QR mәdeniyet qayratkeri, filologiya ghylymynyng kandidaty, әdebiyettanu salasynyng dosenti, Madridtegi halyqaralyq jurnalister úiymynyng mýshesi-halyqaralyq jurnalist Quandyq Shamahayúlymen bolghan súhbatty úsynyp otyrmyz.

- Queke, Mongholiyada erjetken azamatsyz. Ol elding demokratiyalyq ýderisining bas kezine de kuә bolghan shygharsyz. Demokratiyany erkin BAQ jýiesinsiz elestetu qiyn, Mongholiyalyq jurnalistika bizdikimen salystyrghanda qanday dengeyde? Biylikke yqpaly qanday? Qoghamdyq pikir qalyptastyru qauqary she? Ol jaqta qazaqtildi jurnalistikanyng dauysy shygha ma?

QR mәdeniyet qayratkeri, filologiya ghylymynyng kandidaty, әdebiyettanu salasynyng dosenti, Madridtegi halyqaralyq jurnalister úiymynyng mýshesi-halyqaralyq jurnalist Quandyq Shamahayúlymen bolghan súhbatty úsynyp otyrmyz.

- Queke, Mongholiyada erjetken azamatsyz. Ol elding demokratiyalyq ýderisining bas kezine de kuә bolghan shygharsyz. Demokratiyany erkin BAQ jýiesinsiz elestetu qiyn, Mongholiyalyq jurnalistika bizdikimen salystyrghanda qanday dengeyde? Biylikke yqpaly qanday? Qoghamdyq pikir qalyptastyru qauqary she? Ol jaqta qazaqtildi jurnalistikanyng dauysy shygha ma?

- 1985 jylgha deyin kenes baspasózining ýlgisi negizinde damyghan Monghol jurnalistikasy shiyrek ghasyrlyq qysqa merzimde tanylmastay ózgerdi. 1989 jyly ózim delegat retinde qatysqan daryndy jastardyng respublikalyq kenesinde elding qazirgi Preziydenti, sol tústaghy әskeriy-jurnalist  S.Elbegdorjynyng ýndeu tastauymen bastalyp, 1990 jyly nauryzda beybit jolmen jeniske jetken demokratiyalyq revolusiyanyng basy-qasynda bolghanym ras.  Osy bir dýbirli qozghalystan keyin Monghol qoghamy jappay janaryp, damudyng tyng әri erkin jolyna týsti. BAQ san jaghynan kýrt ósip, 3-4 esege deyin kóbeydi. Býgingi Monghol basylymdary qoghamdyq-sayasy jalpy últtyq sapaly baspasóz jәne «sary» gazetter degen eki iri topqa bólinip otyr. Onda eshbir gazet memlekettik nysangha jatqyzylmaydy, 90-jyldardyng ortasynda jappay jekeshelendirilgen. Zang boyynsha ýkimetting baspasóz isine aralasuyna tiym salynady. Ókinishke qaray shu kóteru arqyly biznes jasaudy kózdeytin sary gazetter Mongholiya merzimdi baspasózining 60 payyzyn qúraumen qatar elding aqparat kenistiginde eleuli oryn iyelenip otyr.

Elde dәstýrli tarihy basylymdar men demokratiyalyq últtyq gazetter sapaly topqa jatqyzylady әri oqyrmandar arasynda bedeldi, ýlken súranysqa ie bolyp otyr. Eldegi dәstýrli basylymdardyng biri - «Ýnen» gazeti. 1925 jyly kókek aiynyng 24-nen bastap osynday atpen shygharylghan gazetting 80 jyldyq tarihy bar. 1980-jyldary gazetting taralymy 200 myngha jaqyndaghan. (úzyn sany eki-aq milliondy qúraytyn el ýshin búl aitarlyqtay iri kórsetkish) Monghol jurnalistikasynyng has sheberleri men maytalman qalamgerleri osy gazetting qazanynda qaynady. Býginde elde túraqty shygharylatyn kýnedelikti 7 gazetting biri de, yqpaldysy da  osy «Ýnen». Gazette qúqyqtyq, jurnalistik zertteu, jedel aqparat qyzmeti, sayasat, syrtqy qatynas, ekonomika, әleumettik, tanym, kommersiyalyq, dizayn jәne onlayn degen arnayy iri bólimder júmys isteydi. Qazirgi tanda elding 21 aimaghy men qalasynda, 329 audanynda, 2015 aulynda jәne shet elding 21 qalalarynda túraqty oqyrmandary bar.

1929 jyldan bergi tarihy bar ejelgi gazetterding biri - qazirgi «Ulaanbaatar tayms». 90-jyldardaghy demokratiyalyq qozghalys túsynda onyng atauy «Ulaanbaatar» boldy. Osy kezde gazet ózining «Ulaanbaataryn ýdesh» atty seriktes gazetimen qatar «Altan bosgo», «Nýgel buyan» sekildi qosymsha basylymdaryn shyghardy. Sonday-aq el tarihynda túnghysh ret A-3 formatpen 64 bettik tanymdyq arnayy sandaryn jaryqqa shygharuy arqyly elding jurnalistikasyna jana lep әkelgen. 1999 jyldan bastap oqyrmandardyng demalysyna arnalghan «Hýree hemnel», satiralyq  «Hýree tonshuul» jәne jarnamalyq «Hýree zar» atty ýsh seriktes gazet shyghardy. 2001 jyldan bastap 8 betpen aptasyna 5 ret shygharylyp keledi. Gazetting 9 bóliminde 60 qyzmetkeri bar jәne jeke baspahanasy júmys isteydi. Gazetting basty maqsaty - el astanasynyng tynys-tirshiligin kórsetken aqparattardy halyqqa jedel jetkizu. Aqparattyq janalyqtar, sholular, reportajdar, interviuler túraqty jariyalansa, ara-túra problemalyq maqalalargha, portret ocherkterge, jolsapar esselerge de keng oryn beredi.

