(1802-1847)

(Kenesary soghysynyng tarih jәne memleket filosofiyasy túrghysynan tújyrymdaluy)

(1802-1847)

(Kenesary soghysynyng tarih jәne memleket filosofiyasy túrghysynan tújyrymdaluy)

Tarih - ruhany әlem. Tarih filosofiyasynda kategoriyalyq manyzy bar sipattyq qúbylys adamdardyng qoghamdyq dertke shara tabu ýshin, býgingi mәselelerine sheshim jolyn eng aldymen ótken tarihynan izdeui der edik. Múnday ústanym adamdardyng ózderine, jalpy әlemge janasha mәn-maghyna berulerine yqpal etedi. Óitkeni adamdar tariyhqa degen osynday kózqaras arqyly óz últynyng bolmysy men uәzipasyn, mәnin týsinip, bolashaqqa qaray jol taba alady. Múnday kózqaras marksister ýshin basqa, Batys-hristian tarihshylary ýshin basqasha boluy siyaqty, әriyne, qazaqtar ýshin de ózindik tarihy sanasy, kózqarasy, filosofiyasy boluy zandy, әri tabighy nәrse. Onyng eshqanday determinasiyalyq kýshter nemese "izm-dik qalyptarsyz-aq" qalyptasuy últ, mәdeniyet tirshiligi ýshin asa qajet. Óitkeni býgingi antropologiya adam siyaqty últtar da ózindik tól ereksheligi men adamzat tarihyndaghy orny bar ekendigi jәne sol siyaqty ózderi jalpy "tariyhqa qatystylyq sezimi men sanasyna ie bolghanda" ghana tútastyqqa qauyshyp, últtyq bolmysyn nyghayta alatyndyghyn aitady. Búl jerdegi tarihy sana - óz tarihy turaly belgili kózqaras, týsinik iyesi bolu degen sóz. Últtyng tarihy sanasy da últtargha tәn tarihty oqighalar tizbeginen túratyn qarapayym jiyntyq retinde emes, býgingi kýnine mәn beretin, bolashaghy turaly jol kórsetetin tereng mazmúndy tútastyq dep tanuymen erekshelenedi. Sebebi ótkenimiz bizding bolmysymyzdy qalay qalyptastyrsa, últtyq tarih ta últymyzdyng әri әrbir qazaqtyng bolmysyn qalyptastyrushy tәjiriybe bolyp tabylady. Últtyng tarihy sana-sezimi últshyldyqtyng negizin qalaghandyqtan onyng dúshpany da últshyldyqqa qarsy shyqqan kenestik tarih konsepsiyasy men sayasaty boldy. Kezinde belgili tarihshymyz marqúm E. Bekmahanov ózin sol uaqyttyng qyspaghy men sharttaryna qúrban etip, Kenesarynyng qasiyetti múratyn tarihy jadymyzgha óshpestey qylyp jazyp ketken bolatyn. Degenmen býgin tarihy prosesterdi keshegi pozitivister men marksister sýiengen tarih әdistemelerimen, yaghny tek qana determinizm nemese ýlken túlghalardyng erik-jigerleri arqyly týsindire almaymyz. Óitkeni tarih ghylymynyng taqyryby - dýniyetanym, senim-din jәne qúndylyqtar arqyly qalyptasqan sapalyq mәndegi shyndyq, yaghny mәnge ainalghan tarihy shyndyq. Osy ústyndarsyz adamnyng әreketi de anyqtalmaydy, qogham da, әlem de úghynylmaydy. Yaghni, tarih ghylymy tabighat ghylymdary siyaqty (fenomender) qúbylystargha emes, mәnge negizdelgen [1. 128]. Demek tarihty qúraytyn-ruhany әlem. Sondyqtan, mening oiymsha, tarihtyng mindeti osy ruhany әlemdi týsindiru boluy kerek siyaqty.

Býgin últtyq tirshiligimizding jetistigi, keybireuler ýshin kezdeysoqtyqtardyng jemisi siyaqty bolyp kórinui mýmkin. Al endi ótkenimizdi eshqanday "izm-dik" qalyptarsyz janasha tarazylaghanymyzda adam jetistikterinde, әsirese tarih alanynda eshqanday kezdeysoqtyqtyng boluy mýmkin emes. Kerisinshe últtyq tarihymyz turaly eldiktin, erlik pen órliktin, qaysar ruhtyng shyndaghan shynjyrynday ózara baylanysqan kýreskerlikting sahnasy deuge bolady. Osy tarih sahnasyndaghy ghasyrlar boyy esepsiz erlerding armany men tilegi, bergen jany men qanynyng óteui bolyp tabylatyn egemendikke qol jetkizu jolyndaghy qan tógistin, óz últtyq bolmysyn saqtau jolyndaghy kýresting ýzdiksizdigin kórsetuimiz kerek. Sebebi ótken tarihymyzdan bastau alghan eldik pen memlekettilikti saqtau dәstýrin biludin, әri ótkennen sabaq alu, әri býgingi damu prosesin tanu, sonymen qatar óz uaqytymyzdyng jetistikterin әri qaray damytu ýshin óte tereng manyzy bar. Búl tarih ­- atalarymyzdyng úrpaqtan úrpaqqa auysyp kele jatqan tәjiriybelerden qalay paydalanghandyghyn kórsetedi. Óikeni tarih shynjyrynyng songhy buyny aldyndaghy buynmen tyghyz baylanysqan tarihy bolmys sabaqtastyghy. Búl tarihy sabaqtastyqty tanymay, býgingi ahualdy týsinu qiyngha soghady. Sol siyaqty Kenesarynyng ekzistensiyaldyq hәl-ahualy, onyng "qasiyetti múraty" túghyrlyq pozisiyasy belgili bir tarihy uaqyt pen kenistikke iye. Sondyqtan Han Kenesarynyng soghysy sózsiz perspektivti әreket. Ol túghyrlyq pozisiyasy men perspektivti maqsatyn ózin qorshaghan mәdeniyet qúndylyqtarynan, әleumettik instituttardan alyp, ainalasyndaghy ruhany kýsh iyelerining demeuimen oigha alghan múratyn dәleldeui arqyly "Han Kenesary" retinde qazaq memlekettiligining tarihy sabaqtastyghyn jalghastyrushy, tarih jasaushy iri túlgha bolyp qaldy jәne qala bermek. Osy orayda, tarihty bir últtyng ómiri, últtyq mәdeniyetti de onyng tәjiriybesi retinde tanyp, sezinetin HH ghasyrdyng qúdayshyl aqyny, Týrkistannyng joqtaushysy Maghjan Júmabayúly atamyzdyng "Qúday-au mәngilikke qarghamasan. Kenedey endi nege Er tumaydy?!" [2] - dep ansauy da, Han Kenesary múratynyng izgiligin kórsetse kerek.

