Kavkazdyq qarashay, balqar jәne qúmyq últtarynyng tilderi qazaq tiline óte jaqyn ekeni barlyghymyzgha mәlim (1). Olardyng tilderi kórshi oghyzdyq azerbayjan tiline emes, alysta jatqan qazaqtyng tiline úqsastyghy taghy beker emes. Resey ghalymdary «kavkazdyq nәsil», «mangoloidtyq nәsil» degen jalghan tújyrymdary arqyly bizding ózara tuys ekenimizdi negizinen joqqa shygharghan bolatyn.

Áriyne onday tújyrymnyn, aqiqatynda, qúny kók tiyn! Barsha adamzat Adam ata men Haua anadan taraydy, Jaratushy Alla adamnyng aghzasyna jer betindegi kez kelgen aimaqtyng klimatyna beyimdele alatyn mýmkindik bergen. Kavkazgha baryp ornyqqan aziyalyq adamnyng aghzasynda gendik dengeyde ózgerister oryn alady, osy gendik beyimdeluding kómegimen sol aziyalyq adamnyng úrpaqtary shamamen 600-700 jylda tolyqtay kavkazdyq keyiptegi adam bolyp qalyptasyp, ózgeriske úshyraghan. Mәselen, arghy teginde arab bolyp tabylatyn bizdegi qojalardyng keyipterinde sol arabtargha esh úqsastyq qalmaghan. Olardyng keyipteri barsha qazaqtar siyaqty, aziyalyq nәsilde. Qojalarda songhy kezge deyin qaradan, yaghny jergilikti qazaqtan qyz alyspau dәstýri saqtalyp kelgenimen, olardyng týrleri qazaqy bolyp qalyptasyp ketti. Qojalar shamamen XII ghasyrda keldi bizding dalamyzgha. Al XVIII ghasyrlardyng túsynda olar qazaqy bolyp ýlgergen. Mine, osy derekting ózi últtar tarihyn nәsildik kózqaraspen zerdeleuding ýlken qatelik ekenin kórsetedi.

Jogharyda atalghan kavkazdyq últtar men qazaqtyn, anyghynda arghy tegi bir halyqtan. Qarashay, balqar jәne digor últtary huni-qúng halqynyng alan-úlan degen taypasynan qalyptassa, qúmyq últy sol huni-qúng halqynyng qúman taypasynan payda boldy (qúmyqtar jayynda bólek maqalada aitamyz). Al qazaq halqy bolsa, sol huni-qúng halqynyng negizgi bóligi men saq-skif taypasynyng ózara aralasyp, birtútas halyqqa ainaluymen payda bolghan.

Endi osy jazbany naqty derektermen naqtylay týssek,  Kavkazdy I ghasyrda jaulap barghan Alan taypasynda ash-tigor degen ru bolghany aqiqat. Resey ghalymdarynyng tújyrymdauynsha, alandardyng úrpaghy – osetinder. Osetin halqy – iron jәne digor degen eki etnostan qúralghan, iron men digor tilderi arghy týbinde ózara tuys emes. Iron-osetin tili iran tiline jaqyn ekenin jәne osetinder qúramyndaghy digor tobynyng alandardan ekenin paydalanghan orys oqymystylary múny bylay búrmalady: «Alandar úrpaghy – osetinder, óitkeni osetin digorlary alandyq ash-tigor ruynan bolady. Osetin tili (iron tili) men iran tili tuys. Demek, alandar iran tildi bolghan. Al alan taypasy skiyf-sarmattargha jatady, olay bolsa skiyf-sarmat halqy da (saqtar) irantildi bolghan».

Reseyshilder iran tiline tuys iron-osetin tilining alandar úrpaghy digor-osetinderge esh qatysy joqtyghyna kóz júma qarady. Bir-birin «alan» deytin týrkitildi qarashay men balqarlardyng naghyz alandar ekenin jәne osetiyn-digorlar men qarashay-balqardyng sózderi úqsastyghyn әdeyi kózge ilmedi. Ony aitsa, ótirikterining kýli kókke úshatynyn jaqsy týsindi. Resey ghalymdary «saq-skifter – iran tildi kóshpendiler» degen jalghan tújyrymdaryn dәleldeu ýshin «alandar – skiyf-sarmattyq taypa» dep búrmalady. Alayda, alan taypasynyng saq-skif emes, huni-qúng elinen ekeni tarihy derekterden anyq kórinis tabady.

