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Resey - patshalyq, Putin - Ivan Groznyy emes!

Russian President Vladimir Putin enters a hall before a meeting of the Victory Organizing Committee at the Kremlin in Moscow on March 17, 2015. The meeting focuses on preparations for celebrating the 70th anniversary of the victory in World War II. / AFP PHOTO / POOL / SERGEI ILNITSKY (Photo credit should read SERGEI ILNITSKY/AFP/Getty Images)

Amerika sayasatkeri, «Órkeniyettar soqtyghysy» konsepsiyasynyng avtory Samuelem Hantington men amerikalyq diplomat Uorren Manshelider Karnegy Qorynyng demeushiligimen 1970 jyly birigip ashqan, shtab-pәteri AQSh astanasynda ornalasqan, taralymy 100 mynnan asatyn Foreign Policy jurnalynyng bedeli әlemdik sayasatta basym. Jurnaldyng atauy tikeley audarsaq  «Syrtqy sayasat», sózbe-sóz tәrjimalasaq – «Halyqaralyq sayasat». Búryn jylyna tórt mәrte shyghyp kelgen BAQ aiyna eki ret shygharu iydeyasyn 1996-2010 jj. aralyghynda redaktor bolghan Moiysey Naiym kóterdi. Ol basqarghan 8 jylda jurnal basshylyghy 2003, 2007 jәne 2009 jyldary National Magazine Awards syilyghyn iyelendi.

Jurnal jahandyq sayasat, ekonomika, ghalamdyq integrasiya, halyqaralyq qatynastaghy sayasy iydeologiya men teoriyalargha qatysty taqyryptardy qozghap, keninen qauzap jazady. Jyl sayyn The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers (100 әlemdik oishyl) atty ózdik versiyasyn júrtqa úsynyp otyrady.

2006 jyldan bastap Foreign Policy Passport blogy ashylsa, 2009 jyldyng 5 qantarynan beri «Kýndelikti jelilik jurnal» bolyp tabylatyn basylym sayty júmys isteude.

Osy jurnalda tayauda Putin May Want to Be an Emperor, but Russia Isn’t an Imperial Power/ Putinn imperator bolghysy keledi, biraq Resey imperiyalyq qaghanat emes atty saraptama maqala shyqty. Osy maqalany Abai.kz oqyrmandarynyng nazaryna úsynyp otyrmyz.


2019 jyldyng aua-jayyn bajaylaytyn sarapshylargha Resey qashanda el ishi men el syrtyna avtoritarlyq baqylaudyng noqtasyn óz qolyna ústaugha ýnemi beyil tanytatyn bolyp kórinedi. Osylaysha uәjdau túrghysyna sәikes, Resey preziydenti Vladimir Putin – jan-tәnimen óz elining bedeline qylau týsirmeuge tyrysatyn Resey biyleushilerining úzyn-sonar tizimindegi jalghyz songhy túyaq. Onyng sebep-saldary Batysta kózge úryp túr. Eger  Putin ózge de orys eltúlghasy siyaqty jay ghana osy oiyn kestesin qoldanatyn bolsa, onda búghan «avtoritarizm men ekspansionizm berik ornyghady, ne soghys órti tútanady, al, eshkim de soghysty qalamaydy» dep jauap bere alamyz.

Eger Putin әmbege ayan әm týsindirlui onaygha týsetin reseyding әdettegi últtyq mýddesin tistey qatyp ústanbaytyn bolsa she, onda ne istelui kerek? Ózine deyingi elding basqada bas kótererleri siyaqty ol da sayasatqa bastap alyp keletin reseylik kelbet, iydeologiya, institusionaldy múra әm tarihy jaghdayat syndy dәl qazir el mýddesine kesirli dýniyening qysymynda qalyp otyrghany anyq.

Orys nemese ózge elding tarihyn jetik biletin jandargha ayan bir jayt: birde-bir memleket ózderining tarihynda bir ghana mýddening jeteginde ketpeydi, sondyqtan memleket pen ony qorshaghan orta ýnemi ózgeriske týsip otyrady. Býgingi Resey – osydan 600 jyl búrynghy Mәskeu patshalyghy emes. Mongholdar – Batys bolyp tabylmaydy. Keybir syrttay úqsastyqtaryna qaramay, Putin tipten Kәri Ivan emes. Ózgermeushilik – últtyq kelbetting tanbasy. Dәl osy jaghdayda shyn mәnisinde geografiya men strategiya ýlken manyzgha iye. Osynyng nәtiyjesinde syrtqy sayasat: geosayasat, últtyq mýdde men iydeologiyanyng ghana emes, sonymen qatar, rejim tiypinin, kóshbasshy túlghasynyn, tarihy uaqyttyng jәne taghy basqa faktorlardyn  funksiyasyna ainaldy.

