H ghasyrda ómir sýrgen músylman Ibn Fadlan degen arab sayahatshysynyng Voljskaya Bulgariyagha saparyn bayandaytyn jazbasy bar. Resey ghalymdarynyng aituynsha, Ibn Fadlan – músylmandyq qabyldaghan Edil Búlghariyasy hanyna Islam dini negizderin ýiretuge aranayy jiberilgen. Atalghan jazbanyng bizge jetken núsqasyn 1920-jyly Irannan orys ghalymy tauyp alghan, búl ýlken kýmәn tughyzady. Ony ózgertilgen nemese qasaqana jazylghan enbek deuge әbden negiz bar. Óitkeni jazbadaghy oqighalar Ibn Fadlandy Islam dinine shorqaq etip, tipti keybir tústary ony músylman emestey kórsetedi. Ol búlgharlargha Islam dini negizderin ýiretuge jiberilgen bilgir músylman emes, jabayy kóshpendiler ortasynda jýrgendey sezingen hristian dindi adamgha úqsaydy. Nege? Jauap berip kórelik...

1. Ibn Fadlan bulgar hanynyn: "Hochu postroiti mecheti, chtoby ludy poklonyalisi mne" degenin jazady. Bulgar hany – músylman, onyng qúlshylyq tek Allagha arnalatynyn bilmeui, al onyng qateligin Fadlannyng týsinbeui qalay? Múny Islam dininen habarsyz adam ghana jazuy mýmkin.

2. "Y samy horezmiysy, y ih rechi ocheni grubye, ih rechi pohoja na pisk skvorsa" deydi sayahatshy. Al kórshi qala túrghyndary jayly "Rechi ludey pohoja na kvakanie lyagushek" deydi. Saqaly siyrek bir adamdy eshkige teneydi. Dindar músylman ústazdyng ózge últ turaly búlay aituy mýmkin emes. Ol tilden tabatyn kýnә bar ekenin jәne ghaybat degen ne ekenin jaqsy biledi.

Jalpy, arabtar mysal retinde qaratorghay, baqa, eshki ataularyn qoldanbaydy. Olarda kóbine hayuan, týie, malghún deytin sózder qoldanylady. Al skvores, lyagushka, kozel degen teneulerdi kóbine orystar paydalanady. Sonda "jazushynyn" kim bolghany: arab pa, әlde orys pa?

3. "U kochevnikov ne prinyato ochishatisya posle otpravleniya estestvennyh nujd y posle blizosty s jenshinoy, y ony ne moytsya vodoy" delingen jazbada. Sonymen qatar "Ih jenshiny pokazyvait sramnye mesta chujim mujchinam" deydi. "Odejdu ony nosyat, poka ona ne istleet" degen joldar da bar. Ózgeni tómen sanau jәne ózgening jaghymsyz jaqtaryn dóreki әshkereleu músylman tabighatyna tәn emes. Osynday adam senbestey jәne músylmangha jat әngimelerdi hristian dindi adamdardyng suretteuinen jәne ateistik jazbalardan kezdestiremiz. Senbeseniz, Masudiyding "Shirvan men al Bab tarihy" jazbasy men Vizantiya imperatorynyng "Imperiyany basqaru" jazbasyn salystyryp kóriniz. Gruziya patshasynyng Resey imperatoryna jazghan hatyn oqysanyz da bolady.

4. Ibn Fadlan jolyndaghy taypalardy tek týrik nemese oghyz dep qana ataydy. Sayahatshy jolyqqan taypa nemese rudyng atauyn biluge tyrysady ghoy. Jazbada onday ataular joq. Qazaq pen týrkimen taypalaryn aiyra bilmegendikten, qazaq taypasyn bayqamay kórsetip qoydan qoryqqan bolar.

5. Bulgar, bashqúrt, oghyz degen taypa ataularyn jazbada kóp paydalanghan. Al Masudy guz, búrtas, búlgar degen taypalardy kórsetedi jәne olar Qaratenizden ishki Resey jerine deyingi aumaqtardy alyp jatqanyn aitady. Al Fadlan olardy Qazaqstan, Týrkimenstan jerinen Volga ózenine deyin otyrghanday bayandaydy.

6. Kóshpendi taypalar keyde Al-Djurdjangha baratynyn menzeydi. Masudy jazbasy Djurdjan dep gruzinderdi kórsetkeni anyq. Al Fadlan jazbasy Djurdjan aimaghy Orta Aziyagha jaqyn manayda degenge menzeydi.