V ghasyr men I ghasyr aralyghyndaghy ataqty Húng (huni) imperiyasy biyligi siluani-diy taypasynda bolghan. Osy siluani-diy dúrysynda "asylúian-dar" degen taypa, yaghny «Asylúyan» dep atalghan (húndyq "dar" jalghauyn qytaylar "di" dep qysqartyp jibergen). Biyleushi taypanyng adamdaryn «asylúian-dar» deytinin estigen qytay derekteri ony «siluani-diy» dep kórsetken. Demek, Húng imperiyasyn biylegen taypa atauy – Asylúya.

Húndar – 24 taypaly halyq, «siluani-diy», «huyani», «lyani», «suybu» degen 4 taypa – memleket biyliginde óz oryndary bar, tandauly «aq» taypalar. Qalghan 20-sy – óz kósemi men jasaghy bar qarapayym taypalar. Huni imperiyasy biyleushisin qytaylar «Shaniu» deydi. Ony «shynýi» dep týzesek, maghynasy naghyz patshagha layyq atau bolyp shyghady («shyn» – vershina, al «ýi» – dom, shynýy – vysochayshiy dom), shynýy – «hanýi» nemese «patshaýi» degen maghynada. Demek, qytay jazbasyndaghy «shaniu» – húng tilinde «shynýi». Biyleushi  asylúyan (siluani) taypasy tek tandauly 3 taypamen ghana qyz alysyp, berisken. Qytay tilining bilikti mamany «huyani» – qúman taypasy, «lyani» – úlan (alan) taypasy, «suybu» – súrbóri («kókbóri») taypasy dep tújyrym jasaydy.

Asylúya dinastiyasynyng óz halqy qazaq ekenin, yaghny qazaq últynyng húng halqynyng ýzilmegen jalghasy ekenin osy ataulardyng huni-húndar zamanynan esh ózgermey «qazaqy» kýide bizge jetui aiqyn dәleldeydi.  Qazaqta «úlan» atauy әskery termin retinde qoldanylady, mysaly, «Jas úlan» әskery mektebi. Soghan qaraghanda, Huni imperiyasynda úlan (alan) taypasy memleketting әskery salasyn basqarghan dep tújyrymdaugha negiz bar.

Huni imperiyasyndaghy úlan taypasyn qytay jazbalary «lyani» dep kórsetse, I ghasyrda Kavkazgha barghan sol úlan taypasyn rim jazbalarynda alan dep kezdesedi. Rim jazbalary alandardyng keudelerine aidahar beynesin jabystyryp alatynyn, alandardyng ol beyneni soghys kezinde ózderin ózgelerden aiyryp tanuy ýshin jәne jaularyn shoshytu ýshin qoldanatynyn atap kórsetedi. Saq-skifterde aidahar beynesi qoldanylghany jayly esh derek joq, al huni halqynyng jalghasy bolghan gunn elinde aidahar beynesi jappay qoldanysta bolghany anyq derek. Aydahar beyneli Qytay imperiyasymen qoyan-qoltyq qarym-qatynasta bolghan Huni-qúng elinde ol beynening qoldanyluy zandylyq. Osy faktiler alan taypasynyng anyghynda huni-qúng halqynyng úlan dep atalatyn tandauly taypasy ekenin aighaqtaydy.

Húng halqynyng alan (úlan) taypasynyng keybir toby, әriyne qazaq halqynda saqtaldy. Olar – tarihy derekterde «alan-tanaidy» dep kórsetiletin tana taypasy (kishi jýzde) jәne qúramynda baytana ruy bar dulat taypasy (úly jýzde). Vengr-majarlary ózderin alan kósemi Dulanyn eki qyzynan taratatyny mәlim, osy derek qazaqtyng alan (úlan) taypasy keyin Dula kósemning esimimen atalyp ketkenin dәleldeydi. Demek, qazaqtyng Dulat taypasy sol alan (úlan) taypasynyng tap ózi.

