Múhtar Áuezov. Yaponiya
Búl kýnde qay halyq tәrtipsiz, ghylymsyz, eleusiz qalyptan asyp, aldynghy dәrejede jýrgen halyqtarmen tizelesip otyrarlyq tendikke jetui tezdiginen bolatyn onay júmys emes. Búrynghy bir betke ailasyz, ghylymsyz qara kýshting zamanynda ilgeri dәrejege tez jetu halyqtyng óz enbegimen, basshynyng epti sayasatymen ghana әzer bolatyn. Al búl zamanda nadan halyqtyng qatargha kirip ketuine sebep bolatyn jýz tarauly sharttar bar. Ol sharttardyng bәri de bas- basyna tereng oimen, eppen, qajymaytyn qayratpen,maldy, jandy ayanbay sarp eterlik talap etkenmen ghana ornyna keltirip, odan keyin orynnan ýmit qylugha bolady.
Búl tarihta bәribir jetilem dep talpynghan júrtqa neshe jýz jyldardan beri qaray qúlaghyn búrap, jattap kele jatqan tarih bolghandyghy bir negizi. Biraq tarihtyng osy aitylghan joly Yaponiyagha kelgende ózgeshe bir raqymdylyqqa týsip, ózi demep, boyyn zoraytyp, kórkeytip, qalpyna býtkil dýniyeni әri shamdandyryp, әri qyzghantyp, ishin qaynatyp otyr.
Yaponiyanyng әuelgi mesheu bolyp, dýnie jaryghynan menireu bolyp, ózinin, ózgening ne kýide ekenin bilmey otyrghan qalpynan shyghuyna sebep bolghan nәrse - ózge Angliya, Fransiya, Gollandiya sekildi bilimdi júrttardyng Yaponiya nadandyghymen paydalanghysy kelgen qomaghaylyghy boldy.
Búl kýnde qay halyq tәrtipsiz, ghylymsyz, eleusiz qalyptan asyp, aldynghy dәrejede jýrgen halyqtarmen tizelesip otyrarlyq tendikke jetui tezdiginen bolatyn onay júmys emes. Búrynghy bir betke ailasyz, ghylymsyz qara kýshting zamanynda ilgeri dәrejege tez jetu halyqtyng óz enbegimen, basshynyng epti sayasatymen ghana әzer bolatyn. Al búl zamanda nadan halyqtyng qatargha kirip ketuine sebep bolatyn jýz tarauly sharttar bar. Ol sharttardyng bәri de bas- basyna tereng oimen, eppen, qajymaytyn qayratpen,maldy, jandy ayanbay sarp eterlik talap etkenmen ghana ornyna keltirip, odan keyin orynnan ýmit qylugha bolady.
Búl tarihta bәribir jetilem dep talpynghan júrtqa neshe jýz jyldardan beri qaray qúlaghyn búrap, jattap kele jatqan tarih bolghandyghy bir negizi. Biraq tarihtyng osy aitylghan joly Yaponiyagha kelgende ózgeshe bir raqymdylyqqa týsip, ózi demep, boyyn zoraytyp, kórkeytip, qalpyna býtkil dýniyeni әri shamdandyryp, әri qyzghantyp, ishin qaynatyp otyr.
Yaponiyanyng әuelgi mesheu bolyp, dýnie jaryghynan menireu bolyp, ózinin, ózgening ne kýide ekenin bilmey otyrghan qalpynan shyghuyna sebep bolghan nәrse - ózge Angliya, Fransiya, Gollandiya sekildi bilimdi júrttardyng Yaponiya nadandyghymen paydalanghysy kelgen qomaghaylyghy boldy.
