Resey tarihshylarynyng aituynsha, hazarlar VI ghasyrda qazirgi Daghystan aimaghynda otyrghan, sol ghasyrda Iran patshasy Hosroy Anushirvan olardyng tútqyn bolghan bir tobyn qazirgi Azerbayjan aumaghyna qonystandyrghan. Sodan keyin VII ghasyrda (626 jyly) Tbilisiydi basyp alghan «qysyq kóz әri jalpaq bet týrkiler» – Daghystannan barghan hazarlar qazirgi Daghystanda Hazar qaghanatyn qúrghan, onyng qúramyna bizding Batys Qazaqstan aimaghy da engen. Orystar osylay deydi! Shynayylyghyn batys ghalymdary ghana emes, orystyng akademik Bartolid tәrizdi úly ghalymdary da moyyndaghan arab tarihshysy Ibn әl Asir derekteri bolsa, hazarlar tarihynyng mýlde basqasha ekenin aighaqtaydy.

«Vo dny ego (Kobad, pravil 489-531 g) vystupily hazary y vtorglisi v ego stranu y doshly do Dinavera. Y poslal Kobad protiv nih voenachalinika, odnogo iz svoih velikih voenachalinikov, vo glave dvenadsaty tysyach. Y vstupil on v stranu Arrana y zavoeval to, chto mejdu rekoy, izvestnoy Arras do Shirvana. Vsled za tem, Kobad dvinulsya za nim y postroil v Arrane gorod Baylakan y gorod Barda’u, glavnyy gorod vsego kraya, y drugiye. A hazary ostalisi (tam). Zatem on postroil pregradu Allana mejdu oblastiu Shirvana y vorotamy Allana. Y postroil nad pregradoy mnogo gorodov, kotorye byly razrusheny posle postroyky Bab-al abuaba...» delingen Ibn әl Asir jazbasynda. Múnda Kobad biylegen zamanda (489-531 jyldar) hazarlardyng Irangha basyp kirgeni aitylady. Ol kezde Iran men Eftalidter jii qaqtyghysqan, eftalidterding otany qazirgi Týrkimenstan aimaghy ekeni belgili. Hazar – qazirgi týrkimender qúramyndaghy ýlken taypa.

Eftalidter sol ghasyrlarda Aughanstan aumaghyn da biyledi. Ondaghy hazarey halqy sol zamanda qazirgi Týrkimenstan aimaghynan barghan hazar taypasynan qalyptasqan (jergilikti pushtun, dary halyqtary yqpalymen keyin jartylay iran tildi bolyp ketken). Osy derekter hazarlardyng qazirgi Týrkimenstan aimaghynan shyqqanyn aighaqtaydy. Yaghni, Irangha basyp kirgen hazar taypasy qazirgi Týrkimenstan aimaghynan shyqqan. Kobad olargha myqty qolbasshysyn ýlken әskerimen jibergenin, sosyn Iran әskeri Arran aimaghyna, yaghny Zakavkaziege basyp kirgenin aitady Ibn әl Asir (Araks ózeni men Shirvan aimaghy arasyn jaulap alghan). Kobad sol jerlerde shekaralyq bekinis qamaldar saldyrghanyn, ol bekinisterding keyin әl Bab qalasy salynghan zamanda búzylghanyn jәne hazarlardyng Zakavkaziede qalyp qoyghanyn jazady. Onyng «a hazary ostalis (tam)» deui hazarlardyng әuelde ol jerding halqy emesin, yaghny Iran jerine Kavkaz aimaghynan barmaghanyn, kerisinshe ózge aimaqtan baryp Zakavkaziede qalyp qoyghanyn menzegeni. Kobad qazirgi Týrkimenstan aimaghynan Irangha kelgen hazarlardy baghyndyryp, olardy Zakavkazieni basyp alu joryghynda qoldanghan degen oryndy. Qalay bolghanda da, Ibn әl Asir hazarlardyng qazirgi Azerbayjangha VI ghasyrda Iran jeri arqyly baryp ornyqqanyn aiqyn kórsetedi. Ghalymnyng «Araks ózeni aralyghy men Shirvangha deyin»,  «Kobad onda Baylakan men Bardau qalalaryn saldy», «al hazarlar (sonda) qaldy» degen derekteri ol aimaqtyng qazirgi Azerbayjannyng ontýstik-shyghys ólkesi ekenin aighaqtaydy.