Lev Gumiylevting húndar jayly derekterinde mynaday joldar bar: «Qytay biyligi I ghasyrda huyani (qúman) taypasynyng kósemin aldap shaqyryp, ony shaniu (shynýi-patsha) etip saylaugha tyrysqan. Alayda, ol adamnyng ózi de, taypasy da oghan kónbegen». Onda barsha húng halqy tek asylúyang (siluani) taypasynyng ókilin ghana biyleushi dep moyyndaghany jazylghan. Demek, bizding zamanymyzdyng I ghasyrynda Kavkazdy jaulaghan alandardy da bastap barghan biyleushi top Asylúya dinastiyasynan bolghany anyq. Armiyan jazbasynda da IV ghasyrda alandarda «ash-tigor» ruy bolghanyn aighaqtaydy. Osy ataudy «As-túghyr» degen jón. Óitkeni, keyingi Asylúya dinastiyasy kóbine qysqasha «As» nemese «Ash» ataularymen kezdesedi jәne qazaq tilinde «túghyr» sózining maghynasy «jogharghy arnayy oryn» degenge sayady. Digor últy taptyq (sosloviyelik) qúrylymnan túrady (2), osy derekting ózi tigor-túghyr ruy Asylúya dinastiyasynan ekenin aighaqtaydy. Yaghni, I ghasyrda Kavkazdy jaulaghan alandardy (úlan, qytaysha – «lyani») Asylúya taypasynyng «as-túghyr» degen ruy biylegen.

Arab tarihshysy Ál Masudy alandardyng VII ghasyrda hristian dinin qabyldaghanyn, alayda olardyng IH ghasyrda svyashennikterin Vizantiyagha quyp jiberip eski senimderine auysqanyn, al taudyng arghy jaghyndaghy dalada Úly Búlghariya hany sol jýzjyldyqta Islam dinin qabyldaghanyn jazady (3). Búlghar hanzadalary «hanasuvegiy», yaghny «han asýy begi» dep atalghany belgili. Demek, Úly Búlghariyany biylegen – Asylúya adamdary.

Osy Ál Masudy derekterinen shyghatyn qorytyndy:  Úly Búlghariyada Islam dinining ornyghuyna qarsy key hanzadalar qol astyndaghy júrtymen Kavkazgha ketip, ondaghy Alan eli biyligin as-túghyr (ash-tigor) tobynan tartyp alyp, alandardy eski «tәniri» senimine qaytarghan. Alandar úrpaghy – balqar men qarashay últtary jәne osetinder qúramyndaghy digor etnosy. Alan elin biylegen sol búlgharlyq dinastiya balqar últyn qalyptastyrsa, qarasha halyq, yaghni  qarapayym alandar – qazirgi qarashay últy. Biylikten airylghan as-túghyr (ash-tigor) toby kórshi ir halqyn baghyndyryp, osetin últynyng negizin qalady (Ál Masudy alandargha kórshi kashak (qazaq) jәne iyr degen halyqtary otar bolghanyn kórsetken (4), al osetinderding negizgi bóligi ózderin «iron» dep ataydy).

«Osetiyn» atauy gruzindik «As-etiyn» («as edi») sózinen shyqqanyn ghalymdar dәleldep ketken. Yaghni, iyr halqyn biylegen as-túghyr (ash-tigor) tobyn gruzinder «as-etiyn» dep ataghandyqtan, halyq atauy «osetiyn» bolyp ornyqty. Qazir osetin últynyng 80 payyzy – «iron» dep atalatyn irontildi etnos (5), al qalghany – solargha sinisip, óz týrkitilin  joghalta bastaghan alandyq «digor» últy. Kenes ókimetining bir kósemi Stalinning digor tilin qoldanugha tyiym saluy digor tilining «irondaluyna» jol ashqany anyq. Patshalyq Reseyding shynayy biyleushisi bolghan iyezuid toby halyqtar tarihyn josparly týrde ózgertumen ainalysty (6). Leninning zamanynda ýzilip qalghan sol súrqay sayasatty Stalin әri qaray jalghastyrghan.

Qarashaylar men digorlardyng ýlken bóligi keyingi zamangha deyin balqar tórelerining biyligine jýginip keldi. Balqarlardyng sosloviyelik qúrylymy Húng imperiyasy jýiesine óte úqsas (7), eng joghary biylik «Úlyýi» tórening qolynda. Osetinder balqarlardy «Astar» dep ataghan eken. Osy derekter balqar últy alandardy biylegen búlgharlyq Asylúya dinastiyasynan qalyptasqanyn kórsetedi.

