Qoghamdyq ómir modernizasiyasynda dinning atqarar róli qanday?
Adam men qogham ómirinde dinning әleumettik mәn-maghynasyn joghaltuyn beyneleytin jәne qazirgi zamannyn ajyramas qasiyeti sanalghan sekulyarizasiya úghymy zamanauy әlemde jana túrghyda qarastyryluda. Sekulyarly qogham kenistiginde dinning sayasatqa, ekonomikagha, mәdeniyetke yqpalynyn kýsheni naqty qoghamdyq ómirdegi dindarlyq pen sekulyarlyq arasyndaghy araqatynas formasyna baylanysty órbiydi. Ghylymiy-tehnikalyq tónkeris, jahandanu ýderisteri, urbandalu, ekonomikalyq, sayasi, mәdeni janghyrular din men diny sanagha da yqpal etti. Desekulyarizasiya - búl sekulyarizasiyagha qarama-qarsy trend, yaghny dindarlyqtyng qayta janghyruy, zayyrlylyq pen dýniyelik esebinen qasiyettilikting qayta jandanuy. Búl trendting kórinisteri dinning zayyrly, memlekettik oryndargha - (mektep, joghary oqu orny, әsker, ekonomika, medisina, mәdeniyet) kire bastauy, diny instituttardyng kórkem shygharmashylyq tuyndylaryna (әdebiyet, teatr, suret, kino óneri) senzura qoigha әreketi. Desekulyarizasiya belgileri - memleket pen din arasalmaghynyng ózgerui, qoghamdyq sanadaghy diny týsinikterdin ósui, naqty dinning resmy mәrtebe alugha qadam basuy. Batys europalyq ghalymdar postsekulyarlyq jәne postdindarlyq úghymdary tónireginde tartyssa, postateistik jәne postsosialistik elder ghalymdary dinning qayta janghyruy, dinnin qayta oraluy, sakralizasiyalanu, sekulyarizasiyanyn aqyry taqyrybynda pikir talastyruda. Dinmen baylanysty jahandyq qoghamdyq sanada tuyndaytyn súraqtar diny toleranttylyq pen súqbat, jahandyq terrorlyq, radikalizasiya, islamofobiya, dini fanatizm tónireginde órbiydi. Postsekulyarly qoghamda sekulyarly jәne týrli diny toptardyng beybit jәne ózara kelisimde ómir sýrui ýshin týsinistik qaghidalary qanday boluy tiyis. Postsekulyarly jaghdayda dini iydeyalar men dini instituttardyng qoghamdyq ómirge yqpal etui dengeyining shekarasy qanday bolmaq.
Últtyq sananyng damuyndaghy dinning orny jәne qoghamdyq ómir modernizasiyasynda dinning atqarar róli qanday? Adam sanasynyng radikalizasiyalanuynyn týrtkileri jәne terrolyq әreketterding sayasi, әleumettik, dini, últtyq, dýniyetanymdyq, psiho-patologiyalyq sebepterin qalay aiqyndaymyz. Mine, osy saualdar qoghamdyq psihologiya men sanadaghy týitkildi mәseleler. «Býginde revolusiyalar ónin ózgertip, últtyq, dini, mәdeni, separatistik perde jamyldy. Biraq bәri de, týptep kelgende, qantógispen, ekonomikalyq kýireumen ayaqtalatynyn kórip otyrmyz. Álemdegi oqighalardy oi eleginen ótkizip, qorytyndy jasau-qoghamnyn da,sayasi partiyalar men qozghalystardyn da, bilim beru jýiesining de auqymdy dýniyetanymdyq, ruhany júmysynyng bir bóligi». Qazirgi batys europalyq qoghamdy postsekulyarly retinde anyqtau ýshin negizgi ýsh qúbylystan tuyndaghan sanadaghy