Moldova 2009 jyly 7 mamyrda Europalyq Odaqtyng (EO) bastamasymen qúrylghan Shyghys әriptestigi (ShÁ) mýshelerining biri bolyp tabylady. Oghan postkenestik alty el – Armeniya, Ázerbayjan, Belarusi, Gruziya, Moldova jәne Ukraina qatysady. ShÁ baghdarlamasy EO jәne onyng Shyghys Europa men Kavkazdaghy kórshileri arasyndaghy ekonomikalyq yntymaqtastyq, sauda, aimaqtyq ekonomikalyq sayasatty iske asyru jәne basqa da mәseleler boyynsha kelissózder jýrgizu mindetin atqarady. ShÁ maqsaty – túraqtylyq, demokratiya jәne órkendeu jaghdayynda EO-men yntymaqtastyqty ilgeriletu.

Moldovanyng ShÁ baghdarlamasyna mýshe boluy europalyq integrasiya jolyndaghy alghashqy manyzdy qadam boldy. Bastapqyda Moldovanyng europalyq integrasiya jolyndaghy yntymaqtastyqqa degen úmtylysy men maqsattary aitarlyqtay aiqyn boldy. EO men Moldova arasynda qauymdasu kelisimi boyynsha kelissózder 2010 jyly bastaldy jәne búl kelissózder barysynda sayasy reformalar, syrtqy jәne qauipsizdik sayasaty, yntymaqtastyq, әdilettilikti, bostandyq pen qauipsizdikti qamtamasyz etu jәne t.b. mәseleler talqylandy.

Sonymen birge, EO men Moldova arasynda EOgha kiru ýshin azamattary vizalyq talaptardan bosatylghan elderding tizimine Moldovany qosugha baghyttalghan «Vizalyq dialog» iske qosyldy. Búl maqsatqa 2014 jyly sәuirde salystyrmaly týrde tez qol jetkizilip, búl Moldovanyng EO-men jaqyndasuyndaghy alghashqy ýlken jetistik boldy. Osydan keyin kóp úzamay 2014 jyly 27 mausymda Moldova EO-men qauymdasu kelisimine qol qoyyp, 2014 jyly 2 shildede búl kelisim Moldova parlamenti tarapynan bekitildi. Kishiynevting europalyq integrasiya jolyndaghy taghy bir keremet jetistigi sanalatyn kelisim Moldova men EO arasyndaghy qatynastardy odan әri damytu ýshin jana qúqyqtyq negizdi qúrdy. 2016 jyldyng shilde aiynda Moldova men Gruziya EO-men Tereng jәne janjaqty erkin sauda aimaghy (TJESA) turaly kelisimdi bekitken alghashqy elder boldy. Kelisim Moldovagha birynghay europalyq naryqtyng belgili bir sektorlaryna qol jetkizuge mýmkindik beredi.

Ol sonymen qatar investorlar ýshin qauymdasqan elde EO-daghyday normativtik-qúqyqtyq negizdi qamtamasyz etedi. Búl Moldova siyaqty damyp kele jatqan ekonomika ýshin asa manyzdy ekenin atap ótken jón. Moldovanyng EO-men әriptestigindegi ýshinshi manyzdy jetistik retinde TJESA integrasiyalyq prosesting jedeldeytine qatysty ýmitti arttyrdy. Moldovanyng basqa ShÁ mýshe elderimen salystyrghanda aitarlyqtay jetistikterge qol jetkizui Moldovanyng qysqa merzimde ShÁ elderining ishinde EO-nyng tolyq mýsheligine ótken alghashqy el retinde qabyldanuyna sebep boldy.

Alayda, 2016 jyldan keyin Moldova túraqtylyq pen demokratiyalyq qaghidalardy qamtamasyz etuge baghyttalghan reformalardy jýrgizu boyynsha búryn qabyldanghan mindettemelerdi oryndauda is jýzinde eshqanday progreske qol jetkize almady. Moldovanyng maqsatqa tolyq jete almau sebepterining biri EO-nyng elding qajetti reformalardy jýzege asyru úmtylystary men әleuetin baghalay almauy boluy mýmkin. Shyn mәninde, Moldova men EO arasynda qol jetkizilgen kelisimderding kópshiligi Europa kórshilik sayasaty men ShÁ baghdarlamasyna qatysugha shaqyrudy qosa alghanda, EOnyng bastamasymen jasaldy.