Osy kórsetilgen derekterden kavkazdyq balqar, qarashay jәne osetinder qúramyndaghy digor (túghyr) últtary ataqty Alan elinen ekenin jәne arghy teginde olar men qazaqtar bir halyqtan taraytynyn aighaqtaydy.

Qosymshalar:

(1) – «Qazaq tili – týrk tilderi tobyna jatady, onyng ishinde qypshaq tobyna kiredi. Eng jaqyn tuys tilderi – qaraqalpaq, qyrghyz, noghay, tatar, qúmyq, balqar, qarashay tilderi. Osy halyq ókilderi bir-birimen tilmashsyz-aq op-onay tildese alady». (Qazaq tarihynan)

(2) – «Digorlar – osetinderding digor tilinde sóileytin etnografiyalyq toby. Iron dialektisinde sóileytinder digor tilin siyrek iygergen jәne qatynas jasau tәjiriybesinsiz ony týsinbeydi. Kerisinshe, digorlardyng basym bóligi iron tilin týsinedi jәne ony iygergenderi de bar. Óitkeni, Osetiyada iron tili keng taraghan jәne Kenes zamanynda osetinderding jalghyz әdeby tili bop eseptelgen, sondyqtan ol digorlargha da oqytylghan.

Kenes ókimeti ornaghan kezden 1937 jylgha deyin digor tili jeke til sanaldy, arnayy әlipbii boldy, oqulyqtar men basqa da basylymdar shygharyldy. Alayda 1937 jyly digor әlipbii «kontrrevolusiyalyq» dep jariyalanyp, digor tili osetin tilining dialektisi dep tanyldy. Al ozyq digor ziyalylary repressiyagha úshyrady. M.I.Isaevtyng derekteri sýiensek, digor dialektisinde iron dialektisinde kezdespeytin 2500 sóz saqtalghan. Digor sosloviyesi: SARGASATA (digor aqsýiegi), BADILYaTA (digor aqsýiegi), ADAMIHATA (erkin qauym mýsheleri – negizgi túrghyndar), KUMAYYaGTA (bastardy, sózbe-sóz – mal qorada tughandar), KOSAGTA (malaylar, qúldar). HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda músylman digorlardyng edәuir bóligi Týrkiyagha qonys audardy. Onda Qars qalasy (Sarykamysh jәne Hamamy auyldary) manynda tyghyz qonystanghan. Digor tekteri: Adaevtar, Arshiyevter, Aseevter, Batoevtar, Betanovtar, Betrozovtar, Bolloevtar, Vaniyevter, Gegkiyevter (donifarlyq), Dambegovter, Dashiyevter, Dziraevtar, Dzoblaevtar, Dzodzaevtar, Digurovtar, Eleevter, Kambolovtar (donifarlyq), Kanukovtar, Kojiyevter, Koloevter, Kochiyevter, Kulichiyevter, Levanovtar, Sabaevtar, Sozaevtar, Sageevtar, Taysaevtar, Takazovtar, Tamaevtar, Tubeevter, Hachirovtar, Hidirovtar, Samakaevtar, Seboevtar, Seovtar, Chibiyevter. Dәstýrli digor esimderi: Astan, Avdan, Saukuy, Saray, Kermen, Tambiy, Fasbay, Basiyl, Galau, Digiys, Huasdzau, Barag, Uruymag, Afsati, Ahsarbek, Dzala. Mairbek, Ahsara, Ahsartak, Marklen, Saban, Sattalag, Astemur, Saulag, Uruzmag, Safarbi, Afako».  (Digorlar tarihynan)

(3) –  «Qazirgi uaqytta, yaghny 943 jyly búlghar patshasy músylman boldy. Ol 922 jyldan keyingi Múhtadir Billah zamanynda, týsinde ayan berilgen song músylmandyqty qabyldaghan. Islam payda bolghanda jәne Abbasidter kezinde alan patshalary hristiandyqty qabyldaghan, al oghan deyin olar kópqúdayshyl bolghan. 932 jyldan keyin hristiandyqtan bas tartty jәne Vizantiya imperatory ózderine búghan deyin jibergen episkoptar men dinbasylaryn quyp jibergen. Alan patshasy joryqqa 30 myng salt attymen shyghady. Ol quatty, erjýrek, óte kýshti jәne patshalar arasynda berik sayasat jýrgizedi». (Shirvan jәne әl Bab tarihy. Ál Masudiy)