Alayda Resey ghalymdary әdetterinshe derekterdi óz qajetterine qaray búrmalap týsindiredi. Olar: «Hazarlar 556 jyldary Savir әskeri qúramynda Daghystannan baryp Irandy shabuyldady, olardy jengen Hosroy hazarlardyng bir bóligin Zakavkaziege qonystandyrdy» dep týsindiredi. Osylaysha Kobad biylegen zamanda bolghan oqigha (523 jyl) men onyng balasy Hosroy Anushirvan zamanyndaghy oqighany (556 jyl) birtútas kórsetuge tyrysady (arasy – 33 jyl). Shyndyq olay emesin mynau derekter aighaqtaydy: Kobad patsha 531 jyly qaytys bolady (VI ghasyr basynda), ornyna úly Hosroy Anushirvan otyrghan (531-579 jyldary). Ibn әl Asir sol Hosroy Anushirvan zamanynda abhaz, bandjar, balandjar degender Iran eline joryq jasaghanyn, olar әueli Armeniyany basyp alghanyn bylay bayandaydy: «Y sobralisi abhazsy y bandjar y balandjar s seliu (napasti) na ego (Hosroy Anushirvan, pravil 531-579 g) stranu y napravilisi v Arminii, chtoby napasti na ee jiyteley, a puti (tuda) byl legkiym. Y dal im (Hosroy) vremya (do teh por), poka ony ne uglubilisi v stranu. Y poslal protiv nih voyska y ony srajalisi s nimy y unichtojily iyh, za isklucheniyem desyaty tysyach chelovek, kotorye byly vzyaty v plen y poseleny v Azerbaydjane».

Tarihshylardyng pikirinshe, Iran jerine shabuyl jasaghan – Savir әskeri jәne búl oqigha 556 jyly bolghan. Ibn әl Asir jazbasynyng orysshasynda abhaz, bandjar, balandjar dep kórsetilgender Savir patshalyghyndaghy halyqtardyng atauy, olardyng arabsha týpnúsqadaghy ataulary abhaz, jurjan, avar nemese alan nemese qúmyq boluy mýmkin. Óitkeni, Savir patshalyghynyng óz halqy – jurjandar (jujan) jәne ol aimaqta alan, abar, abhaz, qúmyq taypalary mekendegeni Ál Masudy derekterinen ayan. Qalay bolghanda da, olardyng arasynda hazar degen últ joq (at-Tabarany men Prokopiy derekterinde de olardyng arasynda hazarlar bar ekeni jazylmaghan). Yaghni, 556 jyly Irangha shabuyl jasaghan Savir әskeri qúramynda hazarlar bolmaghan. Irangha Armeniya arqyly shabuyldaulary savirlerding Tbilisy aimaghynan shyqqanyn bayqatady (hazarlar qazirgi Azerbayjannyng shyghys-ontýstigine ornyqqanyn aittyq). Hosroy olardy (savirlerdi) qyrghyngha úshyratyp, aman qalghan on myng adamdy Irandaghy Azerbayjangha qonystandyrghan. Ol tústa qazirgi Irandaghy ontýstik Azerbayjan ólkesi «Azerbayjan» dep atalghany, al qazirgi Azerbayjan memleketi aimaghy «Arran» dep atalghany mәlim. Solay ekenine Ibn әl Asirding myna bir deregide kuә: «Sobrav mnogo sredstv y voinov, on poshel na Azerbaydjan, kotorym upravlyal togda kurd Daysam. Sobrav voyska, Daysam vstupil v voynu s Lashkari, no byl obrashen v begstvo, posle chego Lashkary zavladel ego oblastyami, krome Ardebilya, stolisy Azerbaydjana, jiytely kotorogo otkazalisi sdatisya». Azerbayjan Irandaghy aimaq ekenin, Ardebili onyng ortalyghy bolghanyn kóremiz. Yaghni, Hosroy on myng adamdy Irandaghy Azerbayjan ólkesine ornalastyrghan, al qazirgi Azerbayjan memleketining ontýstik-shyghysynda Hosroydyng әkesi zamanynan hazarlar otyrghan bolatyn.

