Ár últtyng mәdeniyetinde erekshe oryn alatyn túlghalar bolady.  Osy tarihy uaqyttyng mәdeny qúbylysyna ainalghan  danalyq iyelerining ruhany múralary, iydeyalary eldi, qoghamdy, úrpaqty órkeniyettilikke jetelep otyrghan. Ruhaniyatsyz eldin, adamzattyng mәdeniyeti men qúndylyqtarynyng qalyptasuy mýmkin emes. Atap aitsaq, tarihymyzdaghy handar men batyrlardyn, jyraular men biylerding últtyq mýdde jolyndaghy qyzmetteri órkeniyettilikke úmtyludaghy últ ziyalylarynyng ústanymy ýlgilerin kórsetedi.

Órkeniyet úghymynyng bastapqy maghynasy azamattyq qogham úghymyn negizdeydi. Órkeniyettilikting negizinde qoghamdyq sana týrlerining damuy, uaqyt talabyna say ózining órisin keneytip otyruy jatyr. Órkeniyettilik bolmasa qogham órkeniyet biyigine jete almaydy, qoghamnyng mәdeny damuy shenberinde órkeniyettilik ýlgileri jatyr. Órkeniyettilik degenimiz búl adamgershilik, tәrbiye, әdilettilik, bilim men kәsip týrlerining halyqtyng túrmystyq mәdeniyetining tiregine ainalyp otyruy.

HIH-HH ghgh. adam men qogham mәselesi europa filosofiyasynda keninen talqylana bastaghany belgili. Sebebi ghylymnyng jana týrleri payda bolyp, qogham ózgeru aldynda túrdy, ghylym búdan әri damidy, osynyng saldarynan qogham әleumettik ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy jaghynan ózgere beredi degen sóz. Qoghamnyng ózgerisi búl túrmystyng ózgerui, túrmys ózgerse (jaqsy bolsyn nemese ortasha bolsyn) qoghamdyq sanagha әser etip otyrady. Búl týptep kelgende, adam men qogham problemasyn arttyra týspek.

Jahandanu qúbylysyna negizdelgen әleumettik filosofiyalyq týitkilder ghylymnyng jana týrleri payda bolghan aimaqtarda qozghalghanymen, adamzatqa ortaq mәselelerdi zerdeleude sol kezding ózinde mәdeniyet ókilderi  jahandyq mәselelerden qúr qalmaghan. Búghan qatysty ótken ghasyrda ómir sýrgen qazaqtyng jas aqyny Súltanmahmút Torayghyrov bylay deydi:

Búqar túsy qazaqtyng býlingeni,

Kýn batystan suyq jau kóringeni.

«Jayaulap keler júrtyna,

Baldymay jaghar múrtyna,

Súramay alar janyndy,

Bauyzdamay isher qanyndy,

Esepke salar malyndy,

Soldat qylar úlynnan,

Kórersing әli qúlynnan...,-

dep, kelmesten qúty úshyp jenilgeni...

Adamzat balasynyng órkeniyetti qalyptastyru nemese soghan úmtyluy jolyndaghy jahandanu qúbylysyna tәn mәseleler, jyraularymyzdyng zamanynda-aq belgili bola bastaghan.  Qazaq oishyldary ózderi ómir sýrgen uaqyttaghy adamzat bolmysyna ortaq mәselelerdi zerttey otyryp, onyng bolashaghyna bagha bere bastaghan. Sonyng biri Búqar jyraudyng danalyghy. Búghan qarap qazaq  últynyng tarihta órkeniyettilik turaly úghymynyng tamyry teren, órisining keng bolghandyghyn úrpaqtan jasyru mýmkin emes. Sol kezding ózinde qazaq oishyldarynyng tarapynan órkeniyettilik úghymyna jan-jaqty qarau kerektigi úsynylghan:

Álemdi týgel kórse de,

Altyn ýige kirse de,

Aspanda júldyz aralap,

Ay núryn ústap minse de –

Qyzyqqa toymas adamzat!

Búqar danamyz zerdelegen órkeniyet pen órkeniyettilikting ólshemi nede? Tabighatta bardyng bәrin iygeru, bәrin paydalanu nemese bәrin ózgertip jiberude me? Túrmysy, qoghamnyng bolmysyn ózgertude adamgha jýkteletin mindet qanday? Adam  men qogham qay jaghynan ózgerui qajet? Búl mәseleler qazaq jyraularyn tolghandyrghan. Qazaq oishyldarynyng poeziyalarynyng mazmúnynan ghylymy tehnikalyq progress bir aimaqtan bastalghan, bir aimaqtaghy elding damu kýshine әser etetin ghylym men ilim týrleri jәne onyng ónimderi ózge elderding mәdeniyeti men últtyq bolmysynyng tabighatyna keri әser etpey me? degen saual kórinedi. Jyraularymyzdyng túsynda zerdelengen jahandyq mәseleler osylaysha Abay zamanynda qazaq qoghamyna ene bastaghan.