ózgerister naqty aiqyndaluy tiyis. Birinshiden, qazirgi әlemde bolyp jatqan týrli qaqtyghystardyng diny negizde bolghandyghyn habarlaytyn BAQ yqpalymen qoghamdyq sana ózgerude; ekinshiden, liyberaldy qoghamdaghy dini qauymdar keybir qoghamdyq nemese sayasi oqighalardy ózinshe týsindirui qoghamdyq sanagha әser etude; ýshinshiden, dәstýrli mәdeniyetti ústanatyn elderden kelushi júmysshy kýshter jәne bosqyndardyng túraqty immigrasiyasy europalyq azamattar sanasyna yqpal etude. Nemis filosofy Yu.Habermas osy ýsh faktordy negizge ala otyryp sekulyarly batys qoghamyn postsekulyarly dep ataydy. Ghalamtor jәne әleumettik jeliler, alpauyt elderding geosayasi jobalary men iydeologilyq bәsekelestigi,marginaldy qúbylystar pen postmoderndik ústanym dinnin jәne dindarlyqtyn jana qúbylysy radikaldy iydeologiya men dini senimning kýmәndi formalaryn tudyrdy. Zamanauy әlemde naqty din men iydeologiyagha negizdelgen sayasat, partiya, ekonomika, qúqyq, mәdeniyet, óner sekulyarlyqtyng Jana zamanda ornyqqan ýlgisine simaydy. Jahandanghan adamzattyng qoghamdyq psihologiyasy men ómirine dinning yqpaly ósude, demek zayyrlylyq pen dindarlyqtyn ózara әriptestiginin әdiletti zamanauy tetikterin dayarlau qajet. Qazirgi qoghamdaghy modernizasiyalyq ýderister diny jәne zayyrly sanany qamty otyryp, ony ózgertude. Sekulyarizasiya búl dinge qarsylyq emes, dinning zang ayasynda órkeniyetti qyzmet jasauy,demek postsekulyarly qoghamda sekulyarlyq pen sakralidylyq birin-biri tolyqtyrushy ýderis. Din sekulyarly qoghamnan ýirense, sekulyarly qogham dindegi bauyrmaldyq, ruhany kemeldenu, syilastyq syndy qúndylyqtardan ýirenui tiyis. Postsekulyarly kenistikte zayyrly jәne dini instituttar azamattardy biriktiru ýshin tendik, әdilettilik, әriptestik, týsinistik qaghidalaryn ústanuy tiyis.Qazirgi Ortalyq Aziya elderindegi diny jaghday jәne dindarlyq dengeyi tildik, dildik, diny dәstýr jaqyndyghymen jәne din salasyndaghy memlekettik sayasat qaghidalarynyn úqsastyghymen aiqyndalady.
Týrkimenstan halqynyn 80 payyzynyng astamy sýnnittik baghyttyng hanafiy mәzhabyn ústanady. Týrikmenstan - zayyrly qaghidatty ústanatyn el. El halqynyng 7-8 payyzy pravoslav seniminde. El aumaghynda dindi sayasi maqsatta paydalanugha tyiym salynghan. 1994 jyly qúrylghan din isteri boyynsha kenes (Gengeshiy)din salasyn memlekettik qadaghalau men retteu qyzmetin atqardy.1990 jyldardyn ortasynda eldin Aughanstanmen shekaralas aimaghynda radikaldy diny ilimder kórinis bere bastady. 