HVIII ghasyrdyng әuelgi jartysynda Qytay men Amerika hәm basqa Evropa patshalyqtarynyng saudasy qyzdy, búlardyng bir-birine qatynasatyn jolynda Yaponiya boldy. Bilimdi júrttar Yaponiyanyng ishine de óz saudasyn kirgizip, olardyng qanyn sorugha ainaldy. Yaponiya bilimdi júrttardan keletin ziyandy bilgen son, olargha ótkel bermegisi keldi. Búghan bastyghy Amerika bolyp, Evropanyng kóp patshalyqtary yqtiyarsyz ótkel beruge moyynsúndyrdy. Búl oqigha 1853 jylda boldy. Yaponiyanyng búlargha qarsy betke ústaytyn qaruy bolmady. Kóp ailaly, qomaghay, bilimdi júrttardyng ortasyna týsip, ózindiginen aiyrylyp, halyqqa jem bolatyn uaqyt keldi. Osy sebep qamshy bolyp, Yaponiyanyng sýiegine singen últshyldyq, jigerlilik qany oyandy. Aylaly, azuly, jaugha ózining ústap kelgen qaruynday qaru ústap, ózining sýiengen tәrtibindey tәrtipke sýienbese, basqa laj bolmaytyn boldy. Júrt basshysy, qamqorlary búl haldi úghyp, osynyng jolyna bastaryn sarp etip, jana jol tabugha izdendi. Solardyng talpynuynyng sebebinen 1868 jyldaghy janalyq (restavrasiya) dýnie jýzine keldi. Búl janalyqtan búryn Yaponiyada Mikado (patsha) bolsa da ony eshkimge iyeletpey, bar biylik qolynan taraytyn, búryn soghys basshy Siogundiki bolatyn. Siogundardy әuelde patsha saylaytyn bolsa da, songhy uaqytta Siogundar kýsheyip ketip, Tokugava degen túqym 265 jyl búl dәrejeni ústap túrdy. Siogundardyng kóbisi bir jaghynan patsha sekildi halyqtyng bar mindetin atqaratyn kisisi bolmaghan son, ekinshi jaghynan qolynda ýlken kýsh bolmaghan son, halyqqa, patshalyqqa ziyandy kóp ister istedi. 68-jyldyng bir janalyghy: sol siogundardyng eng songhysy Tokugava Kenky degen kisini janalyqty bastap jýrgen halyq qamqorlary ornynan týsirip, Siogun degen dәrejeni joq qyldy. Búdan songhy bir janalyghy: búryn Japoniyada әrbir taypany bir daymoiys, yaky knyazi biyleytin. Búlardyng bәri de qol astyndaghy halqynan alym alyp, qoldaryna kóp batyrlar, yaki әsker saqtaytyn. Búlardyng ózi bilimsiz, ózi juan bolghan song elge keltiretin ziyany kóp boldy. Janalyq olardy da orynan domalatty. Biraq Yaponiyanyng betin týzep alyp, retke kiruge ayaq basqanyn 68-i jyldan beri qaray deuge bolmaydy. Boygha sinip qalghan nadandyq mysqaldap shyqqansha, eskiden shyghyp, janagha týsinip ketuding auyrlyghy jengenshe, birtalay jyldar ótti. Japoniyanyng dәldi betin týzep alyp, ilgerileuge ayaq basqanynyn basy 1885 jyldan beri qaray bastalady. Búl - Japoniyanyng ghylymgha naghyz júmylghan uaqyty. Al, basqa júrttardan ýirenip, fabrika, zavod ashyp, solardyng ghylymdaryn ózderine júqtyrghysy kelgendik siogundar zamanynda da bar edi.