Eldegi kýndelikti gazetterding biri - «Mongolyn medee» 1998 jyldan beri shygharylyp kele jatqan jas basylym bolghanymen elding barlyq problemalaryna qoghamdyq-sayasy túrghydan jan-jaqty qaraydy, barlyq әleumettik toptardyng mýddesin bir dengeyde beyneleuge tyrysady,  pikiraluandyghyn qasterleydi. Halyqtyng minberi bola otyryp, olardyng ýnin ýkimetke jetkizudi ózderining basty maqsaty etedi. Gazetting túraqty aidarlary - «Jana sannyng 60 joly», «Izi suymaghan janalyqtar», «Top news», «Partiya, qozghalystar ómiri», «Sensasiya», «Kimning kimi», «Erkin minber», «Apta sayasaty» t.s.s. Alayda, elding enbek sinirgen mәdeniyet qayratkeri, professor Zýlkәpil Mәuletúlynyng mәlimdeuinshe, atalmysh gazetting ózgelermen salystyrghanda aqparattyq syiymdylyghy nashar, taqyryptyq ayasy tar, janrlar týri az jәne birshama sayasilanghan baghyttaghy basylym.

Mongholiyadaghy últtyq kýndelikti gazetterding ishindegi eng iri taralymmen shyghatyny - «Ódriyn soniyn». Taralymy jaghynan eldegi eng iri «sary» gazetter - «Serýýleg», «Hýmýýs» atty aptalyqtar ghana osy gazetting aldynda túr. 2000 jyldan beri birneshe mәrte jyldyng ýzdik gazeti atanghan. «Adam qúqyn qorghaushy» degen jyldyq syilyqqa ie bolghan. Aptasyna 6 ret 16 betpen, A2 formatpen jaryq kóredi, barlyq materialdarynyng 40 payyzy jarnamadan túrady. Qúrylymy jaghynan batystyq iri gazetterding ýlgisimen úiymdastyrylghan, jalpy әlemdik standartqa say baghyttaghy gazet. Minutyna 200 dana gazet sanyn basugha quaty jetetin jeke baspahanasy bar. «Ódriyn soniyn» - óz materialdaryn «Sayasat», «Derek, oqigha», «Álem janalyqtary», «Búl turaly» sekildi túraqty taqyryptargha jiktelgen betterge bólip ornalastyrady. Taqyryptarynyng arnasy keng әri aqparattardy әdil әri jedel taratatyn, barlyq janrlardy tolyq paydalanugha tyrysatyn eldegi sanauly sapaly gazetterding biregeyi.

Eldegi kýndelikti shygharylatyn sapaly әri asa yqpaldy gazetterding biri - «Ónóódór». 1991 jyldan bastap shygharylyp kelgen «Ardyn erh» gazetining múrageri. Elde qabyldanghan «Baspasóz aqparat bostandyghy turaly» zang boyynsha qayta jasaqtalyp, 1996 jyldyng qyrkýieginen bastap «Ónóódór» (býgin) degen ataugha ie boldy. Gazetting taralymy 140 myn, yaghni, jazylushylardyng sany jaghynan kýndelikti 7 gazetting ishinde aldaghy ýshinshi orynda. Aptanyng әr kýninde shyghatyn sandarynyng betteri 8-32 aralyghynda. Jeksenbilik «Weekend» atty qosymsha gazeti bar. Barlyq materialdyn  40 payyzy jarnamadan túrady. Qoghamdyq, әleumettik barlyq salany qamtyghan taqyryptar boyynsha jurnalistikanyng әrtýrli janrlarynan túratyn tartymdy tuyndylary arqyly oqyrmandardyng ystyq yqylasyna bólengen gazet. Biylik pen halyq arasynda shynayy kópir bolumen qatar qoghamda, әleumettik ortada tepe-tendikti saqtay biledi. Problemalyq, syny baghyttaghy materialdargha kóp oryn beredi.

Mongholiyada 1996 jyldan bastap internet qogham ómirining barlyq salasynda dendep endi. Jurnalistikada internetting keng óris aluy shet elden aqparat alugha, BAQ-dyng elektrondyq jýiesin jasaugha jәne Web site jýiesin qúrugha, óz elining janalyqtaryn әlem júrtshylyghyna keninen jedel taratugha, marketing jýiesin keneytuge jana mýmkindik jasady. Qazir atalmysh elding barlyq aqparat qúraldary men gazet-jurnaldarynyng onlayn ýlgisi bar.

Mongholiya jurnalist mamandaryn әlemdik standart boyynsha halyqaralyq dengeyde dayarlau, BAQ jýiesin ghylymiy-zertteu  jaghynan damushy elder arasynda algha shyghyp otyr. Mongholiya memlekettik uniyversiytetinde jurnalist mamandaryn oqytu isi 1960 jyldan bastap qolgha alynghan. 1962 jyly atalmysh oqu ornynyng qoghamtanu fakulitetining bazasynda jurnalistika kafedrasy ashyldy. 1990 jyldan keyin jurnalist dayarlaytyn oqu oryndarynyng sany kýrt ósti. 2005 jylghy mәlimet boyynsha elding 19 jekemenshik, 4 memlekettik uniyversiytet, institut, kolledjderinde jurnalist mamandaryn oqytyp jatyr.   1998 jyldan bastap jurnalist-ústazdar halyqaralyq «Soros» qorynyng demeushiligimen «Jurnalistik bilim beruding qazirgi jaghdayy, aldaghy baghyty», «JOO-da jurnalistikany oqytudyng mazmúnyn jetildiru joldary» sekildi jobalar jasap, jýzege asyrularynyng arqasynda Mongholiya memlekettik uniyversiytetinde (MUIYS) qoldanystaghy oqu josparlary, baghdarlamalar, pәnder anyqtamalary janasha jetildirilip, әlemdik standartqa sәikestendirildi. Nәtiyjesinde jurnalistik joghary bilim beretin barlyq instituttar bir izdi standartqa kóshirildi.

