Álemdik jәne qazaqstandyq tәjiriybe diaspora mәselesi әrqashan erekshe tarihy mazmúngha ie ekendigin kórsetedi. Diaspora degenimiz - adamdardyng edәuir bóligi óz elinen nemese etnikalyq aumaghynan tys jerlerge qonys audaru. Diasporanyng qalyptasuynyng negizgi sebebi - ekonomikalyq, sayasi, diny nemese basqa sebepterge baylanysty halyqtyng óz otanynan tys jerlerge qonys audaruy.

Diasporalardyng qalyptasuy men damu prosesteri Qazaqstan tarih ghylymynyng kýrdeli mәselelerining biri bolyp tabylady. Búl bir jaghynan, otarshyldyqqa deyingi, otarshyldyq jәne kenestik kezenderdi әrtýrli týsindirumen, sonday-aq tútastay tarihy ótkendi әr týrli baghalaumen baylanysty eken.

2014 jylghy 1 nauryzdaghy jaghday boyynsha Qazaqstan halqynyng jalpy sany 17 207 594 adamdy qúrady. Halyq sany boyynsha elder tiziminde 62-oryn alady. Songhy mәlimetter boyynsha, negizgi etnikalyq top - qazaqtar, halyqtyng kóp bóligin qúraydy (65%).

Eldi mekendeytin kelesi iri etnikalyq toptar - orystar (21,47%), ózbekter (3,04%), ukraindar (1,76), úighyrlar (1,44%), tatarlar (1,18%), nemister (1,06) %), koreyler (0.61%), týrikter (0.61) jәne basqalary.

Qazaqstan - unitarly, zayyrly memleket, qazaq halqy men qazaq diasporalaryn qúraytyn memleketti birtútas qazaq jerinde biriktiredi. Qazaqstandyqtar qoghamdyq kelisimdi, elding birligin baghalaydy. Biraq birlik búiryq arqyly qalyptasa almaydy. Ol Qazaqstan halqynyng berik birligining negizi bolyp tabylatyn naqty ishki ózara baylanysty irgeli iydeyalardy jýzege asyru nәtiyjesinde qalyptasady. Qazaqstan tarihynda diasporalyq qúrylymnyng qalyptasuynyng ýsh kezenin bólip kórsetuge bolady.

Qazaqstandaghy diasporalardyng qalyptasuy men damuynyng bastapqy kezeni, eng aldymen, osy aumaqtardy Resey imperiyasyna qosu prosesimen baylanysty. 18 - 20 ghasyrdyng basynda Orta Aziya aumaghynda әrtýrli etnostar payda bolyp, san jaghynan kóbeyedi. Olar manyzdy әleumettik-ekonomikalyq ról atqara bastaydy, olargha erekshe sayasy mәn beriledi. Sonymen qatar, olar arnayy mәdeny komponentterdi úsyndy. Slavyandardyq - orystar, ukraindar, belorustar, polyaktar úsyndy; týrikter - qazaqtar, qyrghyzdar, týrkmender, ózbekter, tatarlar, úighyrlar, qalmaqtar, bashqúrttar; t.s.s.

Diasporalardyng qalyptasuynyng kelesi kezeni kenestik kezenge keledi. 1924-1925 jyldardaghy әkimshilik-aumaqtyq bólu erekshe manyzdy boldy. Jәne Ortalyq Aziyadaghy shekarany qalyptastyru prosesteri ýlken әser etti. Últtyq delimitasiya nәtiyjesinde birneshe avtonomiyalyq respublikalar qúryldy, olar keyinnen odaqtas respublikalargha ainaldy.

Bastapqy әkimshilik shekaralar keyin birneshe ret qayta qaraldy. Atalghan aumaqtyq demarkasiyalar nәtiyjesinde keybir etnikalyq toptardyng yqsham ómir sýru aimaqtary әrtýrli respublikalargha kirdi (mysaly, tәjikter, Ózbekstandaghy qyrghyzdar, Qyrghyzstandaghy ózbekter jәne t.b.).