1997 jyly «Ar-újdan jәne dini úiymdar turaly» zangha tolyqtyrular engizildi. Barlyq diny úiymdar qayta tirkeuden ótti. Tirkeuden ótpegen diny úiymdargha diny qyzmet jasaugha tyiym salyndy. Diny qauymdardyng qarjylyq, qayyrymdylyq, bilim-aghartushylyq qyzmetine jәne kadrlyq ústanymyna shekteuler qoyyldy. Shet eldik uaghyzshylar men din qyzmetkerleri júmysyna tyiym salyndy. Sheteldik diny әdebiyetterdi el aumaghyna alyp keluine tyiym salyndy. Eldegi shiittik (әzerbayjandar men irandyqtar) qauymdardyng shaqyruymen kelgen irandyq uaghyzshylar elden shygharyldy. Shiitter Iranmen shekaralas audandarda jәne Turkmenbashy qalasynda túrady. Meshitterdegi diny oqu kurstary qayta tekseruden ótkizildi.1999 jyly Chardjou qalasyndaghy medrese jabyldy. 2003 jyly qabyldanghan «Dini senim bostandyghy jәne dini úiymdar turaly» jana zangha sәikes tirkelmegen dini birlestik júmysyna qatysushylar qylmystyq jauapkershilikke tartylatyn boldy. Mýsheler sany-500-ge jetken diny úiymdar tirkeuden ótti. Meshit imamdaryn taghayyndaugha memlekettik qúrylymdardyng yqpaly ósti. Jeke menshik qúqyghyndaghy dini oqu oryndaryn ashugha tyiym salyndy. Joghary dini oqu oryndaryn qúru tek din isteri kenesi qúziretine berildi. Dinbasylyq lauazymgha diny bilimdi elden alghan Týrkimenstan azamaty layyq dep sanaldy. Ádilet ministrliginin rúqsatynan keyin ghana shet eldik demeushilerdin qarjylay kómegin alugha rúqsat etildi. AQSh-tyn «Halyqaralyq diny senim bostandyghy turaly Akt» sәikes qysymynan keyin 2004 jyly tirkelmegen dini birlestik júmysyna qatysushylardy qylmystyq jauapkershilikke tartu babynyn kýshi joyyldy. 2016 jyly qabyldanghan «Dini senim bostandyghy jәne dini úiymdar turaly» jana zanda diny birlestikti tirkeu ýshin kәmelet jasyndaghy 50 Týrkimenstan azamattarynyn ótinishi jetkilikti jәne dini birlestikting jarghysy boluy tiyis.Jasyryn diny qyzmetke tyiym salynady. Shet elden beriletin tegin jәne granttyq kómekter mindetti týrde tirkelui tiyis. Memleket menshigindegi diny baghyttaghy mýlikter men diny ghimarattardy diny úiymdargha tegin berilui zanda bekitildi. Memlekettik bilim beru úiymdarynda dindi oqytugha tyiym salyndy. Diny bilim beru oryndaryna qatan talap qoyyldy. 2016 jyly diny úiymdarmen júmys boyynsha jәne diny mazmúndaghy baspa ónimderin saraptau arnayy komissiyasy qúryldy. Komissiya qúzireti: diny úiymdardyn qyzmetin jәne azamattardyng dini úiymdar ýstinen jazghan aryz-shaghymdaryn qarau, shet eldik diny úiymnyng basshysyn qyzmetke taghayyndau, shet eldik diny әdebiyetterge saraptama jasau, dintanulyq saraptama qorytyndysyn beru, dini úiymdardy tirkeuge úsynys beru, diny bilim beru úiymyn ashugha úsynys beru, jergilikti biylik ornymen birge diny ghimarat qúrlysyna rúqsat beru. Týrkimenstanda oraza aitta bir kýn, qúrban aitta ýsh kýn demalys berilgen. Zertteushilerding pikirinshe, kóshpendi ómir saltyn ústanghan bayyrghy týrkimenderdin býgingi buyny dinnin ghibadattyq formasyn emes, jeke ishki dindarlyqty ústanady. Alayda kedeyshilik, erkin oishyldyqty qudalau, meshitterdi jappay baqylau, syrtqy kýshterding yqpaly, Aughanstandaghy túraqsyzdyq diny jaghdaygha keri әser etui mýmkin.
