Jana әlipby nauqany mynaday súraq tastady: «Latynnyng 26 tanbasymen ghana әlipby jasau mýmkin be?», «Jana әlipbiyde qosymsha tanba almay shyghu mýmkin be?», «Álipbiyde latynnyng barlyq әripterin paydalanu mindet pe?»...

Latynnyng 26 tanbasymen ghana әlipby jasaudyng mýmkin emestigin roman-german tilderining ózi – aghylshyn, fransuz, nemis әlipbiyleri kórsetti. Latyn әlipbiyining 26 әrpin tolyq qoldanyp, aghylshyn әlipbiyinen basqasy qosymsha diakritikalyq tanbalar aldy. Aghylshyn grafikasy (әlipbii emes) qosar tanbalar paydalandy. Jazba tili men auyzsha tilining arasynda aiyrmashylyq ýlken, jazba tilin mengeru qiyndyq tudyratyn, iydeografiyalyq jazugha ainalyp bara jatqan jazu bolsa da, búl olardyng últtyq ereksheligine ainaldy. 

Fransuz әlipbii tildegi 36 fonemany tanbalau ýshin 26 latyn әrpining ýstine est, et, ai, ei, eu, au, oeu, am, on, em, en, in, aux, eou, ain, aim, ein, ien, oi, gn, ss, ph, ch, ill, il, t.b. әripter tirkesin jәne diakritikalyq tanbalary bar әripterdi qosymsha paydalandy.

Yaghny latyn әlipbiyin qabyldaghan aghylshyn, fransuz, nemis, norveg, dat, portugal, rumyn, cheh tilderi 26 әripting ýstine qosar әrip te, diakritikalyq әrip te alghan, al italiyan, polyak, finn, vengr, týrik jazulary 26 әripti tolyq almay, onyng ornyna qosarlap, ne diakritikalap grafika jasaghan, eng bastysy ózderining tilin beynelegen últtyq jazular. Yaghny «Latynnyng 26 tanbasymen  әlipby jasau mýmkin be?» degen súraqqa mýmkin emes degen naqty jauap alamyz. Jalpy, ashyq әlipby bolsyn, jabyq әlipby bolsyn, belgili bir әlipbiyde paydalanylghanda úshtalyp, jetildirilip qoldanylady. Mysaly, ashyq jazu jýiesining biri – arab әlipbiyin qabyldaghan parsy jazuynda (IV-V gh.) 32 әripting 29-y dauyssyzdy, 3-i dauystyny tanbalaydy. Arab әlipbiyining ýstine parsy tilining ózine tәn 4 fonemasyna (hoye, iyә, vav, gәf) qosymsha әrip berilgen. a, u, y dauystysynan basqa e, ә, ó fonemalary harakattar arqyly tanbalanghan.

Jabyq jazu týrlerining ishinde korey әlipbiyinde (1443j.) 41 әrip bar. 41 әripting 10-y (a, ya, o (erindik), e (erindik), o, e (ezulik), u, yu, y, i) dauysty fonemany, 12-si diftongoid dauystyny (e, e, iye, iye, oa, ue, ue, oi, uo, ue, ui, yiy), 11-i dauyssyz fonemany (k, n, t, r, m, p, s, n, j, ch, h), 8-i dauyssyz diftongoidty (khy, thy, phy, kk, tt, pp, ss, djj) tanbalaydy. Bir әrip eki fonemany (mysaly, bir әrippen k-g, t-d, l-r, p-b dybystary tanbalanady) da bere beredi. XVgh. deyin qytay iyerogliyfin paydalanghandyqtan kóne әdeby tildegi sózderdi iyeroglifpen de jazdy.

B.e.d. VIgh. qytay iyeroglifterining negizinde jasalghan japon jazuynda eki әlipby týri bar: hiragana jәne katakana. Katakana alfaviyti tek shettildik sózder men shettildik kisi esimderimen jer-su attaularyn jazu ýshin paydalanylady. Japon jazuy buyn jazumen iyeroglif jazu birge qoldanylatyn aralas jazu tiypine jatady. Álipbiyde 5 dauysty (a, i, u, e, o) dauyssyzdarmen (k, s, t, n, b, ћ, m, y, r, w, n, p) buyn qúraytyn 51 әrip bar, mysaly, ka, ki, ku, ke, ko, sa, shi, su, se, so t.b. buyndarynyng jeke-jeke tanbalary bolady. Sonda tórt buynnan, 8 fonemadan túratyn hiragana sózin 4 tanbamen beredi.

Búl mysaldar «Qosymsha tanba almay shyghu mýmkin be?» degen súraqqa mýmkin emes degen jauap aitady. Biraq ashyq әlipby týri әrip sany fonema sanynan әldeqayda kem, jazu-oqu prosesi birshama qiyndyq tudyratyn, jazu ekonomiyasy nashar әlipby berse de, әr jazu tilding qabyrghasyn sókpey, «qiynnan qiystyryp» últtyq jazularyn jasaghan. 