Industriyalandyru Ortalyq Aziya aimaghynyng últtyq qúrylymyn qalyptastyru prosesinde ýlken ról atqardy. Jalpy, 1930-1940 jj. ónerkәsiptik kәsiporyndarda júmys isteu ýshin Qazaqstangha 500 mynnan astam adam keldi. Bastama jәne erikti qonys audarudan basqa, 1920-1930 jj. zor kólemde kóshi-qon alyndy. Birinshiden, búl KSRO-da auyl sharuashylyghyn újymdastyru jәne soghan baylanysty ydyrau men mәjbýrlep kóshiru prosesterine baylanysty boldy.

Ortalyq Aziya aumaghyna qudalau men qughyn-sýrgin saldarynan aimaqtyng diasporalary kóbeyip keldi, bir jaghynan, san jaghynan, ekinshi jaghynan, etnikalyq qúramy aluan týrli bolyp keldi. Újymdastyru jyldarynda jәne soghystan keyingi besjyldyqta Qazaqstan aumaghyna Reseyding europalyq bóliginen jәne KSRO-nyng batys oblystarynan (Ukraina, Belarusi) ondaghan myng sharualar jiberildi. Sonymen, 1941 jyldyng 1 sәuirinde Qazaqstanda 180015 adam tirkeldi, onyng ishinde enbek qonystanushylary 46091 otbasy.

Alayda, mәjbýrli kóshi-qon sharualardy qonystandyrumen shektelmedi. 1920 jyldardyng ekinshi jartysynda jәne әsirese 1930 jyldary KSRO-da jappay repressiyalar jýrgizildi.

1920-1953 jyldardaghy Qazaqstandaghy mәlimetter boyynsha - 110 myng adam sayasy qughyn-sýrginge úshyrady. Týrli últ ókilderi repressiyagha úshyrady. Sonymen, Qazaqstan aumaghynda lagerlerding tútas jelisi qúryldy, búl keyinnen halyqtyng kópúltty qúramynyng qalyptasuyna әser etti.

Sonday-aq, 1930 jyldary әrtýrli etnostardyng Ortalyq Aziya aumaghyna jer audaryluy bastaldy - polyaktar (6681 otbasy), koreyler (20530 otbasy). Býkil halyqtardy jer audaru prosesi, kóp jaghynan, Ortalyq Aziyada jetkilikti ýlken jәne túraqty disproporsiyalyq toptardyng qúryluyna negiz boldy. Osylaysha, ýzdiksiz qughyn-sýrgin, jer audaru, yghystyru jәne mәjbýrlep kóshiru, sayyp kelgende, Ortalyq Aziya túrghyndarynyng kóp últty qúramyn qúrady.

Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys diasporalar men olardyng sanyn tolyqtyruda manyzdy ról atqardy, osy jyldar ishinde ónerkәsiptik kәsiporyndar men júmysshylar oblys aumaghyna kóshirildi. Soghystyng sonynda kóptegen kәsiporyndar qayta evakuasiyadan ótti, alayda keybireuleri Ortalyq Aziya respublikalarynda qaldy jәne ónerkәsiptik óndiristi odan әri damytugha jәne kóp últty qúrylymdy qalyptastyrugha negiz boldy.

Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde Orta Aziya aimaghy KSRO-nyng tereng tylynda boldy. Beybit túrghyndar maydan shebinen aumaqtardan evakuasiyalandy, jetim balalar, auruhanagha jatqyzu jәne t.b. Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys kezinde Qazaqstangha 500 mynnan astam adam evakuasiyalandy. Múnyng bәri halyqty әrtýrli etnostardyng ókilderimen tolyqtyrugha, diasporalar qúramynyng kóbengine yqpal etti.

Sonymen qatar, Ekinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys jyldarynda býkil halyqtardyng qughyn-sýrgin jәne kýshtep kóshiru sayasaty jalghasty. Nemister (420 mynnan astam adam), Qyrym tatarlary (4,5 myng adam), meshet týrikteri (27 mynnan astam), qalmaqtar (shamamen 100 myn), Soltýstik Kavkaz halyqtary (Qazaqstangha jer audaryldy) Sheshender men ingushtar - 400 mynnan astam, qarachaylar - shamamen 70 myn, balkarlar - shamamen 25 myng adam). Búl sonymen qatar aimaqtyng etnikalyq әrtýrliligining qalyptasuyna әser etti.