Ózbekstan - zayyrly memleket. Negizgi zanda barlyq dinderding zang aldyndaghy tendigi, memleket pen dinning bólinui naqty aiqyndalghan. El aumaghynda dindi sayasi maqsatta paydalanugha tyiym salynghan. Ózbekstan halqynyn 93 payyzdan astamy sýnniytik baghyttyng hanafiy mazhabyn ústanady. Búqara jәne Samarqan aimaqtarynda shiittik (irandyqtar men әzirbayjandar) qauymdar bar. Búl aimaqtarda shiittik meshitter júmys jasaydy. Shiitter qúlshylyqtaryn kóbine ýilerde jәne sýnnittik meshitterde ótkizedi. Shiittik imamdar diny bilimdi eldegi medreselerden alady. El aumaghynda 16 konfessiyagha tiyesili 2400 asa diny birlestikter bar. Dindar músylmandar ÓMDB qúziretinde. El aumaghynda Islam uniyversiyteti jәne Islam instituty, onnan asa medreseler júmys jasaydy. Eldegi islamtanulyq bilim beru jýiesi birizdi jәne birynghay oqytu baghdarlamasyn ústanady. Kәmelettik jasqa tolmaghandardyn meshitke baruy qatang baqylanady.
1999 jyly Tashkent jәne basqa qalalarda bolghan jarylystan son shet elderdin dini oqu oryndarynda oqityn studentter elge qaytaryldy. Eldegi shet eldik diny oqu oryndar jabyldy.
Ortalyq Aziya elderinde Ózbekstan «Islam qozghalysy» úiymy qyzmetine tyiym salynghan. Búl terrorlyq úiym Ózbekstan, Qyrghyzstan elderinde terrorlyq qylmystar úiymdastyrdy.
Qyrghyzstan - zayyrly memleket. Eldegi dinderdin zang aldyndaghy tendigi,memleket pen dinnin bólinui negizi zanda aiqyndalghan. Qyrghyzstan músylmandary sýnniytik baghyttyng hanafy mazhabyn ústanady. Qyrghyzstanda 3700 asa meshitter bolsa, 700 meshit Osh oblysy aumaghynda ornalasqan. Osh oblysynda diny ahual basqa aimaqtargha qaraghanda ózgeshe. Búl aimaqqa Ferghana jazyghynyn ahualy jәne etnokonfessionaldy erekshelik yqpal jasaydy. Qyrghyzstanda Týrkiya tarapynyn qoldauymen ashylghan diny oqu oryndary júmys jasaydy. Qyrghyzstan músylmandar diny basqarmasynyng «Islam Madaniyaty» gazeti, Djalal-Abad kaziattynyng «Músylman», Batken kaziattynyng «Islam avazy» gazetteri islam qúndylyqtaryn nasihattaydy. Meshit imamdary - Mysyr, Týrkiya, Pәkistan, Iordaniya, Siriya jәne eldegi diny oqu oryndaryn bitirgen.
Tәjikstan - zayyrly memleket. Eldegi dinderdin zang aldyndaghy tendigi, memleket pen dinnin bólinui negizgi zanda aiqyndalghan.Tәjikterdin tili parsy tobyna jatady. Tәjikstan músylmandary sýnniytik baghyttyng hanafiy mazhabyn ústanady. 2009 jyly úly imam Ábu Hanifa jyly dep jariyalandy. Tauly Badahshanda shiiyt-ismailitter qauymy bar. Ismailiytik ilimdi pamir (vahandyqtar, bartangdyq, rushan, ishkashiym, shugnan) halyqtary ústanady. Ismailitter aghymy altynshy shiiyt imamy Jafar as-Sadyqtyn úly Ismail esimimen baylanysty qalyptasqan. Ismailittik ilimi boyynsha imamat múragerlikpen beriledi. Ismailiyt-nizaritter qauymynyng dini jetekshisi imam IV Aga-han. 2009 jyly Dushanbe qalasynda shiiyt-ismailitter ortalyghy ashyldy. IV Aga-han Tauly Badahshandaghy shiiyt-ismailitter qauymyna gumanitarlyq kómek kórsetedi. Ortalyq aziya elderinde aga-han qory bilim beru jobalaryn qarjylandyrady. Aga Khan Development Network ayasynda bilim beru, әleumettik-ekonomikalyq,mәdeny úiymdar júmys jasaydy. 