Jurnalistika ghylymy boyynsha filosofiya doktorlary (PhD) men ghylym doktorlaryn (ScD) dayarlap, enbekterin qorghatatyn dissertasiyalyq kenes professor Zýlkәpil Mәuletúlynyng basshylyghymen Mongholiya memlekettik uniyversiytetining bazasynda júmys isteydi. Ghylymy jurnal jәne arnayy basylymdardyng syrtynda oqulyqtar, oqu qúraldary, monografiyalar bastyryp jaryqqa shygharady. Sonday-aq, Mongholiya jurnalisterining eki odaghy men jeke Baspasóz instituty jurnalisterding biliktiligin arttyru, qayta dayarlau maqsatpen qysqa jәne úzaq merzimdik oqytu seminarlaryn túraqty úiymdastyryp keledi.

Monghol jurnalisterining ortaq basylymy - «Setgýýlch» (jurnalist) jurnalynyng negizi 1972 jyly qalanghan. Jurnalisterding sheberlikterin shyndaugha, bilimderin jetildirulerine kómektesudi, jurnalistika salasy boyynsha jazylghan tuyndylardy kópting kәdesine jaratudy, kәsiby úiymdardyn, oqu oryndarynyng qyzmetin, tyng izdenisterining jemisin nasihattaudy maqsat etetin «Setgýýlch» jurnaly eldegi aqparattyq-tanymdyq biregey basylym.

Mongholiyalyq jurnalistikany bizdikimen salystyrghanda qanday dengeyde ekendigin jogharydaghy derekter arqyly bajaylay beruge bolatyn shyghar. Al, biylikke yqpaly qanday degenge keletin bolsaq, olar kәdimgidey «tórtinshi biylik» retinde teng dәrejeli әriptes. Sondyqtan da, qoghamdyq pikir qalyptastyru qauqary aitarlyqtay myqty. Ol jaqtaghy qazaqtildi jurnalistikanyng dauysy tym әlsiz. Shynay Rahmetúly, Asqar Shaymerden (Atatanym), Súraghan Rahmetúly syndy birli-jarym azamattardyng arqasynda ildebaylap, ólmesting kýnin kórip otyr.

-   Mening shamalauymsha, Qazaqstandaghy kәzir kórine bastaghan jas qazaq jurnalisterding seksen payyzy Mongholiyada tuylghandar, múnyng syry nede?

- Onyng syryna ýnilip kórmegen ekenmin. Degenmen, boljam jasaughabolatyn shyghar. Balalarynyng mamandyq tandaularyna kóbinese ata-analary yqpal etip jatady ghoy. Bәlkim, Mongholiyadaghy jurnalistikanyng qarqyndy damuy men zor bedelin, shyn mәninde, biznes pen ruhany mәdeniyetti qatar ústanghan  erekshe institut retinde qalyptasqandyghyn kórgen azamattar balalarynyng bolashaghyn osy salamen baylanystyrudy jón sanaytyn shyghar. Onyng syrtynda, tәuelsizdik jyldarynda elge oralghan jerlesterimizding deni últshyl azamattar ekendigin de eskeruge tiyispiz. Olar balalarynyng qazaq jerinde óz bolmysyn saqtap qaluy ýshin ghana memlekettik qyzmetteri men jeke biznesterin qúrbandyqqa shalyp, tarihy Otanyna oralghan. Shetelden kelgen kez-kelgen qazaqtyng eldegi shynayy ahualdy kórgende, alyp-úshqan kónili әp sәtte su sepkendey basylyp, ekiúday kýy keshetini bar.  Eldegi qazaq tilining mýshkil hali, qúldyq sananyng zil batpan salmaghy, jemqorlyq pen әdiletsizdik jaylaghan kólenkeli kórinister tipti ashyndyryp ta jiberedi. Sondyqtan, balalaryna sonyng bәrimen ymyrasyz kýresudi amanattaytyn shyghar. Al, mening óz balam mashina jasau injeneri mamandyghyn tandaghan.

- Qalay oilaysyz, bizding elde demokratiyalyq qazaqtildi BAQ pen tәuelsiz jurnalistika qalyptasty ma? Tәuelsiz jurnalist retinde kimdi atay alasyz?

- Belgili dengeyde qalyptasyp otyrghandyghyn joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy. Aytalyq, keshe ghana biylikting óz ortasynda jýrip, dәrejesi joghary lauazymynan góri tól mamandyghyn artyq sanap, ótkir maqalalarymen maydan ashqan jurnalist-sayasatker Altynbek Sәrsenbayúlyn demokratiyalyq jurnalistikanyng negizin qalaushy deuge nege bolmaydy? Tipti, әdilettilik pen shyndyqtyng jolynda esil azamat, qaysar demokrat qúrban bolghan joq pa?! Sol siyaqty Marat Qabanbay, Batyrhan Dәrimbet, Nury Muftah, Armiyal Tasymbekov degendey soza bersek, búl tizimning ózi sala qúlashqa jetetin shyghar. Býgingi kýni Ermúrat Bapi, Serghazy Múhtarbek, Ámirjan Qosanov, Shәrip Qúraqbaev, Qazybek Isa, Janbolat Mamay, Inga Imanbay sekildi kóptegen jurnalisterding moyyndaryna qyl búrau salsa da shyndyqty aitudan tanbaytyndaryna kepildik beruge bolady. Biraq, kóp jaghynan kenjelep kele jatqandyghymyzdy aitpau taghy kýnә.

- Eldegi baspasózding 7 payyzy ghana qazaqtildi kórinedi, ras pa?

- Óz elimizde túryp, orys tildi otandyq baspasóz ben reseylik gazet

jurnaldardan ayaq alyp jýre almaytynymyzgha qaraghanda sol derek ras shyghar degen ýreyli oy sanada sumanday beredi.

-  Qazaqtildi jurnalist qana emessiz, sol salanyng zertteushisiz de. Eldegi eki tildi jurnalistikany bir birimen salystyryp sipattanyzshy.

