәne ruhany ómirining ótkenin tolyq kórsete otyryp, tarihy oqighalardy tolyqtyrugha jәne olardyng kezenin anyqtaugha jәrdemdesedi. Qyrghyzdardyng kóne anyz әngimeler men nanym senim, yrymdardy sonshalyqty taza, bastapqy qalpynda saqtalyp qalghany tanqaldyrady, al odan da tang qalarlyghy dalanyng barlyq alys týkpirinde, әsirese ólen-jyrlar, bir qolmen kóshirilgen qoljazbadaghyday ózgerissiz, qaz qalpynda aitylady. Kóshpendi, sauatsyz halyqtyng auyzsha derekteri adam sengisiz dәlme dәl saqtalghany qanshalyqty tanqalarlyq bolghanymen, búl shәk keltiruge bolmaytyn shynayy dәlel.