2002jyly IV Aga-han qory Tәjikstan, Qyrghyzstan tauly aimaqtarynda Ortalyq Aziya uniyversiytetinin filialdaryn ashudy oilastyrdy. 2003 jyly Almaty oblysynyng Tekeli qalasynda uniyversiytet filialynyn irgetasy qalanghan bolatyn. El aumaghynda 3000 asa meshit jәne 19 medrese bar. 2009 jyly Tәjikstanda« Salafiya» qozghalysyna sot sheshimimen tyiym salyndy. 2014 jyly Tәjikstan Joghary sot qaulysymen «Salafiya» diny aghymynyng qyzmeti ekstremistik dep tanyldy. 2005 jyly Tәjikstan bilim ministrligi mektepterde hijab kiige tyiym saldy.2011 jyly meshitterde dauys kýsheytkishpen azan shaqyrugha tyiym salyndy. 2013 jyly Iran, Mysyr, Liviya, Saud Arabiyasy elderindegi diny oqu oryndarynda oqityn studentterin keri shaqyryp aldy. Tek arnayy tekseruden son shet eldin diny oqu oryndarynda bilim alugha rúqsat etiledi. Memlekettik jәne jeke bala-baqshalar jәne mektepterde, ýilerde diny uaghyz jýrgizuge tyiym salyndy. Áyelder men kәmelettik jasqa tolmaghandardyn meshitke baruyna tyiym salyndy. Din isteri komiytetinin ókilderi barlyq diny is-sharalargha qatysugha ókiletti jәne meshit imamdaryn taghayyndau din isteri komiytetimen kelisiletin boldy. 2014 jyldan meshit imamdary memleketten jalaqy alatyn boldy. 2015 jyly Ortalyq Aziya elderindegi birden-bir dini partiya – «Tәjikstan islam qayta órleu partiyasyna» tyiym salyndy. El aumaghynda terrorlyq jәne ekstremistik sipattaghy 15 úiym qyzmetine tyiym salynghan. Ózbekstan jәne Tәjikstandaghy diny ahualgha Aughanstandaghy sayasiy-diny ýderister әser etui mýmkin. Postkenestik músylman elderine salafizm aghymynyn eki núsqasy-madhaliya jәne surriya taralghan. 1990 jyly Iraktyn Kuveytti jaulap aluynan son Saud arabiyasy aumaghyna AQSh әskerining ornalasuyna («shóldegi dauyl» operasiyasy) qarsy bolghan Múhammet Surury bastaghan top jәne shet eldik әskeriylerding elge keluin, yaghni biylik ústanymyn jaqtaghan Raby ibn Hady әl Madhali toby payda bolghany belgili. Qazirgi ortalyq aziyanyng dini kenistiginde salafiiylik jәne sopylyq toptar arasynda dýniyetanymdyq pikir-sayystar oryn aluda. 1990 jylgha taman kenes ýkimetinin basshylyghy qayta qúru sayasaty ayasynda dinge qatysty tózimdi sayasat jýrgize bastady. Búl jariyalylyq sayasaty týrli nanym-senimderdin keng taraluyna jol ashty. Keybir diny ilimder shet eldik qarjylyq jәne sayasy toptardyn,arnayy qyzmetterding qoldauymen ýgit-nasihat jýrgizdi.