(4) - «Alandar patshalyghynan keyin Kabh tauy men Rum tenizining (Vizantiya) aralyghynda tirshilik etetin kashak degen halyq bar. Olargha irgeles ózge ýlken taypa otyr jәne olarmen kashaktar arasyn ózen bólip túr. Búl ózen kólemi jaghynan Evfratqa úqsas jәne jaghasynda Trapezond túrghan Nitasqa qúyady. Olar IYr.m dep atalady jәne erekshe adamdardan qúralghan. Olar – pútqa tabynushylar». (Shirvan jәne әl Bab tarihy. Ál Masudiy)

(5) - «Orys tilinde irondar da, digorlar da «osetinder» dep atalady,  gruzinshe – «osiy». Búl elding «Oseti» atauynan shyqqan. Osy nemese ovsy degen gruzindik atau alan atauynyng «asy» bóliginen payda body. Osetin tilinde osetinderding ortaq atauy joq. Irondyqtar – «iyr», al digorlyqtar «digor» dep atalady». (Osetinder tarihynan)

(6) – «Oqighalar jyldam órbidi, iyezuitter qúrghan ssenariy negizinde jýzege asty. Ulanghan Ivan Groznyy úzaq qinalyp jan tapsyrghannan son, taqqa onyng jarymes úly Fedor Ivanúly otyrdy. Al Kremlidegi biylikti Boris Godunov alyp qoydy. Ol biylikke kele salysymen, eng aldymen Siymeon patshany býkil ataqtarynan aiyryp, ýiinen, kishkentay Rusinen quyp shyqty. Shirkeu biylikke Romanovtardy keltirgen HVII ghasyrdaghy alasapyrannan bastap Resey Rusiten alystay berdi – onyng týriktik tamyryna balta shabyldy, slavyan mifterin oilap tauyp, ózderin sendirdi.

Endi alasapyrandy (Smuta) iyezuitterding úiymdastyrghany úmyt boldy, sonyng ózinde olar patriarhalidy Rusipen kýres týrindegi inkvizisiyasyn jalghastyrumen boldy. Kremlidegi boyarlardy dvoryandargha auystyrdy, krepostnoylyq qúqyqty bekitti, tilding slavyandyq dialektisin oilap tapty, halyqty tarihynan aiyrdy. Bir sózben aitqanda, adamardyng miyna imperiyalyq ambisiyalar men iydeologiyany qúidy.

Ivan Groznyidyng túsynda Mәskeu Rusi qay tilde sóiledi? Týrikshe dep jauap beremin. Ýirenshikti estilmeydi, alayda asyqpanyzdar. Biz ben siz sóilep jýrgen slavyan dialektisi iyezuit Lavreniy Zizaniyanyng qalamynan payda boldy. 1618 jyly osy júmysty Melentiy Smotriskiy ayaqtady, ol da iyezuiyt. Ol shirkeulik prihod mektepterinde slavyandar dep atalghan týrikterdi jana tilge oqytqan "Grammatika" oqulyghyn shyghardy. Karamziyn, Soloviev, Rybakov ózderining tarihy enbekterin jazghan modelidi iyezuitter dayyndaghanyn kópshiligi bile bermeydi. Yakov Brus ony reseylikterding miyna qúiyp otyrdy. Onyng "Kabiynettik jylnamasy" qaydan payda bolghanyn eshkim bilmedi, alayda dәl osy basqalaryna ýlgi boldy. Osy boyynsha ýsh ghasyrdan beri Resey tarihy jazylyp keledi.

Brusting jetekshiligimen orystyng túnghysh tarihshysy Vasiliy Tatiyshev HVIII ghasyrda Rimning dәstýrli kózqarasy jýzege asyrylghan, al qisyn men derekteri soraqy qarama-qayshylyqqa toly "Eng ejelgi zamannan bastalghan Resey tarihy" degen irgeli enbegin jazdy. Ghasyrlar emes, patriarhalidy mynjyldyq joghaldy. Eng kórnektileri! IYezuitter olardy shauyp alyp tastady, ornyna IH ghasyrdy, Kiyevti, slavyandar men Kiyev Rusining baylanyssyz "tarihyn" oilap tapty». (Mәngilik kók aspansyz. Murad Adjiy)