Órkeniyet, órkeniyettilik mәselesine kelgende qoghamnyng әleumettik, materialdyq jaghynan ózgerip otyruyn zerdeleu kóbinese batys filosofiyasynda nazargha alyna bastady. Búl ústanym shyn mәninde dәstýrli mәdeniyet jolymen kele jatqan qogham ýshin de óte qauipti. Qazaq oishyldarynyng úghymynda, jana uaqyt jaghdayyndaghy qalyptasyp jatqan (adamzat qoghamyndaghy) jana bolmys týrleri, últ pen úrpaqtyng (últtyq bolmysynyn) arasyn ýzip jiberui mýmkin. «Búrynghy bizding ata-babalarymyzdyng búl zamandaghylardan artyq eki minezi bar eken. Endigi júrt ata-babalarymyzdyng mindi isin bir-birlep tastap kelemiz, әlgi eki ghana tәuir isin birjola joghaltyp aldyq. Osy kýngiler ózge minezge osy órmelep ilgeri bara jatqanyna qaray sol atalarymyzdyng eki ghana tәuir minezin joghaltpay túrsaq, biz de el qataryna kirer edik. Sol eki minez joq bolghan son, әlgi ýirengen ónerimizding bәri de adamshylyqqa úqsamaydy, shaytandyqqa tartyp barady. Júrttyqtan ketip bara jatqanymyzdyng bir ýlken sebebi sol kórinedi.

Ol eki minezi qaysy desen, әueli – ol zamanda el basy, top basy degen kisiler bolady eken. Kóshi-qondy bolsa, dau-janjaldy bolsa, biylik solarda bolady eken. Ózge qara júrt jaqsy-jaman ózderining sharuasymen jýre beredi eken. Ol el basy men top basylary qalay qylsa, qalay bitirse, halyqta ony synamaq, birden birge jýrgizbek bolmaydy eken. Ekinshi minezi – namysqorlyq eken. At atalyp, aruaq shaqyrylghan jerde aghayyngha ókpe, arazdyqqa qaramaydy eken, janyn salysady eken...Kәneki, endi osy eki minez qayda bar? Búlar da arlylyq, namystylyq, tabandylyqtan keledi. Búlardan aiyryldyq. Endigilerding dostyghy - peyil emes, aldau, dúshpandyghy - keyis emes, ne kýndestik, ne tynysh otyra almaghandyq», - deydi Abay.

Órkeniyet mәselesining negizinde órkeniyettilik mәselesi tuyndaydy. Órkeniyet úghymynyng batys elderining filosofiyasynda  qyzu talqygha týsip otyruynyng sebebi osynda. Yaghny órkeniyet órkeniyettiliksiz ómir sýrmeydi. Órkeniyetting negizinde túrghan ghylym, ghylymy tehnikalyq tónkeris, aqparattyq kiybernetika ónimderi adam boyynan shyghatyn ruhany qúndylyqtargha baghynuy tiyis. Órkeniyettilik ruhany qúndylyqtardan tuatyn ruhaniy-әleumettik óris, yaghny mәdeniyettilikting jýielengen formasy. Sondyqtan órkeniyettilikke qatysty Abay bylay deydi: «Ózing ýshin enbek qylsan, ózi ýshin ottaghan hayuannyng biri bolasyn; adamdyqtyng qaryzy ýshin enbek qylsan, allanyng sýigen qúlynyng biri bolasyn....».

Adam  balasyn zaman ósiredi, kimde-kim jaman bolsa, onyng zamandasynyng bәri vinovat» nemese  «Teginde, adam balasy adam balasynan aqyl, ghylym, ar, minez degen nәrselermen ozbaq. Onan basqa nәrsemenen ozdym ghoy demekting bәri de – aqymaqtyq». Ótken ghasyrda ómir sýrgen amerikandyq ghalym A. Uaythed «bilimdi adamdardyng qateligi әlemge daghdarys әkeldi» degen. Qatelik neden shyghady? Abay aitqan bilimning joqtyghy ghana emes, sol bilimge jetekshi bolatyn oy óristing qayshylyghynan shyghady. Abaydyng әleumettik filosofiyalyq iydeyalaryn zerdeleude, órkeniyetke úmtyluda (jana dýniyelerdi jasauda jәne tabighat aldynda ózining patshalyghyn qúruda) adam balasy neden útyldy? degen súraq taghy tuyndaydy. Búghan qatysty oishyl ózining qara sózinde jauap bergen: «Kýlli adam balasyn qor qylatyn ýsh nәrse bar, sodan saqtanbaq kerek: әueli-nadandyq, ekinshisi – erinshektik, ýshinshisi – namyssyzdyq..». Adam órkeniyet jolyna týsude ózining adamy bolmysyna, últtyq qasiyetterine jәne qúndylyqtargha jauapkershilikpen qarau qajet.

Adamzattyq mәdeniyetting bastau kózine ainalghan jauharlar dýniyening sonyna deyin onyng ómirimen, úrpaq bolmysymen birge jalghasyp otyrugha tiyis. Úrpaqtyng jasampazdyq qasiyetteri adamzattyn, odan qaldy últynyng bolmysyna qayshy kelip otyrmauy kerek. Qayshylyq aqylmen tarazylanyp otyrghan jerde әleumettik damudaghy ýilesimdilik, rettilik saqtalady. Damudyng zandylyqtary saqtalghan jerde órkeniyetting dәstýrli joly saqtalmaq. Qazaq oishyldarynyn, onyng ishinde Abaydyng filosofiyalyq iydeyalary men shygharmalarynyng tarihy mәni osynda jatyr.

Sәrsembin Ýmbetqan Quandyqúly,

filosofiya ghylymdarynyng kandidaty.

Qúpjanov Merey Ersayynúly,

filologiya ghylymdarynyng magistri,

Abai.kz