7. "Ovsy razgrebayt sneg kopytami, nahodyat travu, ily edyat sneg y jiyreiyt. A letom edyat travu y hudeyt" deydi sayahatshy. Maldyng ne jeytinin arabtar jaqsy biletin shyghar, al Mәskeu túrghynynyng bilmeui mýmkin. Kenes әskeri qatarynda jýrgenimde "Týie adamdy eki órkeshimen qysyp óltiredi" dep týsinetin mәskeulik orys boldy. Osy jazbany qúrastyrghan Fadlan emes, Fedya deuge bolady.

8. "Bashkiry – samye nechistoplotnye y jestokie turki. Ony edyat vshey, ya viydel, kak bashkiyr-musulimanin el vshey" delingen enbekte. Al Masudy jazbasynda adamgha úqsas maymyldar jayly aitylady (ol jazbany audarghan ghalym "Qara teniz jaghasynda maymyl joq jәne Masudy bir halyqty maymylgha tenegen bolar" degen pikir aitqan). Fadlan bolsa, «Bashqúrttar bit jeydi» dep jazady. Ol «Masudy bashqúrttardy maymylgha tenegen» degen tújyrymdy naqtylay týskisi kelgendey nemese Fadlan jazbasyn oqyghan bashqúrt halqynyng arab últy men Islam dinine kónili qalsyn degen jymysqy oiy bolar.

9. "My viydely na nebe prizraky srajayshihsya ludey. Bulgarskiy han obiyasniyl, chto eto voiyiyt horoshie djinny s plohimy djinnamiy», «A han slyshal o djinnah ot svoego otsa," degen joldar da bar. Týrki halyqtary jyndar jayly Islam dini arqyly bildi. Bulgar hanynyng Islam dinin bilmegen әkesining jyndy da bilmegeni anyq. Al arabtyq músylman Fadlan kerisinshe, jyndar jayly sózsiz bilui tiyis edi.

10. "Bulgary kupaiytsya v reke golymy vmeste s jenshinamiy" deydi. ... "Pered tem, kak ubiti jenu umershego rusa, eta jenshina vstupaet v polovui svyazi s mujchinamy iz vseh domov" deydi. Osynday dәlelsiz bos sózder arqyly jazbany «kóptegen naqty derekter beretin» qúndy enbektey kórsetuge tyrysqan der edim.

11) "Turky y ogyzy nazyvayt zamestiyteley nachalinikov “kudarkiyn" deydi sayahatshy. Birinshiden, orynbasar lauazymy týrkitildi halyqtarda qoldanylmaghan. Ekinshiden, búl taza orys últynyng tegi ekeni kórinip túr. Jazbany qúrastyrghandar ózderin baqylaghan NKVD ókilin osylaysha mazaq etui mýmkin. Jazbanyng jalghan ekendigin keyingi úrpaqqa sezdirgisi kelgen niyeti de boluy ghajap emes.

Osynday derekter men oqighalardan túratyn Fadlan jazbasy Masudy kórsetken mәlimetterdi "ózgeshelep" otyrudy úmytpaydy. Al Istahry jazbasynyng parsylyq núsqasy osy Fadlan jazbasynyng jalghasy ispettes, onda negizinen qalalar men taypalar atauy men olardyng orny kórsetilgen. Masudy jazbasynda Zakavkazede otyrghan Kashak elin jazbaydy, tek Orta Aziyada Kazah qalasynyng bar ekendigin atap ótedi. Orta Aziya, Qazaqstanda otyrghan qazaq halqy taypalary jayynda eshqanday sóz qozghalmaydy da. Kerisinshe, ol jerlerde qyrghyz, oghyz, bulgar, burtas, bashqúrt taypalary qonystanghanyn, odan әri rus, slavyan (sakaliba) halyqtary mekendeydi dep jazady.

Dúrysynda, Ibn Fadlan sayahaty jayly jazbany reseylik iyezuidter dayyndaghan. Olar osy jalghan jazba arqyly arab tarihshysy әri geografy Ál Masudy derekterin joqqa shygharugha tyrysqan. Ál Masudy jazbasyn europalyq ghalymdar tauyp jaryqqa shyghardy, sol sebepten ol jazbany ózgertuge Resey imperiyasynyng shamasy jetpedi. Ál Masudy X ghasyrda Úly Búlghariya imperiyasy bar ekenin, onyng aimaghy qazirgi Don ózeninen bastalyp, Vizantiya imperiyasy shekarasyna deyin sozylatynyn, Búlghar hany músylmandyq qabyldaghanyn jәne onyng Vizantiya men Europa aimaqtaryna jii joryq jasaytynyn kórsetedi.