(7) - «Shyn mәnisinde, balkarlar men qarashaylar әkimshilik jaghynan ekige bólingen birtútas halyq bolyp tabylady. HIÝ-HÝIII ghasyrlardaghy gruzin derekkózderine balkarlar «basiandar» degen atpen engen. Osetinder olardy astar dep atady. Balkarlar men karashaylar arasynda «alan» etnoniymi kýndelikti bir-birin qaratu sózi retinde saqtalghan. Biyik tauly jaghdayda bolsa da balqarlarda feodalizmning damyghan kópsatyly sosloviyelik iyerarhiyasy men tereng әleumettik-mýliktik jiktelu formasy qalyptasqan. Joghary әleumettik top – Taubiyleri (taulyq knyazidar). Taubiylerimen teng emes nekeden tughandar «chanka» dep atalghan. Kelesi airyqsha satyda Ýzdender (dvoryandar) túrdy. Olardan tómen taubiylerding qaramaghyndaghylar, resmy týrde 1867 jylghy reformalar nәtiyjesinde erkindik alghan Qarakishy (qara adamdar) túrdy. Ary qaray Azattar – erkine jiberilgender, ózderin bostandyqta dep esepteytin, anyghynda joghary taptyng ókilderine olardyng jerin paydalanghany ýshin tәueldi bolghandar boldy. Odan da tómende keybir qúqyqtar men jer telimderin paydalana alatyn «holoptar» - Chagarlar ornalasty. Eng songhy satyda Kazak nemese Kasag (teksizder, baspanasyzdar) jәne Qarauashiyler (qara bastar) – eshqanday qúqyghy joq, qúl esebinde jýretin saray malaylary túrdy.

Týrli taptar arasyndaghy ózara qatynas qatang rettelip otyratyn jәne joghary әleumettik toptar mýddesi qorghalatyn. Eger Taubiyleri toy, as jәne t.b. úiymdastyrsa, uzdender, karakkishiyler jәne basqalar syilyqtar jasau, qyzmet pen qúrmet kórsetu sekildi belgili bir shyghyndardy kótergen. Qandy kek, úrlyq mәseleleri men ózge de kiykiljinderde kinәli bolyp qalghan Taubiyleri basqalarmen salystyrghanda jenildeu jazalandy nemese eshqanday jauapkershilikke tartylmaytyn – feodalidyq tiyispeushilik qúqyghy iske qosylatyn. Nekeler әdette, qauymdyq (qazaqsha aitqanda, ten-tenimen ghana qosylghan) túiyq boldy. Onyng ýstine, qauymdar men olargha kórshi halyqtar arasyndaghy kóptegen sot isteri, daular men kiykiljinder, soghys pen beybitshilik mәselesi jәne t.b. halyq forumy – Tórede sheshildi, oghan týrli qauymdar qatysatyn. Erekshe jaghdaylarda ol zang shygharu qyzmetin de atqarghan.

Ár auyldyng nemese qauymnyng óz Tóresi boldy, onyng basynda taubiy – oliy («Úlyýi» degeni bolar) otyrdy. Qajet jaghdayda birneshe nemese barlyq Balqar qauymdarynyng forumdary shaqyrylatyn, ony bәrinen de yqpaldyraq taubiy – joghary oliy («biyik Úlyýi» boluy mýmkin, al húndarda «Shynýi» delingenin eske salamyz) basqardy. Qanday da bir dauly mәselelerde Balqariya Tóresine keyde Qarashaydan, Osetiyadan jәne basqalardan da jýginetin.

Balqarlardyng Islam dinin qabyldau ýrdisi HÝII ghasyrdan bastau alldy. Alayda, HIH ghasyrda olardyng nanym-senimi әli de hristiandyqtyn, Islamnyng jәne hristiandyqqa deyingi dәstýrlerding kýrdeli jiyntyghy bolghan. Magiyagha, qasiyetti aghashtargha, tastargha, jebeushi qúdaylargha degen senim saqtalyp keldi. Qazirgi kezde balqarlardyng barlyghy derlik músylman sýnnitter. Dәstýrli sharuashylyqtyng jetekshi salasy – jayylymgha negizdelgen mal sharuashylyghy (qoy jәne iri qara mal, eshki, jylqy, HÝIII ghasyrdyng sonyna deyin shoshqa)» (Balqarlar tarihynan).

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