Yaponiyanyn janalyqtan keyin úzap, ilgerilep ketuine sebep bolghan - eki uaqigha deydi. Japoniyanyng Markiz Ito degen preziydenti (ministrler sovetining bastyghy). Búl kisi Japoniyanyng eng kórnekti halyq basshysy, ózge júrtty Japoniya jatyrqap jýrgende, búlarmen aralasuyna, ghylymgha ayaq basuyna sebep bolghan Herobuomy Itonyng múndaghy kórsetetin uaqighalarynyn bәri - Yaponiyadaghy patshalyq týrining ózgergeni. Halyq aldynda jauapty ministrler boldy. Patshanyn әmiri búrynghysynan әlsiz bolyp, konstitusiya kirdi.Búl oqighany 1889 jyl әkeldi. Yaponiyada 265 jylday patshalyq qúryp kelgen túqymnyng aqyrghy patshasy búl janalyqqa kónip, ózi ornynda qaldy. Múnyng sebebinen halyqqa әdil biylik ornady. Ýkimet pen halyq arasy jaqyndap, tendik tudy. Ýkimet basyndaghy kisilerdi halyq ózi saylaytyn boldy. Yaponiyanyng ilgerileuine ekinshi sebep bolghan nәrse - 1894 jylda bolghan Qytay - Yapon soghysy. Búl soghystan keyin Yaponiya ghylym, sharua, sauda jolynda asa kózge kórinerlik ekpindilik istedi. Mysaly, 1880 jyly Yaponiyanyng sauda prohody 310 edi. 1899 jylda 1221 boldy. 1888 jylda Yaponiyagha kiretin hәm odan shyghatyn bar púldyng baghasy 98 million iyen edi (iyen 1som 29 tiyn). Búl 1900 jylda jarty milliradqa bardy. Oqu jolynda 1901 jyldaghy esepte Yaponiyadaghy oqugha jasy dәl kelgen erkek balanyng shkolda jýrgenining sany 94% (jýzden 94), әiel balasynyng sany 81 prosent boldy. Búl talap. Sol talaptyng osynday jemisi әr jýrekti osynday bolsam dep ýmittendirip,ekpin, jiger berip, talpyntatyn tarih jýzindegi ýlgisi mol bir sabaq. Janalyq bastalghannan-aq Yaponiya jastary ghylym dýkeni qúrylyp túrghan jaqtargha aghyla bastady. Bәrining әr jerge kelgendegi maqsattary jalghyz Yaponiyanyn baqytty bolu qamy boldy. Sol sebepti búlardyng Evropa ghylymyn bilip alghandary toqtamastan jerine qaytyp, jiyp aparghan bilimderin elderine egip otyrdy. Japoniyanyng bir patshalyqtyng ishine kelip, oqu oqyghandary sol patshalyqtyn júrt biyleu tәrtipteri qanday, sharualarynyng qanday týrleri bar, ózge patshalyqtarmen arasyndaghy sayasat qanday, - solardyng әr tarauynan Yaponiyanyng gýldenuine kerek búiymdardy qoyyn-qonyshtaryna toltyryp әkelip otyrdy. Yaponiyadaghy әrbir evropa patshalyqtarynyng ishterine barghan jaqsylary, sol patshalyqtardaghy jaqsy qylyqtarymen jalghas jýrgen qanday mindeti bar; solardyng jetsek-au dep jýrgen qanday taza, jana týrleri bar, olardyng bәrinde de tolyq maghlúmattarmen qaytyp jýrdi.
Yaponiya Evropa ne istese, soghan kóz júmyp ere bergen joq. Árqaysynyng jiyp aparghan bilimin zeyinge salyp, synap, ózderinshe qolayly, jaqsy degenderin ghana alatyn boldy. Búl turasynda (........) degen professordyn aitqan sózi mynau: «Biz kýnbatystyng jaqsysyn siniruge dayyn túruymyz kerek, biraq ol uaqytta ózimizding jaqsymyz da úmytylmasyn», - degen.