Tyng jәne tynayghan jerlerdi iygeru sayasaty Orta Aziyadaghy diasporalardyng qalyptasuyna aitarlyqtay ýles qosty. Búl sayasy aksiya negizinen 1954-1962 jj. aralyghynda Qazaqstan territoriyasyna shamamen 2 million adam keldi. Tyng jerlerdi iygeru jyldarynda jastardyng erikti kóship kelu auqymy ýlken dengeyge jetti. Tyng Ortalyq Aziya respublikalarynda etnikalyq mozayka degen jaghdaydy qalyptastyrdy. Sonymen birge, 1950-1960 jj. tek Ortalyq Aziya respublikalarynyng aumaghyna kóshi-qon aghyny ghana emes boldy. Búl kezde emigrasiya vektory da qalyptasty. Solardyng ishinde qughyn-sýrginge úshyraghan, jer audarylghan jәne búrynghy túrghylyqty jerlerine jer audarylghan adamdardyng keybirin qaytaru prosesin erekshe atap ótu kerek. Sonymen qatar, aimaqta «tamyr jaya almaghan» tyng jerlerdi iygerushilerding bir bóligi óz tarihy otanyna oraldy.

1970-1980 jj. әr Ortalyq Aziya respublikalarynda naqty diasporalyq qúrylymdy qalyptastyru uaqyty dep ataugha bolady. 1980 jyldardyng ayaghynda Orta Aziya respublikalarynda az túraqty diasporalar qalyptasady. Osy uaqytqa deyin eng kóp diasporalar - orystar, nemister, ukraindar, tatarlar, belorustar, koreyler, polyaktar, sheshender jәne grekter boldy.

Kelesi kezeng postkenestik kezenge týsedi jәne qazirgi kezendegi diasporalardyng jaghdayyn anyqtau ýshin ýlken júmys jýrgizu kerek ekenin bәrimiz týsinip otyrmyz. Eger aldynghy kezender diasporalardyng damuynyng jalpy tendensiyalarymen sipattalsa, onda qazirgi Ortalyq Aziya әrtýrli núsqalardy kórsetedi.

Jalpygha ortaq nәrse, barlyq elderdegi әrtýrli diasporalardyng sany azangda. Degenmen, diasporalar ómir sýrudi jalghastyruda, alayda olardyng memlekettik jәne qoghamdyq ómirdegi, qoghamdyq pikirdi qalyptastyrudaghy jәne basqa da baghyttardaghy róli elge qaray ózgerip otyrady. Qazirgi kezende otandastar qauymdastyghyna arnalghan dýniyejýzilik úiymdar diasporalardyng qalyptasuy men damuy mәselelerine qyzyghushylyq tanytyp otyr. Naqty úiymdardyng biri - Dýniyejýzi qazaqtarynyng qauymdastyghy, ol әlemning әrtýrli elderindegi qazaq diasporasynyng qalyptasuy men damuy turaly zertteulerdi qoldaydy. 

Qorytyndylay kele, diasporalar kóshi-qon nәtiyjesinde payda bolghandyghyn, sondyqtan olardyng payda bolu sebepterin olardyng shyqqan elining tarihyna silteme jasau arqyly ghana anyqtaugha bolatyndyghyn atap ótken jón. Sonymen qatar, qalyptasu men damumen diasporalardyng tarihy qabyldaushy elding tarihyna birtindep toqyp, osy tarihtyng ajyramas bóligine ainalady.

Osylaysha, diasporalar әrtýrli elderding tarihyn baylanystyrady. Etnosaralyq jәne mәdeniyetaralyq ózara is-qimyl diaspora arqyly belgili bir memleket ayasynda da, memleketaralyq dengeyde de jýredi.

Kerimsal Júbatqanov

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