Búlghar hany balasynyng әkesinen búryn Islam dinin qabyldaghanyn, onyng hajylyq jasaghanyn jәne Baghdat haliyfining ol arqyly Búlghar hanyna Qaghba jamylghysynan jyrtysty syy retinde berip jibergenin bayandaydy. Sonymen qatar Zakavkaziedegi Kolhida oipatynan bastap, qazirgi Don ózenine deyingi aumaqta Hazar qaghanaty ornalasqanyn, olargha kórshi qazirgi Qyrymda kemeli urus pen sakalba elderi mekendegenin de jazady Ál Masudi. Ol ghasyrda Qarateniz ben Kaspiy tenizderin Hazar ózeni qosyp jatqanyn, atalghan ózenning Qara tenizben qosylar jeri Hazar qaghanaty baqylauynda ekenin aitady. Hazar patshasynyng kelisimin alghan urus adamdary 500 kememen Hazar ózeni arqyly Kaspiy tenizine jetip, atalghan teniz jaghasyndaghy qalalardy tonaghanyn da jazyp kórsetedi arab ghalymy. Sonymen birge qazirgi Don aumaghynda «kóshpeli ghuzi» halqy bolghanyn, olardyng keyde qysta Hazar qaghanaty aumaghyna ótip ketetinin bayandaydy. Arabsha jazyluynda «ghuzi» men «ghazaq» sózderi óte úqsas,  XI ghasyrda sol aimaqta «kóshpendi kasogi» halqy bolghanyn jәne keyingi «kazak» degender hristiandyq shirkeu tilimen orys tiline kóshken «shoqynghan qazaqtar» ekenin eskersek, ol aimaqta qazaq atauly halyq erteden bolghanyn angharamyz.

Al Resey imperiyasy qalyptastyrghan tarihta bәri basqasha kórsetiledi. Orys ghalymdarynyng aituynsha, Úly Búlghariya imperiyasy VII ghasyrda ydyrap ketken. X ghasyrda Volga ózeni aumaghynda kishigirim Voljskaya Bulgariya knyazdigi bolghan, al Hazar qaghanaty, kerisinshe alyp imperiya bolghan. Onyng aumaghyna qazirgi Daghystan men Batys Qazaqstan aimaqtary engen, Voljskaya Bulgariya osy Hazar qaghanatyna jartylay tәueldi bolghan. Al Ural taularyna qarayghy aimaqta rusi pen slavyan elderi otyrghan (urus pen sakalba – rusi pen slavyan dep kórsetiledi). Reseylikter qalyptastyrghan tariyhqa sensek, qazaq degen halyq keshege deyin bolmaghan. Ol zamanda qypshaq degen el payda bola bastaghan, keyin sol qypshaqtardyng bir bóliginen qazaq últy qalyptasqan. Yaghni, qazaq halqy qazirgi óz qúramyndaghy qypshaq taypasynan payda bolghan, «nemeresi atasyn tughan» bolyp shyghady. Álbette, aqylgha syimaytyn tújyrym.

Resey iyezuidteri europalyqtar tauyp jaryqqa shygharghan arab jazbalary týrkilerding shynayy tarihy mýlde ózgeshe ekenin pash etetinin kórdi. Shyndyqty jasyru ýshin sol arabtyq jazbalardyng deregin joqqa shygharatyn amal izdedi, sol sebepten óz ótirikterin jaqtaytyn jalghan jazbalar dayyndatty. Sonyng biri – osy Ibn Fadlan sayahaty jazbasy.

Resey imperiyasynyng otary bolghan týrkilik halyqtar Sovetter Imperiyasy zamanynda Islam dininen alystatylyp, dinsiz ateystterge ainaldyryldy, olardyng arap grafikaly tól jazbalary әueli latyn grafikasyna sosyn birjolata kirilisagha auystyryldy. Osylaysha týrkilik halyqtary ótken tarihynan beyhabar, tipti eski jazbalaryn oqy almaytyn jaghdaygha keltirildi. Imperiyalyq biylik Sovetter Odaghy mәngi ómir sýretinine jәne ondaghy týrkilik últtardyng orysqa sinip joghalatynyna senimdi bolghany týsinikti. Osy sebepten bolar Ibn Fadlan jazbasyndaghy óreskel qatelikter jóndelmey qaldy, ata dinimen qayta qauyshqan týrki músylmandary sol qatelikter arqyly jazbanyng jalghan ekenin týsinetindey jaghday tudy.

Bekjan Ádenúly

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