Osy soghys nәtiyjesinde Savir patshalyghy qatty әlsirep, kóp úzamay tolyq joyyldy. Al halqy qazirgi Gruziyadaghy kishi Kavkaz tauyna ketip aman qalghan. Óitkeni, gruziyn-orys tarihshylary Prokopiy deregindegi Ivir (Saviyr) elin Gruziya knyazdigi dep tanidy jәne gruzinderding әuelde jurzan dep atalghany mәlim. Savir imperiyasyn ornatqan Gunn biyleushileri jәne savirler Kavkazgha IV ghasyrda bizding dalamyzdan barghany belgili. Sol Jujan qaghanaty zamanynda Kaspiy teniz «Jurjan» dep ataldy. Olay bolsa, Savir memleketin ornatqan – jurjandar (jurjan-jurzan), olar Savir patshalyghynyng negizgi halqy boldy (gruzinning negizgi sózderi men jalghaulary qazaqshagha úqsaytyny jәne vizantiyalyq hristiandyq shirkeu tilining gruzin tilin qatty ózgeriske úshyratqany aldynghy jazbalarymyzdyng birinde qamtylghan). Gruzinder erteden óz aimaghynda otyrdy, olar eshqashan Soltýstik Kavkazdy nemese Daghystandy mekendemegen. Demek, Savir patshalyghy Zakavkaziede ómir sýrgen.

Hosroy Anushirvan zamanynda Savir patshalyghy tolyq joyylyp, Tbilisy qalasy irandyqtar qolyna ótken. Sol soghystarda Hosroy Anushirvan әskeri hazarlar bolghany bayqalady. Óitkeni, sodan keyingi ghasyrlar jayly derekterde Kaspiy tenizinen Tbilisiyge deyingi aimaqta hazarlar otyrghany jazylady (Ál Masudi, Ibn әl Asir jazbalary). Savir patshalyghy joyylghan son, Zakavkaziede hazarlar negizgi kýshke ainalghan. Hosroy patsha Savir patshalyghy ornynda Hazar patshalyghy payda boluynan qoryqqan. Onyng Zakavkaziedegi әr halyqqa jeke patsha saylap, kóptegen jeke knyazdikter ornatuy sonyng aighaghy. Hosroy Anushirvan hazarlar kýsheyse, Iran qalalaryn tonaugha kóshetinin jaqsy týsingen. Sol hazar joryqtarynyng aldyn alu ýshin Iran men Zakavkazie shekarasynda myqty qorghandar men qalalar saldyrghanyn, onyng eng negizgisi – әl-Bab qalasy men onyng tau men teniz arasyna salynghan qorghany.

Reseylik tarihshylar әl-Bab dep qazirgi Derbent qalasyn kórsetedi. Osylaysha «Hazarlar qazirgi Daghystanda otyrghan, al Iran men hazarlar shekarasy qazirgi Daghystan men Azerbayjan shekarasy manynda bolghan» degen týsinik qalyptastyrdy (orystardyng tújyrymyna say derek beretin Prokopiy jazbasynda ol jer «Kaspiyskiy prohod» dep atalady. Teniz keyingi ghasyrlarda ghana Kaspiy dep atalghanyn eskersek, onda Prokopiy jazbasy da Resey tarapynan búrmalanghanyn angharamyz).