Janalyq bola bastaghan song Yaponiyada әrtýrli ónerlige, әrtýrli bilgishterge múqtaj boldy. Ol múqtaj adamdary Evropada mol. Sol sebepti, olar kýnbatystan professorlar, ónerlilerdi shaqyryp әkele bastady. Biraq shetten kelgen adamdargha shart qoydy. Ol sharttar: Yaponiyanyng últtyghyna ziyan keltirerlik nәrselerdi oqytyp jýrgen shәkirtterining jýregine sinirmeuleri, múnday minezderi bayqalghan adamdar bolsa, qyzmetterine kirgizbedi. Búl kezderi Yaponiyada jattan kelgen professorlar da, ónerliler de joq deuge bolady. 1900 jyldaghy esepte Yaponiyada túrghan jat professorlardyng sany on shaqty ghana bolghan. Búlardyng azangynyng sebebi Yaponiya ózinen bilgishter shygha bastaghan son, jat adamdardy da bir-birlep shygharyp, oryndaryna óz kisilerin qoya bastady. Yaponiyanyng patshasy, ministrleri týgelimen bilimdi adamdar bolghan son, bәrining de jattan alghan joldary maldy-basty ayamay, Yaponiyagha ghylym, óner kirgizu. Osy sebepti Yaponiyanyng jas oqyghandarynyng halyqqa isteymiz degen jaqsylyq maqsattary bolsa, bәrine әlgiler ózderi kómekshi bolyp tilegen janalyqtaryn ornatyp berip otyrady. Yaponiyanyng algha basu jónindegi taghy bir kózge kóringen minezderi - basshylary, bilgishterining arasyndaghy úiym, bereke. Búlar birimizding istemek bir maqsatymyz bolsa, sol maqsatymyz aldymen patshalyqtyng kýshti boluyna ziyandy bolatyn bolmasyn. Ekinshi, halyqqa auyrlyq keltirer bolmasyn dep shart qoyatyn. Osymen búl kýnde Yaponiya tura kýshei jolynda, ylghy iske jaralghan halyq boldy. Yaponiya halqy - taramys, jigerli, zeyindi júrt. Búl turasynda Evropanyn Yaponiyagha tandanyp aitatyn myna bir sózi bar: «Kýnbatys halqyndaghy bir minez - jas kýnderinde adamdary zeyindi,talapty bolyp kelip,ýlkeygen song talaby azayyp, zeyini solghyndap, isten qala berushi edi. Yaponiya adamdaryn jas kýnderindegi kýn shyghysqa tiyisti zeyindi talaptylyqqa ýlkeygende kýnbatys halyqynyng taramys isshildigin qosyp alatyn boldy » - dep.
Ótken nómirde Yaponiyanyng búrynghy qaranghy kýiden ne sebeptermen tez qútylyp ketkendigin jәne qysqasha syrtqy týrin jazyp edim. Endi sol qaranghylyqtan qútylugha istegen enbegi hәm sol enbegining jemisin Yaponiyagha songhy uaqyttarda qanday halifa kelgendigi turaly jazbaqpyn.
Yaponiyanyng basty adamdarynyng әuelgi Yaponiya jetilmey túrghan uaqyttaghy qatty saq bolyp, esterinen shygharmaghan nәrsesi, - halqynyng buyny bekinip, pispey túrghan kezde soghystan aman saqtau bolatyn. Búl turaly óz aralarynda aitysyp jýrgen pikirleri: «syrtymyz basqa júrttarmen tatu, sypayy bolsyn, ishten tarahiat (óner-bilim) asa baghaly bolyp, erkin óssin » degen. Osy sebepti syrttan kelushi ónege alarlyq adamdargha Yaponiyada qaghusyz, soghusyz erkin jol berilip otyrdy. Ózge júrt erkin bolghanda Yaponiyany iylep-biylep kete me dep qoryqqany kórshisi Qytaydyng osaldyghy edi. Osyny oilap, Qytaydy úiqysynan úyatam dep te Yaponiya adamdary kóp enbek qylyp, әurelendi. Aqyrynda syrtqy ashqaraq jaudan qysylyp jýrip, asyghumen Yaponiya ghylymnyng birtalay satysyna shyghyp qaldy. Biraq, óner-bilim jolynda qanday sharyqtaghanymen múnday tez qatargha kirgen júrttyng iri júmystarmen aldanyp jýrip, úsaq, paydaly, jaqsy júmystardyng talayy eskerusiz, solaqay qaluy mýmkin edi. Bar maqsaty kýshey bolghan son, әlgi aitqanday kóp paydaly júmystardyng basynan attap ketpedi deuge bolmaydy. Ghylym, quat qay júrtqa bolsyn mysqaldap birte-birte sinbek, ornamaq hәm boygha baptanyp, kemeline kelip, jay ornaghan nәrse berik bolmaq. Ózge júrttyng eptep jay jetkenderining bәrin týgelimen tez sinirip ala qon mýmkin júmys emes. Múnday birbetkey, synarjaq qalghandyq Yaponiyanyng ishki hal-jayyn teksersek kórinedi. Áueli Yaponiyadaghy oqu jolyn qarastyrayyq.