1929-1939 jj. әlipbiyimizde latynnyng 26 tanbasyn tútas paydalanbadyq, maqsatsyz qoldanbadyq, qyzmetsiz júmsamadyq. Qazaq tilining ózine tәn dybystarynyng tanbasy latynnyng úqsas dybystarynyng әrpinen shygharyldy:1) ә әrpi e jinishke dauystysynyng tónkerilgen tanbasy, 2) ó tanbasy o әrpining beli syzylghan týri, 3) ƣ (gh) úyang dybysyn qatang q (q)әrpin ózgertip berdik; 4) y dybysyn i әrpining jazba týrin ózgertip (i) tanbaladyq, 5) sh dybysyn s әrpimen berdik, 6) sh dybysynyng úyang varianty j dybysyna s әrpin ózgertip berdik (ҫ), 7) ng dybysyn n әrpine úqsatyp, ŋ-men tanbaladyq. Úqsas dybystar úqsas әriptermen tanbalanghany oqytuda, sauat ashuda onay bolghan, әlippeni tez ýirengen, al oquda tez tanylghan, jazuda qoldy ýzbey jazugha kómektesken. Tek ú→u, ý→y, u→v erindik dybystarynyng tanbasy әrtýrli boldy.

1929 j. jazu yqsham, ontayly, jenil jazu bolghan. Al búl shyndyghynda, Baytúrsynúlynyng jetilgen, «ýlgi әlipbiyinin» jalghasy edi!

Búl 1940 jyly orys әlipbiyine kóshkende de ýlgi boldy: q dybysy k әrpining ayaq salynghan týri, gh dybysy g әrpining beli syzylghan týri, n dybysy n әrpining ayaq salynghan týrimen beynelenip, ó men ә dybystary latyndaghy týrin saqtady, ú men ý dybysy erindik u dybysynyng tanbasynan shygharyldy, tek y men i dybystarynyng tanbasy úqsamady. 

Qazaq jazuy qashan da bir dybysqa bir әrip arnaghan, ortaq týrki әlipbiyining sharttaryn saqtaghan әlipby týrlerimen jazghan. 1929 jylghy latyn әlipbiyin de, 1940 jylghy kiril әlipbiyinde de ortaq kelisilgen tanbalardan ózgeni paydalanbaghan. Qypshaq tilderi tobyndaghy noghay jazuy siyaqty ә dybysyn ai, q dybysyn k, n dybysyn n, ó dybysyn o, ú dybysyn ui, gh dybysyn g әrpimen berip jazuyn úzartpaghan. Nemese qarashay jazuynday g (gh), k (q), ng (n) qosar әriptermen qatar,orys tilining tanbalarymen tól dauystylardy berip, shatastyrmaghan: e (ó), yu (ý), y (i).

Al «Álipbiyde latynnyng barlyq әripterin paydalanu mindet pe?» degenge әr әlipby әrtýrli jauap kórsetken. Ol әsirese w, c, h әripterine qatysty. W әrpi aghylshyn әlipbiyinde dauyssyz [u] dybysyn beredi, biraq sonday-aq, dauystylardy beretin qosar tanbalardyng ishinde qoldanylady. Kez kelgen dauystynyng aldynda [u] bolyp oqylady, mysaly, west, winner, r әrpimen birge sóz basynda kelse, oqylmaydy, mysaly wrong, write, al aw, ew, ow digrafynyng qúramynda «dybysy óshedi», h әrpimen digraf qúrsa, birde [u] bolyp oqylady, birde taghy «ýni óshedi». Ol latynnyng týpnúsqa әlipbiyindegi u әrpimen jarysyp ta qoldanylghan, mysaly,  flour/flower, guard/ward iy suede/Swede.. Biraq maghynasy basqa sózder jasalghan. Yaghny u әrpining beretin dybysyna úqsas bolghandyqtan, búl әripting qyzmeti keyde artyqtyq etken. Endeshe qazaq әlipbiyinde de u әrpimen birge jarystyrmay, w әrpin aludyng qajeti joq. 

Sol siyaqty s, h әripterining de basy artyq bolayyn dep túr. Álipbiyge bir [u] dybysyn belgileytin w\u, [c] dybysyn tanbalaytyn s\s, [h] dybysyn tanbalaytyn h\h әripterin jinasaq, «joq jerden» problema tabamyz. Býgingi kiril jazuynyng ózinde q, h jәne h әripterining qaysysyn tandarymyzdy bilmey otyratynymyzdy eske alayyq. Hali me, qali me, hosh pa, qosh pa, Gauhar ma, Gauhar ma edi, jihanger me, jihanger me, dastarhan ba, dastarqan ba, rahmet pe, raqmet pe?  

Al әlipbiyge S әrpin alsaq, ol qay dybysty tanbalamaq? S dybysyn tanbalay ma? Álde s dybysyn tanbalay ma? Kiril jazuyndaghy s dybysyn latyn jazuyna nege «ertip kiremiz?» Alsaq, osy kezge deyin tilimizge orys tili arqyly enip ketken termin sózderdi jazu ýshin ghana alamyz. Kerek qylsaq, qazirgi kiril sanamen oilaytyn ózimizdi ghana oilap, kerek qylamyz. Al odan keyin búl әripting qyzmeti әlsireydi. Bolashaqta roman-german tilderinen osy s әrpi bar jana sóz alatyn kezde bizde S jәne S әrpimen jazu jaryspalyghy bolady. Sebebi ol kezde bizding úrpaqtyng sanasynan ekinshi shet tili bolatyn – orys tilining S әrpi ketedi. 

Endeshe «Álipbiyde latynnyng barlyq әripterin paydalanu mindet pe?» degen saualgha mindet emes dep jauap beremiz. 

Qúralay Kýderinova

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