Shyndyghynda, әl-Bab qalasy qazirgi Iran men Azerbayjan memleketteri shekarasyna jaqyn manda bolghanyn Ibn әl Asirding tómendegi ýsh deregi anyq dәleldeydi. Onyng alghashqysy: «Y postroil Kobad stenu, priylegaiyshuiy k odnoy chasty toy mestnosti. Kogda je on skonchalsya, sarem stal ego syn Anushirvan, polojenie ego ukrepilosi y sovershil pohod v Ferganu Burradjan, on, po vozvrashenii, postroil gorod Shabaran y gorod Maskat y gorod al-Bab-v-al-abuab, kotoryy byl nazvan Yabuab potomu, chto on byl postroen na doroge v goru. Y postroil Anushirvan stenu, s morya, y provel ee po vershinam gor y ustroil nad ney jeleznye vorota y naznachil ludey dlya ee ohrany. Y vybral Anushirvan sarey, kotoryh on raspredelil po raznym oblastyam, y mejdu nimy vladeteli Prestola y Filanshaha y Lakzov y Maskata y drugiyh. Y ostavalasi Arminiya v rukah persov do poyavleniya islama». Osylaysha Ál Bab qalasy Armeniya aimaghyna kórshi ekenin aiqyn dәleldeydi.

 Ibn әl Asirding músylman arab әskerining Zakavkaziedegi joryqtary jayly ekinshi deregi de solay deydi: «Pokonchiv s al-Babom, Suraka poslal Bukayra ibn-'Abdallaha, y Habiba ibn-Maslamy, y Huzayfu ibn-Usayda y Salimana ibn-Rabi'y k naselenii teh gor, kotorye okrujait Arminii; pry etom Bukayra on poslal v Mukan, Habiba – v Tifliys, Huzayfu – v gory allan y Salimana – v druguy storonu». Búl derekte músylman әskeri әueli әl-Bab qalasyn baghyndyryp, sosyn Armeniya aimaghyna kórshi jatqan elderge joryq úiymdastyrghany bayandalghan. «Arab músylmandary әueli Derbentti basyp alyp, sodan song Armeniyagha kórshi qalalardy jaulady» deu esh aqylgha syimaydy. Olay bolsa, Ál Bab qalasy – Derbent degen de orynsyz.

Ibn әl Asirding ýshinshi deregi VIII ghasyr oqighalarymen baylanysty: «V etom je, 762 godu vosstaly turky y hazary v Bab-ali-abuabe y ubily bolishoe chislo musuliman v Arminiiy...». Múnda da Ál Bab qalasy men Armeniya aimaghy kórshi ekenin aiqyn jazylghan. Ibn әl Asirding osy ýsh deregi әl-Bab qalasy Armeniyagha kórshi ornalasqanyna dәlel. Ál-Bab qalasy Armeniyagha kórshi ekenin H ghasyrdaghy arab tarihshysy әri geografy Ál Masudy de jazady. Osy geograf-ghalym әl-Bab qalasy kishi Kavkaz tauynyn Kaspiy tenizine (Hazar) tirelgen sileminde ornalasqanyn, osy taudyng ekinshi shetindegi silemi Qaratenizge (jaghasynda Trabzon qalasy bar) tireletinin anyq kórsetedi: «Gora Kabh (Kavkaz) – velikaya gora, zanimaishaya ogromnui ploshadi. Eta gora iymeet mnogo otrogov y doliyn. Odny iz otrogov gory, kak my uje skazali, podhodit k Hazarskomu moru okolo al-Baba. Drugoy otrog iydet k upominavshemusya moru Maytas, kuda vyhodit Konstantinopoliskiy proliyv. Na etom more lejit Trapezond, pribrejnyy gorod, gde ejegodno proishodit neskoliko torgov, y na nih dlya torgovly prihodit mnogo narodov, takiyh, kak musulimane, greki, armyane, a takje ludy iz strany kashakov.... Po povodu morya, u kotorogo ony jivut (kashakiy), mneniya ludey rashodyatsya: odny polagayt, chto eto Rumskoe more, a drugie – chto eto Nitas. Vo vsyakom sluchae, po moru ot nih nedaleko do zemeli Trapezonda, otkuda tovary idut k nim na korablyah y s ih storony takje otpravlyaitsya. K nim primykaet drugoe bolishoe plemya, otdelennoe ot kashakov rekoy, kotoraya po velichiyne podobna Evfratu y vpadaet v Nitas, na kotorom stoit Trapezond. Ono nazyvaetsya IYr.m y sostoit iz strannyh ludey. Ih vera yazycheckaya».