Yaponiya ýkimeti janalyq kirgen son-aq halyq jalpy oqugha mindetti bolsyn degen jarlyq shyqqan. Búl jarlyq boyynsha jasy altygha tolghan bala sabaqqa beriledi. Yaponiyadaghy tómengi dәrejeli mektepter jiti uniyversiytetter Evropa ýlgisine erte týsken. Mysaly, 1880-1890 jyldardyng arasynda sol uniyversiytetterdi bitirgen Yaponiya studentterining sany 3126 bolghan.
Yaponiya oqushylaryna osy kýnge deyin qiyndyghy ketpey jýrgen bir nәrse - Qytay men Yaponiya әdebiyetinng erte qosylyp ketkendigi; búl qosylu sebepti Yaponiyanyng jazba sózderining bәrin qytay tili kernep, Yaponiyanyng óz tilin jenip ketkendik. Mine, sondyqtan Yaponiyanyng kitap tili men sóileytin tili jat, eki basqa. Oqushylar әueli qytay tilimen tanys bolyp hәm basqa júrttardyn tilin taghy ýirenui qajet.
Endi Yaponiyanyng әielining hәline keleyik. Búrynghy uaqytta Yaponiyanyng әieli eleusiz kýide bolyp, eski ata-babalar saltymen әielge ósip-ónu saltymen qaraytyn. Búl kýngi janalyq aghymy ol saltty qaldyryp, әieldi de memleketting qúrmetti mýshesining biri dep bilip, qatargha kirgizip barady. Áyelder ýshin tómengi dәrejeli mektepter óz aldyna joghary dәrejeli mektepter de salyna bastady. Yaponiyada әielder oqityn mektepterding tәrtibi búl kýnde Evropa әielderining mektepterinen artyq týr tapty. Áyel oqyghanda bir jaghynan ýy ishining sharuasyn ýirenu kerek, bir betkey oqumen ketetin Evropa әielderi ýy sharuasyna ynghayy az, erkek sekildi sóleket bolyp ketedi, ómirden alystap ketedi dep, bar әielder mektebinde sharua jaghyn qúnttap tәrbie qylady. Yaponiyada bir mekteptegi oqushylar bir-aq jerde túrady. Mysaly, bir mektepte bes jýzdey kisi bolsa, jiyrma-jiyrmadan topqa bólinip, әr topty basqarugha bir ýlken qatyn qoyylady. Búl qatyndy bir toptyng ishindegi qyzdar sheshesindey kórip, óz aralarynda apaly-sinili kisidey jaqyn jýrdi. Onan song kýndegi tamaq dayyndau, kir juu, ýy tazalau jәne tiyisti basqa sharua, esep-qisap - bәri ol qyzdardyng moynynda boldy. Qyzdar әri bilim ýirenip, ghylym artady, әri sharua jýzinde ómirge kerekti tәjiriybe alady. Búl - Yaponiyanyng basqa halyqtardyng qatesin kórip tapqan erekshe týri.
Ózge Evropa halyqtarymen qatar qonggha bóget bolatyn bir nәrse - Yaponiyanyng dini, Yaponiya bir dindi tútqan halyq emes, qashannan neshe dindi ústanyp kele jatqan júrt. Búlar Budda dinin de, Konfusy dinin de tútyndy. Múnyng ýstine Qytay men Yaponiyany kóbinese ilgeri bastyrmaugha sebep bolghan ata-babasynyng eski saltyn quyp, jolyn ústau boldy. Mysaly, ólgenning әruaghyn qúrmetteu (kulit predkov). Búl siyaqty әdetter neshe týrli qaranghy nanym, ziyandy tughyzdy. Budda dini sonday saltqa qarsy bolatyn, biraq halyqty týzeuge shamasy kelmey, ol dinning ózi bylghanyp, búrynghy tazalyq, jaqsylyqtyng bәrinen aiyrylyp qaldy. Konfusy dini eski ata-babalarynyng saltymen alysty,onyng da әseri artyq sinbedi. Evropa әseri de ata-babanyng eski jolyn әbden joya almay otyr.