Ekinshi aiqyn sebep – is basyndaghy Preziydent Igori Dodonnyng jýrgizip otyrghan sayasaty. Ol Euraziyalyq ekonomikalyq odaqty (EEO) jaqtaghan ýmitker retinde preziydenttik saylaugha qatysyp, 2016 jyldyng qarashasynda saylauda jeniske jetken. Preziydent Dodon preziydenttik biylikting shekteuliligi, parlamentte naqty jәne túraqty qoldaudyng bolmauy jәne jalpy sayasy jaghdaydyng túraqsyzdyghy siyaqty birqatar faktorlargha qaramastan, Reseymen jәne EEO-men tyghyz әriptestik ornatuda manyzdy qadamdar jasay aldy. 2018 jyldyng mamyrynda Moldova EEO-da baqylaushy mәrtebesine ie boldy, búl onyng uәkiletti ókilderine odaq organdarynyng otyrystaryna qatysugha jәne mýshe memleketter qabyldaghan qújattardy alugha mýmkindik beredi.

Moldova ýshin Reseymen jәne EEOmen tyghyz ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynas ornatudaghy eng ýlken artyqshylyqtardyng biri – EEO-daghy sheshim qabyldau tetigining EO siyaqty joghary institusionaldy qúrylymgha ie bolmauy. Moldovanyng Reseymen jәne EEO-men әriptestigi Europalyq integrasiyagha qaraghanda lezde aitarlyqtay ekonomikalyq tabystargha qol jetkizuge mýmkindik beredi. Reseymen tyghyz әriptestikting jәne belsendi kelissózderding arqasynda Preziydent Igori Dodon ózining alghashqy preziydenttik merziminde Moldova ýshin aitarlyqtay tiyimdi ekonomikalyq mәselelerdi sheshe aldy. Búghan Moldovadan kelgen enbek migranttaryna raqymshylyq jasau, Reseyde Moldova tauarlaryna jenildetilgen rejim engizu, gaz baghasyna jenildikter jәne t.b. kiredi.

Osynday manyzdy ekonomikalyq tabystar euroskeptisizmge әkelip, moldovalyq qoghamda reseyshil jәne euraziyashyl kózqarastardyng artuyna sebep boldy. Songhy saualnamagha sәikes, moldovalyqtardyng 43,5%-y EO-gha mýshe bolu iydeyasyn qoldaydy. Jalpy alghanda, búl payyz 33-48% shamasynda auytqyp otyrady. Al EEO-gha qosylu iydeyasyn qoldaytyndardyng ýlesi bolsa әdette 27-42% aralyghynda. Osy mәsele boyynsha әrtýrli saualnamalardy taldau nәtiyjesi kórsetkendey, moldovalyqtar ýshin EEO-gha mýshe bolu asa manyzdy emes, olar kerisinshe Moldovanyng EEO-gha qosylmay Reseymen jaqsy ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynasta bolghanyn qalaydy. EEO-nyng 2020 jylghy 19 mamyrda ótken songhy sammiytinde Preziydent Dodon Moldovanyng syrtqy ekonomikalyq sayasatynda shyghys vektoryn ústanugha niyettiligin taghy da rastap, elding euraziyalyq integrasiyagha belsendi qatysugha dayyn ekendigin bildirdi.

Moldovanyng bolashaq integrasiyalyq vektoryn tandau 2020 jyldyng 1 qarashasynda ótetin preziydenttik saylau kezinde kýn tәrtibindegi basty mәsele bolatyndyghy anyq. Oppozisiya jetekshisi jәne Dodonnyng saylaudaghy yqtimal qarsylasy Mayya Sandu Moldovanyng EEO-men әriptestigine syny kózben qaraydy jәne bolashaq integrasiyanyng europalyq vektoryn úsynady.

Moldovanyng EO-men jәne EEO-men songhy on jyldaghy ekonomikalyq qatynastaryna taldau jasay otyryp, Moldovanyng bolashaq integrasiyalyq vektoryn tandau turaly sheshim tek Moldova azamattaryna ghana emes, sonymen qatar eki negizgi syrtqy aktor – EO men Reseyding ústanymdaryna da baylanysty dep aitugha bolady.

Qanat Mahanov,

Euraziya ghylymiy-zertteu institutynyn
agha ghylymiy-qyzmetkeri.

Abai.kz