Reseyding syrtqy sayasatyn úghynu bizden onyng tarihy evolusiyasyna oy jýgirtuimizdi kerek etedi. Eng aldymen, zamanalyq Resey – joghary dengeyde ortalyqtanghan orys emes respublikalardyng ishki-syrtqy sayasatynyng tini bolghan Kenes imperiyasynyng múrageri jәne ayaq astynan tas-talqany shyqqan imperiyanyng jemisi.

Tarihy jazbalargha kóz salar bolsaq, Reseyding últtyq mýddesining ózgermeliligine kóz jetkizemiz. Zamanalyq Reseyding týp negizin qalaghan Mәskeu memleketi HIII ghasyrda jaqyn kórshilerimen biylik ýshin bәsekege týsushi shaghyn kinәzdik retinde ómirge keldi. Bәri de «Monghol ezgisinen» azat bolugha tyrysty. 1380 jyly Dondyq Dmitriy Kulik dalasynda mongholdardy tas-talqan etti; 1480 jyly úly kinәz Ivan III Ugra ózeninde Mәskeu biyligining negizin saldy; búdan 70 jyl ótken son, Mәskeu Qazan men Ashtarhandy basyp aldy. Ol kezde Mәskeu Ukraina nemese Bosforgha biylik jýrgizudi últtyq mýddemiz dep sanamaytyn, olar Mәskeuden tym alystatyn, qayta olar ýshin Shyghystaghy Monghol qauipi basty orynda túrdy.

Mәskeuding kelesi ekspansiyasy 1581-1649 jj. aralyghyn qamtityn Sibirdi jaulap alu prosesine úlasyp, 70 jylgha sozyldy. Rubli ýshin janyn beretin anshylardyng izin ala kazaktar men armiya bólimderi jahangerlik jasady. Búl orayda geostrategiyalyq últtyq mýdde eskerilgen joq. Kerek deseniz, XVI ghasyrda Ukraina men osmandar Mәskeuding qaperinde de bolghan joq, kerisinshe, búl kezde Litva, Polisha men Shvesiya ózara jәne ara-túra Mәskeumen soghysty. Tek XVII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda ghana polyak, mәskeu, osman týrikteri,  qyrym tatarlary men ukrain kazaktary arasyndaghy ýzdiksiz soghystardyng nәtiyjesinde Mәskeu Shyghys Ukraina aumaghyn basyp, Qara Tenizge tayap Ukraina men Osman patshalyghyn aimaqtyq strategiyalyq mýddesine ainaldyrdy.

Úzaq uaqyt Batys Europada bolghan Úly Petr Mәskeu memleketining últtyq mýddesin aiqyndauda «Mәskeu memleketine modernizasiyalanu qajet» degen óz ózgerisin engizdi. Ol tóniregine toptasqan ukrain klirikterining «Resey dep atala bastaghan onyng imperiyasy týp qazyghy býgingi Ukrainada qaghylghan orta ghasyrlyq Kiyev Rusi memleketine ata-tektik múragerlikke talasuy kerek» degen aqyl-kenesterine qúlaq asty.

Resey Imperiyasy Osman jәne onyng qyrym tatarlyq odaqtastarymen tikeley baylanysqa týsken kezde eki úly qaghanat arasyndaghy teke-tires ushygha týsti. Petr biyliginen keyingi Qara tenizge jasalghan Resey ekspansiyasy Osman imperiyasynyng әlsireui arqasynda «týrikterdi mәsihshilerding jauy» dep tanityn Bosforgha baqylau jasaudyng geostrategiyalyq josyghyn tudyrdy.  Ózin órkeniyetti el sanaghan Resey XIX ghasyrda Ortalyq Aziya men Kavkazdy ózine baghyndyrghan iri  imperiyagha ainalghanymen, 1918-1921 jyldar aralyghynda qúlap tyndy.