-  Búl negizi, birer ghylymiy-zertteu institutqa jýk bolarlyqtay salmaqty әri ózekti mәsele. Jurnalistika ainalyp kelgende, qoghamdyq ómirdi shynayy beyneleytin aina ispetti dýnie ghoy. Sondyqtan, qogham qanday bolsa, jurnalistika da dәl solay. Búl túrghydan kelgende, eki tildi jurnalistikany bóle-jaryp qaraugha kelmeytin tústary da bar. Jalpy aitqanda, Qazaqstandaghy birtútas jurnalistikanyng orys tildisin zor, qazaqtildisin qor sanau esh qisynsyz. Ekeui de bir dengeyde. Orys tildisining bar artyqshylyghy - biyliktegi «biznesmen-sheneunikterdin»  olargha býirekteri búryp, astyrtyn qoldau kórsetip túratyndyghynda ghana.

Aytalyq, jarnamalyq materialdardy, tapsyrystyq maqalalardy, әrtýrli PR jazbalardy, ózderining imidjderin qalyptastyratyn nemese klanaralyq qaqtyghystarda bir-birlerin qaralaytyn dýniyelerdi solargha aparyp tyqpalaytyndary orystildi gazetterdi keremet oqylymdy әri tartymdy etip kórsetip jatuy әbden mýmkin. Qúldyq sananyng shylauynan shygha almaghan sol azghana biyleushi top ózderinshe qazaqtildi baspasózge ghana emes, elding tituldy últyna múryndaryn shýiire qaraytyndary bәrimizge belgili jayt. Qoghamdaghy osynday keri psihologiya ózgermeyinshe, olardy qazaqtildi baspasózben sanasatyn jaghdaygha jetkizu qiyn.

Taghy bir mәsele, eldegi barlyq aqparat tek qana orys tilinde taratylatyndyghynda. Ýkimet otyrystary, Parlament jinalystary deysing be, barlyq resmy is sharalar orys tilinde ótkiziletindigi qoghamdy jappay jat júrttyng tilinde taratylatyn baspasózge tәueldi etuge әkelip soqtyrady. Múnyng ózge de san qyrly faktorlary bar. Onyng bәrin ashyp kórsetu ýshin týbegeyli zertteu kerek. Óz basym qazirgi tanda ózge salada jýrmin.

Býginde  ýkimet tenderinen qarjy alyp otyrghan, baspasóz salasynyng osynday kýrdeli mәselelerin zerttep tújyrymdaudy moyynyna alghan eldegi birden bir úiym - professor Namazaly Omashev basqaratyn Jurnalistika ghylymiy-zertteu instituty. Euraziya uniyversiytetining jurnalistika jәne sayasattanu fakuliteti de ay qarap otyrmaghan shyghar. Negizi osynday mәselelermen ainalysu solardyng abzal boryshtary. Tym qúryghanda, memlekettik budjetten alyp otyrghan qarjylaryn aqtau ýshin әreket jasaytyndyqtaryna sengim keledi.

-  Qazaqtildi saraptamalyq baspasózding dәrmeni qanshalyqty?

- Saraptama jasau ýshin eng aldymen zandyq kepildik pen aqparat alu jәne ony taratu bostandyghynyng shynayy tetikteri kerek. Ishki, syrtqy jәne sanadaghy senzura ataulynyng bәrinen arylghan abzal. Ol ýshin saraptamalyq janrdyng eng keng taraghan týri bolyp tabylatyn jurnalistik zertteuge toqtalayyq. Jurnalistik zertteuding búljymaytyn ras derekke negizdeletindigin aitpaghannyng ózinde, basty ereksheligi - mәselening astaryna tereng ýnilip, onyng qyr-syryn tolyqtay ashyp kórsetetindiginde.  Mysaly, ýkimet orny eldegi sharuashylyq nysandardyng kiristerine salynatyn salyq turaly zangha ózgertuler engizudi úsynyp, ony parlament arqyly bekittirip aldy delik. Zangha nege ózgerister qajet boldy, kimning mýddesi kózdelip otyr, onyng artynda kim túr? - degendi qazbalap, sebebin tolyqtay tabugha zertteu baghyttalugha tiyis. Ol ýshin jurnalist zandaghy ózgerister birli-ekili kompaniya nemese azghana toptar ýshin paydaly qúqyqtyq ahual qalyptastyruy yqtimal degen boljam jasap alyp, ony dәleldeudi maqsat etedi degen sóz.

Jurnalistik zertteu belgili bir  mәselening ózgeshe tústary men úqsastyqtaryn salystyryp, mәnin anyqtaudy maqsat etedi. Mәselen, bankterdi bankrotqa úshyratu ýrdis әr satylap, ýkimet ornynyng sheshimimen jasalyp kelgen bolsa, ony terendep zertteu arqyly oghan kinәli qúrylym ba, әlde, atqarushy biylikting keri әreketining qaytalanuy ma? - degendi obiektivti týrde anyqtaugha bolady.

Jurnalistik zertteuding kýsh-quaty-әleumettik tómengi toptargha, baspanasyzdargha, júmyssyzdargha janashyr bolyp, shynayy aqparat berumen qatar olardyng sanasyna senim úyalata alatyndyghynda. Osy maghynasyna say jurnalistik zertteuding taqyryby tómendegi basty faktorlardy óz boyynda saqtaydy:

-  júrtshylyqtyng súranysyna jauap beru, qajettiligine say kelu;

- sayasi, qoghamdyq manyzdylyghy joghary, elding psihologiyasyna yqpal eterliktey auqymdy bolu;

- adamdargha әrbir ózgeristi, jana betbúrysty ózimiz jasay alamyz degen senim tudyru.

Olay bolsa, jurnalistik zertteuding basty obiektileri tómendegiler bolmaq:

-  ýkimet orny;

-   sayasy úiymdar;

-   syrtqy qatynas;

-  qaruly kýshter jәne últtyq qauipsizdik;

-   iri biznes oryndary, oligarhtar;

-  bilim beru salasy;

-   әleumettik qamsyzdandyru.

Onyng syrtynda paraqorlyq, sybaylas-jemqorlyq sekildi ekonomikalyq mәselelermen tikeley baylanysty ister jan-jaqty qarastyrylady. Jurnalistik zertteu qúpiya qylmystardy әshkerelep synaghanymen, ol - sot emes, sondyqtan, eshkimdi aiyptaugha, jazalaugha qaqysy joq. Basty qyzmeti  - belgili bir әreketting saldaryn, keltirgen ziyanyn izdestirip tauyp, ony naqty derektermen dәleldep, júrttyng nazaryna úsynu ghana. Mәseleni tiyimdi sheshuding joldaryn jurnalistik zertteu kórsetui de mýmkin. Alayda, onysy - jurnalisting sayasy kózqarasy emes, tek әrtýrli  kózderden alynghan aqparatqa ghana negizdeledi.