Osy derektegi Trapezond qalasy ol taudyng kishi Kavkaz tauy ekenin aiqyn dәleldeydi. Yaghni, әl-Bab qalasy kishi Kavkaz tauynyng Kaspiy tenizine tireler túsynda bolghan. Derektegi Trapezond – qazirgi Qarateniz jaghasyndaghy Trapzon qalasy, Kashak eli – eki Kavkaz tauy ortasyndaghy Kolhida jazyghyndaghy Kasahiya eli (Vizantiya imperatory IX ghasyrda eki Kavkaz tauy arasynda Kasahiya eli baryn jazghan, Ibn әl Asirding XIII ghasyrdaghy Shynghyshan joryghy jayly dereginde: «Jaghasynda Qypshaq eli ornalasqan teniz Konstantinopoli búghazyna shyghady» delingen). Al «Irm» dep kórsetilgen ózen men halyqqa kelsek, ol ózen – qazirgi Rion ózeni, al halyq – ózderin qazir de Iron dep ataytyn osetin últy. Nitas – Qara teniz, Maytas – Azov tenizi ekeni mәlim (eki ataudyng arabshada úqsas jazylatynyn paydalanghan orys audarmashysy óz qalauynsha Nitas tenizin Maytas dep nemese kerisinshe Maytas tenizin Nitas dep orysshalaghan). Osylaysha derekterdi ózara qarama-qayshy búrmalap audarady da, «Ál Masudy ol aimaqta bolmaghan, ol óz jazbasyn ózge derekter negizinde jazghan tәrizdi» dep tújyrymdaydy. Orys audarmashysy «Bir sileminde әl-Bab qalasy ornalasqan taudyng ekinshi shetindegi silemi Maytas tenizine tireledi» dep kórsetken. Ol atalghan taudyng kishi Kavkaz ekenin jasyryp, ony Azov tenizine jaqyn ýlken Kavkaz tauy dep kórsetuge tyrysady («Ál Bab – Derbent qalasy» deytin reseylik jalghan tújyrymgha dәlel etkisi keledi). Alayda,  Trapezond qalasy ol tenizding Nitas ekenin, yaghny Qara teniz ekenin pash etedi (odan keyingi derekterde Trapezond qalasy Nitas tenizi jaghasynda ekenin audarmashynyng ózi de amalsyz kórsetedi).

Aqiqattyghyn batys ghalymdary moyyndaghan osy eki arab jazbasy Derbent qalasy әl-Bab qalasy emesin, Hazar qaghanaty әuelden Zakavkaziede bolghanyn, músylman әskeri kelgenge deyin Hazar qaghanaty men Iran shekarasy Armeniyagha kórshi jatqanyn, odan keyin qazirgi Azerbayjan aimaghynan airylghan Hazar qaghanaty qazirgi Kolhida jazyghynan Azov tenizine deyingi aumaqta XI ghasyrgha deyin ómir sýrgenin aiqyn rastaydy. Osylaysha orys tarihshylarynyng «Hazar qaghanaty aimaghyna Daghystan men Povolijiya jәne Batys Qazaqstan kirdi» degen tújyrymy tolyq jalghan ekenin kóremiz. 

 Bekjan Ádenúly

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