Imperiyalar eki jolmen qúridy. Kópshiligi uaqyt tezine tótep bere almay, óz aimaqtarynan aiyrylady. Nәtiyjesinde imperiyalyq bitim-bolmys adam aitqysyz ózgerip, búrynghy otarlarymen iydeologiyalyq, ekonomikalyq, әskeri, mәdeny jәne sayasy baylanystaryn belgili bir mólsherde saqtap qaluymen tyghyryqtan shyghady. Imperiya qúlaghannan keyin onyng ornyna ómirge kelgen jana tәuelsiz memleket qoldan shyqqan aimaqty qaytaru jolynda kóbine esh әreket etpeydi. Búnyng mysalyn biz Osmandardan kóremiz. Olardyng jaulap alghan jerlerinen aiyryluy 1683 jylghy Venany qorshaudaghy sәtsizdikten bastalyp, I jahan soghysynyng ayaqtaluymen bitedi. Imperiyanyng ornyna Týrik memleketi 1919 jyly ómirge kelip, onyng basty maqsaty 300 jyl búrynghy joghaltqan aumaqtardy qaytaryp alu emes, qayta óz tәuelsizdigin uәjdap, óz shekarasyndaghy grek jәne armyan últtyq azshylyghymen qarym-qatynasta boludy qolgha aldy.

Búdan bólek joldy sóz eter bolsaq, óz jaulap alghan aumaghyn joghaltpay, qayta basyp alghan ónirlerin keneytu kezinde 1918-1921 jj. qúlaghan  Úly Petrding sәbii Resey Imperiyasy bar. Imperiya ayaq astynan qúlaghandyqtan, Bolisheviktik Resey men onyng otarlarynyng arasynda iydeologiyalyq, ekonomikalyq, әskeri, mәdeny jәne sayasy baylanys óte kýshti edi. Bolishevikter reimperializasiya nauqany jýrgizuge mәjbýr bolyp, aqyr ayaghy 1922 jyly Kenester Odaghyn ómirge әkeldi.

Atalghan imperiya Bas Hatshy Mihail Gorbachevting Qayta Qúruy kezinde, resmy týrde 1991 jyldyng 10 jeltoqsanynda óz ómir sýruin toqtatty. Shyn mәnisinde bir týnning ishinde 14 orys emes tәuelsiz memleket ómirge keldi. Degenmen olardyng ózara baylanystyrghan kóptegen imperiyalyq baylanys esh ózgerissiz qala berdi.

Reseylikterding basym kópshiligi óz memleketi men últyn orys emes halyqtardan oq boyy ozyq sanap, ózderin órkeniyet taratushylarmyz dep sanady. Orys tili men mәdeniyeti ondaghan jyldargha sozylghan Kenestik orystandyru sayasatynyng arqasynda óz basymdyghyn jalghastyruda. Bir kezderdegi Birtútas Ekonomikalyq Infraqúrylym kenistigi onyng ishinde gaz-múnay qúbyrlarynyng ortaqtastyghy Reseyge baghynyshtylyqty jalghastyruda. Onyng ýstine Resey ýlken armiya men qaru-jaraq arsenalyna múragerlik etse, óz kezeginde jana respublikalar júlym-júlymy shyqqan kenes әskeri men qaru-jaraghyn mise tútyp,  últtyq әskerin jasaqtady. Orys emes elita men reseylik elita bir tonnyng ishki bauyrynday bolyp ketkendikten, keyde olar óz eli mýddesin qúrbandyqqa shalyp jiberetin jaghdayattarda oryn alyp túrady. Aqyr sonynda tútas orystar men olardyng elitasy imperiyadan aiyrylghandy zor qayghy sanap, óz elderin qayyra úly atandyrugha bel sheshe kiristi.

Putin men onyng aldyndaghy Boris Elisin reimperializasiyany qolgha aldy. Elisin kezindegi reimperializasiya TMD orys emes elderindegi japa shegushi orystar men orys tildilerdi qorghau ayasynda «júmsaqtana» jýrgizildi. Biraq Elisin sonymen qatar postkenestik Reseydi ekonomikalyq kýiretuge basshylyq etip, qylmys pen sybaylasqan jemqorlyqqa qanat jayghyzdy. Putinge «Mergenning basuy, Qúlannyng qasuynyn» kezi tap keldi. Ol әueli premier-ministr, keyin preziydent bolghan shaghynda Resey ekonomikasy sauyghyp, әlem naryghyndaghy múnay-gaz baghasy aspandauy onyng biyligin «qoy ýstine boztorghay júmyrtqalghanday» etti. Búl onyng bedelin júrt aldynda kókke kóterdi.