Olay bolsa, qazaqtildi baspasózding dәrmeni qanshalyqty ekendigin osy talap túrghysynan qarasanyz, bәri belgili bolatyn shyghar.

- Qazaqtildi baspasózding derti nede?

- Derbestik pen biliktilikting jetispeushiligi. Sonymen qatar jaghympazdyqtyn, jaltaqtyqtyng tym beleng aluy. Eng ýlken qasiret kóbinese salany iskerligi men biliktiliginen góri biylik basyndaghy jerlesterine nemese tanys sybaylastaryna sýiengen darynsyzdardyng basqaratyndyghy. Memleket pen ýkimetke oppozisiya ispetti júmys istep, qoghamdyq mýddeni ghana ústanudyng ornyna biylikting qúlaq kesti qúlyna ainalyp otyrghandyghy - qazaqtildi baspasózding derti ghana emes, qasireti.

-  Qazaq tilining ahualy qazaqtildi BAQ jaghdayyna qanshalyqty tәueldi, kerisinshe, BAQtyng baghy tilge qanshalyqty qaraylap otyr?

- Til mәselesi BAQ jýiesinde ghana emes, jalpy býkil qoghamnyng bas auruyna ainalyp otyrghandyqtan ony bólip qaraugha kelmeydi. Últy ýshin jany ashityn barlyq sanaly azamatqa ortaq qasiretti qaytalap aita beruding ózi jýrekke zildey auyr salmaq týsiredi.

-  Bizding (әriyne, әngime tek qana qazaqtildi) BAQtardyng aqparat óndiru, taratu, qarjy tartu qabiletteri qay shamada?

-  Kónil kónshitpeydi. Ózin ózi qarjylandyratyn, eshkimning yghyna jyghylmaytyn, qara qyldy qaq jaryp tek әdildikti aitatyn qanday BAQ-ty atay alamyz? Onday telearna, gazet-jurnal bar ma? Al, aqparat taratu degendi qarapayym týrde týsindirer bolsaq, bardy bar, joqty dep shynayy ómirdi esh boyamasyz kórsetu ghana ghoy. Ýlken ókinishke qaray bizdegi BAQ tym «sayasilanghan-oligarhtanghan», «ýkimettengen-resmiylengen», «núrlanghan-súrlanghan», «diny aghymdanghan-sektalanghan» jәne azghana toptyng qolshoqparyna ainalghandyqtan jauyrdy jaba toqityn súrghylt keyipke enip ketken. Jandy aqparat ataulydan aulaq, bir-birlerin qaytalap súnqyldaghan súrqyltaygha ainalyp, halyqty mezi etetin týrleri bar. Al, qarjy tartu qabiletining osaldyghyn ýkimettik budjetten bólinetin tenderding tiyn-tebenine telmirip otyrghandyghynan-aq angharugha bolady ghoy.

Álemde BAQ-tyng kommersiyalyq qúral retinde kórinis tabuy birshama kýsh aldy. Gazet, jurnal basu, baghdarlama dayyndau ýrdisi aqparattyq óndiristing salasyna ainalyp, tútynushylardyng naryqtyq talaptaryna boy úrghan iskerlik sipat, tiyimdi júmys isteuge baghyttalghan menedjment, marketing standarttary engizilude. AQSh aqparat salasy qyzmetkerlerinin  «Amerikanyng aqparattyq óndirisi - biznes» dep mәlimdeuleri kezdeysoqtyq bolmasa kerek. Batys Europanyng ózinde BAQ-ty - «media-óndiris», jurnalisterding tuyndylaryn naryqtaghy ózge tauarlarmen birdey «media-ónim» dep ataytyn boldy.

Kommersiyalyq baghyttaghy jurnalistikada (profilt seeking) jurnalist pen baspasóz, aqparat qúraly belgili bir naryqqa qyzmet etuge tiyis degen dýniyetanym ornyqsa, dәstýrli jurnalistikada eng aldymen azamattargha, qoghamdyq sanagha nemese jeke túlghalar bolyp tabylatyn oqyrmandargha jol tartugha tiyis delinedi.

Jurnalistikanyng kommersiyalyq sipaty basymdyq tanytyp otyrghan kezende naryq mehanizmderi arqyly jýzege asyrylatyn BAQ pen jurnalisting qyzmetin ekonomikalyq túrghydan ýilestiru manyzdy mindet atqarady. Naryq qysymynyng ózi bәsekelestik ayasynda qyzmetin jýrgizip otyrghan BAQ pen jurnalisting artyqshylyghyn jәne «oyyn erejesin» anyqtap beretindigimen erekshelenedi. Kommersiyalyq faktordyng qazirgi BAQ-tyng qyzmetine qalay әser etip otyrghanyn Amerika jurnalistikasynan anyq kóruge bolady. Toqsanynshy jyldardyng ortasynda atalmysh elding gazetteri óz budjetining 80 payyzyn jarnamadan, 20 payyzyn jazylushylar men satudan týsken aqshadan qúraghan. Yaghni, jarnama berushiler men oqyrmandardyng gazet qarjy kózin qúraudaghy ara  salmaghy 4:1 bolyp ózgergen. Jarnamanyng osynshama zor yqpaly baspasózding mazmúnyna da әser etip, meyilinshe oqyrman qauymnyng nazaryn audaratynday materialdar jariyalaudy kózdeytin boldy. Aytalyq, 90-jyldardyng basynda AQSh gazeti tilshilerinin  19 payyzy sport, 8 payyzy qylmys jәne sot isi jayyndaghy mәseleler, 7 payyzy biznes taqyryby boyynsha arnayy mamandanghan. Olay bolsa, qoghamdyq, әleumettik jәne bilim mәseleleri boyynsha mamandanushylar nebary tórt-aq payyzdy qúraghan.