Eski salttyng kýshi neke, talaq, miras joldarynda asa aiqyn kórinedi. Mysaly, Yaponiya halqynyng úghuynsha: «artynda bala qalmaghanan jaman nәrse joq». Sondyqtan, bala tappaghan qatyndy shygharugha jol bos. Qatyn bala tappaytyn bolsa, túqym ýziledi, túqym ýzilse, ata-babanyng әruaghy úmtylyp ketedi. Jәne Yaponiyada atanyng qanyn ózgertpeu kerek degen әdet bar. Qatyn alghanda ózimen túqymdas atanyng qyzyn alu kerek. Basqa atanyng qyzyn alsa, qan ózgerip ketedi-mis. Qatyn jýric qylyp, osaldyghy bilinse de, shygharyp jiberedi. Sebebi, әieldin minezi búzyldy, erine qiyanat qyldy emes,atanyng qanyn búzghysy keldi dep shygharady. Búl әdetter osy kýnge deyin kýshti. Yaponiyanyng oqyghandary eski salttan jerinip, kóbine basqa dinge ótip ketken. Keybireuleri mýlde dinsiz, birtalay evropa filosoftarynyng jolyn ústanady. Yaponiyany kóbinese audaryp bara jatqan hristian dini. Búl kýndegi shәkirtterge eshbir dindi zerttep oqytpaydy.
Endi Yaponiyanyng baspasózining jayyna keleyik. Yaponiyada retti gazetter shyghara bastaghan uaqyt 1870 jyldardyng shamasynda. Gazet shygharumen tanystyghy erteden bar bolatyn. HVIII ghasyrdyng basynda Yaponiyanyng eng alghashqy gazeti shyqqan. Ol kezde Yaponiyanyng Qytaydan basqa júrtpen habary bolmaytyn. Ol uaqyttaghy gazetterde kerekti maghlúmat bererlik eshnәrse bolmaytyn, onyng ýstine taqtaygha basylyp, alyp jýruge ynghaysyz bolatyn. Janalyqqa sheyin baspasóz sol gazetter manayynan úzay alghan joq. Janalyqtan keyin 1899 jylda shyghatyn gazet jurnaldardyng sany 978 bolghan. Búlardyng ishinde sayasi, ghylymi, dini, әdebiyet joldaryn tútynghandary da bar. Gazet, jurnaldarynyng sany bolmasa, Yaponiya әdebiyeti gýldene qoymaghan. Yaponiyanyng әdebiyeti bastalghaly talay zaman boldy. Búl kýnge sheyin tútynyp kele jatqan - eski әdebiyetting joly. Ózge jaghynyng ilgerileuine qaraghanda, solaqay, kem qalghan nәrse - Yaponiyanyng әdebiyeti. Búl turasynda Yaponiya jayyn jaqsy biletinder: «Yaponiya ózge jaghynan sonsha bay bolyp, әdebiyetpen ainalysugha qoly tiymegen», - deydi. Sondyqtan, Yaponiyada adamnyng adamshylyghyn týzep, dýniyening tereng maghynasyn úqtyratyn kitaptar az. Biraq, búghan qarap Yaponiya oqyghandarynyng tereng ghylymnan habarlary az deuge bolmaydy. Yaponiya oqymystylarynyng Evropa bilgishterimen taytalasyp, ghylymgha qyzmet etip jýrgenderi bar. Mysaly, jer silkinu ózgerisin oqityn «seysmologiya» ghylymyna Yaponiya bilgishterinen jetik Evropada oqyghandar joq dep sanalady. Búl ghylymgha әueli jetik bolghan Sekiya. Búdan basqa da әrtýrli ghylymdargha týr kirgizuge enbek qylyp, ýlken ataq alyp jýrgen adamdary bar.
Múhtar Áuezov shygharmalarynyng elu tomdyq tolyq jinaghy
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Maqalalar, piesalar 1917-1920
Almaty, "Ghylym" baspasy 1997-nshi jyl