Qazirgi tanda Ortalyq Aziya elderindegi diny jaghday qalypty. Ortalyq Aziya elderining din salasyndaghy memlekettik sayasaty-zayyrlylyqty ústanu, memleket pen din qatynasyn zayyrly túrghyda jetildiru, dini jaghdaydy qúqyqtyq-zannamalyq retteu, halyqtyq dindarlyq pen dәstýrli diny qúndylyqtardy qoldau kórsetu. 2007 jyly ortalyq Aziya elderining mýftiyler kenesi qúryldy. Ortalyq Aziya elderindegi músylmandyq erekshelikteri: halyqtargha ortaq Hanafiy mazhaby, dәstýrli halyqtyq-ghúryptyq dindarlyq,sopylyqqa tәn etikalyq ústanym, shet eldikterdin qarjylyq qoldauyndaghy jana islamdyq ilimder men geosayasi jobalardan tuyndaghan diny ilimderdin taraluy. Qazaqstan 2017-2018 jyldary - BÚÚ Qauipsizdik Kenesinin túraqty emes mýshesine saylandy. Elimiz BÚÚ qauipsizdik kenesining - Aughanstan mәseleleri, DAIYSh jәne әl-Kaeda terrorlyq úiymdaryna qarsy kýresti ýilestiru, Eritreya-Somaliy syndy túraqty komiyteteri júmysyna tóraghalyq jasaydy. Qazaqstannyn BÚÚ Qauipsizdik Kenesinin túraqty emes mýshesi retindegi qyzmeti ortalyq aziya aimaghynda túraqtylyq pen beybitshilikti qamtamasyz etuge baghyttalady. 2017 mamyrda Er-Riyadta ótken «AQSh-Arab islam әlemi» Sammiytinde jahandyq terrorizmmen kýreste islam dýniyesi (sýnnittik memleketter) elderinin әriptestigin kýsheytu mәselesi kóterildi. Er-Riyadta ekstremizm jәne terrorizmmen kýres halyqaralyq ortalyghy qúryldy. Búl sammitke iran shaqyrylmady. Búl jiyn aimaqtaghy sýnnittik arab elderi jәne iran arasyndaghy bәsekelestikti kýsheytip,ózara qarym-qatynasqa salqynyn tiygizetini anyq.
Ortalyq Aziya elderindegi әleumettik-ekonomikalyq jәne demografiyalyq ýderister, qarqyndy urbanizasiya, dәstýrli qoghamnan postmoderndik jәne postindustrialdy aqparattyq qoghamgha qaray sekiris jasau, әleumettik-ekonomikalyq mәseleler kedeyshilik, jemqorlyq jәne bәsekeles elderding geosayasy jәne geoekonomikalyq mýddelerining qaqtyghysy diny negizdegi ekstremizmning ósuine yqpal etui mýmkin alghysharttar. Dindarlar sanasynyn radikalizasiyalanuynyng aldyn alu is-sharalary en aldymen din salasyndaghy memlekettik sayasattyng pәrmendiligin arttyru, azamattyq qogham instituttardyng tiyimdi júmys jasauyn arttyru, jastardyng әleumettenui men qoghamdyq ómirge at-salysuyn jetildiru,dәstýrli dil men zayyrly qaghidatqa say dindarlyq mәdeniyetin qalyptastyru, әsiredinshildikting sebepterin aiqyndau, әleumettik az qamtylghan toptarmen júmysty tiyimdi jýrgizu, dәstýrden tys ilimderding qoghamdyq sana men ómirge tiygizer keri әserin keshendi týrde kórsetu,aymaqtaghy ózekti әleumettik mәselelerdi sheshu, diny jaghdaygha qatysty tәjiriybe almasu,iri jәne monoqalalardaghy dini ahualgha ýnemi taldau jýrgizu. «Bizdin keshegi tarihymyzbúltartpas bir aqiqatqa-evolusiyalyq damu ghana últtyn órkendeuine mýmkindik beretinine kózimizdi jetkizdi». Ortalyq Aziya elderinin túraqtylyghy men zamanauy órkendeu joly-zayyrly qaghidatta negizdelgen.Tarihi qalyptasqan mәdeniy-ruhani jaghday ,dәstýrli diny mәdeniyet,ortaq kiyeli oryndar men әuliyeler kuliti, sýnniytik baghyt (matrudiylik aqida) jәne hanafittik ghibadat joly Ortalyq Aziya músylmandaryn dostyq pen ruhany kelisimge jeteleydi dep senemiz.
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