-   Qazaq BAQ-tary menedjment salasynda artta qalyp otyrghan joq pa?

-  Artta qalghandary sonshalyq, tipti júrtta qalyp, jer shúqyp otyr deuge bolady. Eger onday bolmasa, bәrimiz gazet sandaryn kezekke túryp satyp alatyn, telearnalardyng baghdarlamalaryn tamsana tamashalaytyn jaghdaygha jeter edik qoy. Bizding media-menedjerler oqyrmany men auditoriyasyna moyyn búrudyng ornyna qúryltayshy-qojayynnyng kónilinen shyghudy, solargha jaghynudy ghana jón sanaydy. Sebebi, ony shygharmashylyq újym saylaghan joq. Jem berip otyrghan qojayyn taghayyndaghan jәne ony qyzmetten quyp tastau da bir adamnyng qolynda. Kónili qalaghanda taghayyndaydy, únatpaghan kýni alyp tastay salady. Búl jerde iskerlikten góri jaghympazdyq artyghyraq ról oinaydy. Al, újymdy basqaryp otyrghan bas menedjer shynayy iskerler men qabiletti mamandardy ólse de manyna jolatpaydy. Sebebi, oghan júmystyng mýddesinen góri ózining lauazymy qymbat.

Menedjmentting shygharmashylyq jaghynan aqsap jatuy qansha qarjy qúisang da esh aqtalmaytyndyghynyng bir ghana mysalyn býgingi «Jetinshi arnanyn» keskin kelbetinen anyq angharugha bolady. Býginde onyng qay elding arnasy ekendigin aiyrudan qaldyq. Kýndelikti janalyqtarynyng uaqyty bar-joghy jiyrma minutty qúraytyn, onysynyng jartysyna juyghy audarmalyq  materialdan túratyn, qalghanyn «bay izdegen kәri qyzdar men qalyndyqqa zәru boydaqtardyn» arzanqol әngime-dýkenderimen, jalghan útys oiyndarymen, reseylik arnalardyng habarlary men filimderin kóshirumen jabatyn dәl osy «Jetinshi arna» menedjerlerining qalay ishteri pysyp ketpeytinin, júmystyng segiz saghatyn nemen ainalysyp ótkizetindikterin ózderinen súrasanyz óte qyzyq bolar edi.

- Otandyq teleindustriya qazaq kórermenine ne berip, ne bere almay otyr?

- Bergeninen bere almay otyrghandary kóp sekildi kórinedi. Tipti keyde berip jýrgenderining ózin kóp kórip, eng daryndy, eng bilikti degen jurnalisterdi saladan alastatyp jiberetinderi bar. Oghan alysqa barmay-aq, "Qazaqstan» últtyq arnasyn Ghalym Dosken basqarghan kezdegi shygharmashylyq újymdy mysalgha alsaq ta jetkilikti.

Álemning ónerkәsibi joghary damyghan elderining BAQ-ynyng damuyndaghy eleuli bir kórinis - olardyng sanauly iri konsernderding iyeligine shoghyrlanuy bolyp otyr. Olar әlemdik aqparat naryghyna enu maqsatymen is qyzmetterin elaralyq baghytqa búrghan. Býginde aqparattyq qarym-qatynastyng eng songhy ýlgidegi tehnologiyasyn paydalanatyn qarjy, ekonomikalyq iri bazaly korporasiyalar halyqaralyq aqparat naryghynda aldynghy qatarda jýr. Olardyng is qyzmetining býkilәlemdi qamty bastauy aqparat óndirisining jahandanuy bolsa kerek.

Toqsanynshy jyldardyng sonynda әlem aqparat naryghynda algha shyqqan elaralyq korporasiya - «Taym-Uorner» boldy. Onyng ayasynda Ternerding «CNN News Group», kónil kóteruge arnalghan televiziyanyng kabeldik jýiesi, NVO-nyng aqparattyq jәne әdebiy-kórkem baghdarlamalar arnasy, sazdy әuendik «Warner Musik Group», «New Line Cinema» kino kompaniyasy, kóptegen baspalar, kitap dýkenderi, kitapqúmarlardyng kluby, Internettegi jýzdegen onlayn basylymdar, Web sayttar qyzmet jýrgizedi. 2000 jyly qantarda «Taym-Uorner» men «Amerikan Onlayn»  korporasiyasynyng birigui iri mega-konsernge ainalugha jol  ashty. Olar birden HHI ghasyrdy «Internet dәuiri» bolady dep jariyalaghan. Jana konsernning qataryna 33 iri jurnal, NVO, CNN, TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network jәne ózge ondaghan BAQ, kino kompaniyalar, «Compuserve», «Netscape» sekildi kompiuterlik aqparat qatynas jýiesi kiredi.

Ekinshi basty media-konsern - «Uolt-Disney». Onyng qataryna jýzdegen aqparat qúraldarymen qatar әlemning eng iri telekompaniyasy amerikandyq AVS kiredi. Jogharyda atalghan iri altaudyng qataryna «Ghoh» telejýiesi, «Fox News Channel»-ding iyesi R.Merdoktyng «Niuz korporzyshn», NBC telejýiesi, CNBC kabeldik jýiening menshik iyesi «Jeneral Elektriyk» konserni, tәulik boyy habar taratatyn kabeldik televiziyanyng MSNBC arnany menshikteytin «Maykrosoft» korporasiyalary jatqyzylady.

Jurnalistika «info-noo» ayasyndaghy kóriniske ainaldy degen sóz jii estiletin boldy. Aqparattyq qatynas jýiesining jahandanuy býkilәlem halyqtary mәdeniyetining ózara yqpal etuine, bayytylyp damuyna, aqparatty dýniyening qay búryshyna da jedel jetkizuge layyqtalghan ashyq qoghamnyng qalyptasuyna qolayly jaghday tudyryp otyr. Sonymen qatar elder men halyqtardyng mәdeniyetin, salt-dәstýrin, ózindik erekshelikterin joghaltuyna, sanasyn bir qalypqa salyp tenestiruine yqpal etui de ghajap emes. Al, biz әlemdik kóshting sonynda jýrgen reseylik telearnalardyn  batystyq әriptesterinen kóshirgen arzanqol baghdarlamalaryna jatyp kep tamsanamyz. Al, sonda ony ózimiz jasaugha qarym-qabiletimiz jetpeytin bolghany ma?!