Búl rette Putin Qyrymdy anneksiyalap, Shyghys Ukrainada soghys otyn tútandyruy, mәngilik resey mýddesimen esh ýilespeydi. Kerisinshe, Putin NATO men Batysqa qatysty  Reseydi qaytadan Úly elge ainaldyrudy múrat etip, maydan tónkerisining ukrain memleketining irgesin shayqaltqanyn sezinip, diktatorlyq basqarumen qorqytyp, ekspansiyalaudyng onay oljasyna  ainaldyrdy. Imperiyalyq iydeologiya, Ukrainanyng әlsizdigi «Áy der әje, qoy der qojanyng joqtyghy» basa-kóktep jaulap alugha negiz boldy.

Eger Batystyng strategiyalyq maqsaty ekspansionistik Reseyden bólek demokratiyamen ýilesip, resey ýstemshiligine qarsy túrugha qabiletti, Mәskeudi de, Batysty da dostyq әm ózara tiyimdi ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynasqa tartugha beyim orys emes republikalardy qúru. Tap osynday jaghdayda ghana Batys pen Reseyding kórshileri Putinning imperiyalyq ambisiyasynyng jigerin qúm ete alady.

Birinshiden, olar Reseyding imperiyalyq keudemsoqtyghynyng jeteginde ketpeui kerek.

Ekinshiden, olar Resey men onyng búrynghy otarlarymen ekonomikalyq, sayasy jәne әskery baylanystardy bekemdeuden boylaryn aulaq saluy qajet. Búl baylanys ýzildi-kesildi ýzilmey, qayta ekonomikalyq túrghydan Resey ýstemdiginsiz jýrgiziluge tiyis. Batys pen AQSh orys emes shaghyn elderge kómektesu arqyly olardyng Resey resurstyq monopoliyasyna tәueldilikten aiyra otyra, ózdik energetikalyq resurstargha qol jetkizuge jәrdem etedi.

Búdan bólek Batys qashanda Resey ýshin eng qasiretti memlekettik ydyrau men kýireuge osy bastan dayyndala bergeni abzal.

1918 jyly reseylik postimperiyalyq tin negizinde janadan orys emes memeleketter ómirge keldi. Reimperializasiya óte tez әm jyldam ótti. Býgin Resey aimaqtyq úly qaghanat retinde әli óz qúdiretin saqtap qalghanymen, naghyz Imperiya qúrugha taqymy әlsiz, tizgini bosan. Ol Estoniya men Latviya siyaqty shaghyn elderdi ne tolyqtay, ne jarym jartylay basyp alghanymen de, Qazaqstan, Ózbekstan nemese Ukrainany óz óneshinen ótkize almaydy. Sonday-aq, Reseyding Belarusti basyp alu әm almauy da basy ashyq qalyp otyr. Álbette, imperiyany qalpyna keltiruding dýrbeleni tek Resey kórshilerin ghana dýrliktirmeydi, óz ishinde ala tayday býldirgige úshyratady.

Elining ekonomikasy jan-tәsilim ýstindegi Putinning jýgensiz ketken arany Afrika men Tayau Shyghysqa deyin ashylyp otyr. Búnday arany ashylghan imperiyalyq tәbetting dәureni úzaqqa sozylmaydy. Dәl qazir Putindik Resey Kenes Odaghyndaghy Leonid Brejnevting kezindegidey aldausyraghan ýmitting jeteginde jýrgen jayy bar.

Bәrinen de eng bastysy Putin ortalyqtanghan, jemqorlanghan repressiyagha beyim, modernizasiyagha iykemsiz kvazifashistik memleke qúrdy. Ol osy memleketting dini bolyp tabylatyndyqtan, ol biylikten ketken son,  ol qúrghan jýiening әlsizdigi jariya bolyp, ne ambisiyaly elita, ne bolmasa, ashynghan qara halyq tik kóteriledi. Taghdyrdyng tәlkegimen, Putin Reseyding qas jauyna ainalyp otyr. Sebebi, ol Reseydi avtoritarlyq imperiyagha ainaldyrudy basty maqsatyna ainaldyrdy.

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