Olay bolsa, otandyq teleindustriyanyng qazirgi ógiz ayanyna qarap bizge birdeme beredi dep kýtuding ózi әbestik siyaqty.

- Teleekrangha qarap, әsirese, telemamandardyng tapshylyghyna oiymyz oiysa beredi. Shynynda da solay ma, әlde bardy kelistire almay otyrmyz ba?

-  Bardy baghalay almay joqshylyqty qoldan jasap otyrghan shygharmyz. Men sonday oidamyn. Televiziyagha maman tandaugha orasan kóp qatelikterge jol beriledi. Qazir ómirinde elu jol zametka jazyp kórmegen bәzbireuler telejurnalisterge aqyl aitqansyp, janalyqtar qyzmetin basqarghansyp otyr. Ádebiyet pen tarihtan beyhabar bireuler onan-múnan kóshirip, televiziyagha derekti filimning ssenariyin jazady. Osydan keyin kórermenge jetetin tuyndynyng sapasy qanday bolatyny aitpasa da týsinikti. Múnyng bәri mamannyng tapshylyghynan bolyp otyrghan joq. Bilikti mamannyng qarasyn kórse at tonyn ala qashatyn, manyna juytpaytyn telearna basshylary men qosshylarynyng atyn atap, týsin týstep beruge bolady. Onymen qoymay әlgi beysharalar kim kóringendi júmysqa qabyldaydy. Negizi, telemamandardy gazet, jurnal redaksiyalarynda júmys istep, jazu-syzu sheberlikterin shyndaghan jurnalisterding arasynan iriktep alghan әldeqayda tiyimdi.

- Qazaq teleekrany shәkirttik keyipten qaytkende eseyedi?

- Adam balasynyng ruhany súranysyna eshkim shek qoya almasy aidan anyq. Sol súranys úlghayghan sayyn teleóner tuyndylary men shygharmashylyq iyelerine de qoyylatyn talap biyiktey bermek. Sonday-aq, adamdar ruhany túrghydan bayyp, talghamdary ósumen qatar televiziya tehnikalary da qaryshtap damyp keledi.  Árbir shygharmashylyq qyzmet, sonyng ishinde televiziya jurnalistikasynyng nәtiyjesi de óz isining sipattaryn anyqtaytyn sapalyq jana «ónim» bolatyndyghymen erekshelenedi. Televiziya óz auditoriyasyna pozisiyasy túrghysynan ózine tәn bolmysy bar teletuyndylardyng jiyntyghy retinde jetedi. Ony dayarlaugha shygharmashylyq újym, týrli salanyng mamandary, injener-tehnikter, rejisserler, tele-operatorlar, qalamgerler, telejýrgizushiler atsalysady.

Efirge shygharylghan әrbir teletuyndy qyruar dayyndyq júmystarmen qatar ony jasau barysyndaghy «taban et, manday terdin» arqasynda payda bolmaq. Belgili telekompaniyanyng baghdarlamalyq sayasaty men tújyrymdamasyn jasau, material-tehnikalyq bazasyn qalyptastyru, aqparat kózderimen baylanys ornatu, shygharmashylyq újymdy úiymdastyru, olardyng júmys baghyttary men enbek bólinisterin ýilestiru, útymdy úiymdastyru, ústanatyn erejelerdi jasau sekildi isterdi sol sharualargha jatqyzugha bolady.

Belgili bir telehabardy dayyndau ýshin isti josparlau, týsiru tobynyng júmysyn úiymdastyru, aqparat jinau, tuyndynyng tújyrymdamasyn jasau, ssenariy jazyp, ony redaktorlau, montajdau júmystaryn bitirip, baghdarlamagha engizu, auditoriyany zertteu, olarmen keri baylanys ornatu ónerin iygeru syndy qyruar sharualar qarbalasyp jatady.

Shygharmashylyq tuyndy - is qyzmetting iskerlik izdenis pen qalyptasqan júmys formasyn ýnemi qatar qoldanyp otyrady. Onyng dengeyi jurnalisting shygharmashylyq qabiletine, alghan bilimi men biliktiligine, mashyqtanghan daghdysyna, iygergen tәjiriybesine, ishki ruhany quatyna qaray kórinis tabady. Sonymen qatar tuyndy jasaushylardyng ózgelermen qarym-qatynasy da aitarlyqtay ról atqarmaq.  Jurnalisting shygharmashylyq izdenisi is qyzmetting barlyq kezenderi men satylarynda, tipti әr qadam sayyn qajet etiledi. Izdenis shygharmashylyqtyng naqty jaghdayymen sәikesken tәsilderdi talap etedi. Onyng ózi jeke adamnan ón boyyndaghy barlyq mýmkindikteri men әleuetin barynsha tolyq paydalanuyna jaghday tudyrady. Qysqasy, telejurnalist baghdarlamagha jan-tәnimen beriluge tiyis.

-  Ásirese, memlekettik emes telearnalarda qazaqtildi redaksiyalar nege 2-planda jýredi? Jetekshi újym bolatyn uaqyt qashan kelmek dep oilaysyz? Jeke telearnalar ýshin qazaqtildi kórermen joqqa tәn, syry nede?

-  Onyng eki týrli sebebi bar. Eng birinshisi, qazaqtyng qolynan eshtene kelmeydi dep orynsyz joqqa shygharugha beyim túratyn qoghamda qalyptasqan qúldyq sananyng saldary. Keleside, qazaq redaksiyalarynyng ózderining әlsizdigi men shynayy shygharmashylyq ortanyng joqtyghy. Jetekshi ghana emes, kóshbasshy újym bolugha bolady. Ol әrkimning óz qolyndaghy sharua. Al, bizde eshbir telearna nemese ghylymiy-zertteu úiym telesúranysty zertteumen, kórermender arasynda saualnama jýrgizip, mәselening mәnin týsinumen ainalyspaydy. Múnday jaghdayda shygharmashylyq júmysta qanday bereke bolmaq. Árkim óz bilgenimen oiyna kelgenin istep, enjar tirlikpen ainalysyp jýre beredi de.

- Memlekettik telearnalarda Qoghamdyq kenes sekildi baqylau bolmaghandyqtan, betimen ketip, biylik kim bolsa soghan basqartyp bereketti alyp otyrghan joq pa?

- Jalpy demokratiyalyq qoghamda memlekettik telearna atauly bolmauy

kerek. Men jogharyda da aittym, memleket, resmy ýkimet BAQ isine aralaspaugha tiyis. Bizde kóp dýnie kereghar kórinis tauyp jatady ghoy. Mysaly, memlekettik qyzmetshilerge kәsipkerlikpen ainalysugha zanmen tyiym salynady da, oligarhtar men milliarderler, qarjy toptary solardyng arasynan  tuyp jatady. Sol siyaqty Konstitusiyada demokratiyalyq zayyrly memleketpiz dep alamyz da ýkimetimiz BAQ-gha iyelik etedi, olardyng basshylaryn taghayyndaydy, qyzmetten bosatady. Sóz ben isting alshaqtyghy kóbeygen sayyn solay bolady da. Onday kelensizdikke jol bermeu ýshin aldymen BAQ ataulyny jýz payyz jekeshelendirip, sosyn, qoghamdyq kenes qúrghan jón. Ár újym óz basshysyn ortalarynan tauyp saylau arqyly tandaulary kerek. Olay bolmayynsha, esh nәrse ózgermeydi, damudyng ornyna keri kete beremiz.

- Astanada túrasyz, qazaqtildi radio tyndaysyz ba? Men ylghy da ertengisin júmysqa bara jatyp, kele jatyp tyndaymyn. Sonda Qazaq radiosynyng eki ghana tolqyny qazaqsha beredi qalghany reseylik kontentti tolqyndar. Búny týzeu ýshin biylik pen radiotolqyngha qalay yqpal etuge bolady jәne qanday aksiya jasaudy úsynar ediniz?

- Ýnemi tyndaugha uaqyt múrsha bermeydi. Degenmen, «Shalqar», «Astana» jәne «Qazaq radiosynyn» keybir baghdarlamalaryna qúlaq týremin. Ishinara tartymdy baghdarlamalar men myqty jýrgizushiler barshylyq. Úlaghat Hanzada, Amankeldi Qúrmet, Meyram Saparghaliyev syndy jastardyng betalystary tәuir. Al, reseylik tolqyndardy shekteu ýshin olardan rúqsat súraudyng qajeti joq qoy. Baltyq jaghalauyndaghy keybir elder qoghamdyq oryndarda oryssha әn aitugha tiym saldy. Sodan bolyp tútynyp ketken soghys órtin kórmedik. Resey radiohabarlaryn shekteu ýshin mindetti týrde arnayy zang qabyldaudyng da qajeti shamaly. Salany jauaptanatyn minstrding búiryghy shygharylsa jetip jatyr.

- Qazaq radiotolqyndary HH ghasyrdyng dengeyindegi arhaikalyq әngime men әdisten aspaghan, ish pysady, kónil jabyrqaydy.Jaylauda jatyp alyp tyndaytyn «jaryqtyq» habarlar. Sonda búl dengey tyndarmandardyng súranysy bolghany ma, әlde radiojurnalisterding bary sol ma?

-  Búl súraqqa radionyng basshylary jauap bergenderi dúrys bolar.

-  Qalay oilaysyz: bizdegi mamandardyng qanshasy jurfaktan, qanshasy «kósheden»?

-  Canap kórmeppin (kýldi). Qytaydyng ataqty reformatory Den Syao Pinning (dúrysy: Dyng Shou Piyn) «mysyqtyng týsi qara bola ma, aq bola ma, bәri bir emes pe, tyshqan aulasa bolghany» - degenindey, jazu-syzugha qabiletti bolsa, tabighy daryny men biliktiligi talapqa say kelse mamandyqta túrghan ne bar.  Jurfaktyng diplomy men bergen dәrisi qarymdy jurnalist bolugha kepildik bolmaydy. Tabighy týisigi men shygharmashylyq qabileti, jan-jaqty tereng bilimi bolsa jarap jatyr, ol meyli, zanger, qarjyger, fiziyk, matematiyk, ekonomist bolsyn. Kerisinshe, jetik biletin salalaryn solardyng jazghany tiyimdi bolmay ma. Óz basym eshkimdi bólip jaryp qaramaymyn. Kim tyng oy aitsa, eldi eleng etkizerliktey jaqsy dýnie jasap, tartymdy etip jazsa - sol mening әriptesim.

- «Jurfaktyng ornyna bes-alty ailyq kurstardan joghary bilimdi jaza biletin jastardy oqytyp shygharu kerek» degen pikirge qalay qaraysyz?

- Batys Europa júrtyna keng taraghan «Kembridj bilim beredi, al, Qúday jaratpaghan daryndy daryta almaydy» degen sóz bar. Sol siyaqty tumysynan eshtene jaza almaytyn adamgha erekshe daryn men qabilettilikti jurfak ta, kurs te  bere almaydy.

-  Memlekettik tapsyrys ne ýshin kerek jәne soghan óndirilgen ónimder qanshalyqty sapaly әri qajet?

-  Memlekettik tapsyrys qazirgi kezde kóbinese ministrlikte tamyr tanystary men et jaqyn tuysqandary barlargha asa qajet bolyp túrghan sekildi. Óitkeni, memtapsyrysqa qatysu ýshin Esil ózenining sol jaghalauynan tanys izdeytinderdi óte kóp kezdestiremin. Sonday tapsyrystarmen jasalghan teletuyndylardy qalt jibermeuge tyrysamyn. Jaqsylaryn angharmay jiberip alamyn ba bilmeymin, әiteuir, mening kórgenderim týkke tatymaytyn sapasyz birdemeler bolyp shyghady.

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