Memleket - últtyq bolmystyng sayasy. Memleket - ishi bos úghym emes. Memleketting bolmysy turaly sóz qozghau ýshin otan, qogham (halyq, últ), sayasy biylik jәne egemendik siyaqty tórt taghan týgel boluy tiyis. Al songhy taghan bolmasa qalghan ýsheui qúlap, joyylady. Filosofiyalyq antropologiya últ bolmysy men tirshiligining sharty retinde memleketti tanysa, memleket qúrudy da adam boludyng ereksheligi retinde kórsetedi. Qazaq halqy ghasyrlar boyy adam aitqysyz tózimdilikpen sayasy erkindigin-egemendigin qamtamasyz etu ýshin kýresti. Erkindikti ansau, ony maqsat etuding ózi memlekettilik pen egemendikting tarihy dәstýr sabaqtastyghy men ruhynan tuyndaydy. Al erkindikten qashatyndar I. Frommnyng aitqanynday, erkindikting dәmin tatpaq týgil, erkindikti tanyp, týsine almaghandar. Búl túrghydan alghanda Qazaq halqy egemendigi men ózindik memlekettiligi, qúqyqtyq jýiesi jalpy memleket filosofiyasynyng barlyq ústyndary bar, dәstýrli el. Óitkeni, qoghamnyng tirshilik formasy men әleumettik qatynastardy retteytin nemese ózine baghyndyrushy qaghidalar jýiesi, yaghny qúqyqtyq negizi joq últ ta joq. Búl qúqyq jýiesin rettep, jýzege asyratyn negizgi kýsh - memleket [3. 276]. Memleket te mәdeniyetsiz, ruhany ústyndarsyz, qúndylyqtarsyz óz bolmysy men damuyn bayandy ete almaydy. Demek adam men memleket arasyndaghy tyghyz baylanys adamdyq bolmystyng erkindik kenistigining mәdeniyet ekendiginen tuyndaydy.

Memlekettilik dәstýrining kezendik әri sapalyq satylary, sonymen qatar ústanymdyq әri ústyndyq transformasiyalyq qabattary tarihtan mәlim. Ótken ghasyrlarda Batys aghartushylyq aghymy, tónkerister men pozitivistik teoriyalardyng beleng aluymen memleket, yaghny sayasy biylik  pen din aiyrylyp ornyna sekulyarlyq nemese laisizm ústanymyna negizdelgen "últ-memleket" nemese mәdeniyet-memleket formalary qalyptasqany belgili. Búghan deyin adamzat tarihynda memleket óz bolmysyn sayasy biylik pen dinning tútastyghy, yaghny teokratiya arqyly jýzege asyryp keldi. Sol siyaqty alghashqy qazaq handarynyng kenesshileri, ruhany kósem, sonymen qatar sayasy biylik, basqaru isterinde de yqpaldy bolghan sufiy-shayhtar ekendigin tarih ta, tarihshylar da rastaydy [4].

Qazaq memleketining qúrylymyndaghy dinnin, Iasauy jәne onyng ilimining ornyn elbasymyz, qúrmetti Núrsúltan Nazarbaev: "...Týrkistannyng jana qazaq handyghynyng astanasyna ainaluy tek qolayly geografiyalyq jaghdayyna ghana baylanysty emes edi. Ol sonau HII ghasyrdan bastap әlem nazaryn ózine audaryp alghan-dy. Búl islamdyq ruhaniyatta erekshe oryn iyemdenetin aituly sopylyq mektepting negizin salghan shayqy, ghúlama aqyn, Qoja Ahmet Yasauiyding jan-jaqty ústazdyq jәne uaghyzshyldyq qyzmetining arqasy edi" [5], - dep baghalaydy.  Búghan qosa Haziniyding Iasauy joly turaly osydan bes ghasyr búryn qaldyrghan "Jauahiyr-al Abrar min Amuaj-al Bihar" atty enbeginde adamnyng kemeldikke jetuindegi alghysharttar tikeley memlekettilik filosofiyasynyng negizgi ústyndaryna negizdelgendigin kóruge bolady. Onda "Zaman" (uaqyt) - elde tynyshtyq, "Meken" (kenistik) - otan, Ihuan - ózara bauyrlastyq pen yntymaq, Rabt-y Súltan - memleket basshysyna beriktik ústanymdary saqtalghanda ghana adamnyng kemeldikke jetuge bolatyndyghy aitylghan. Búnyng Iasauy ilimining memlekettilik filosofiyasyndaghy negizgi ereksheligi ekendigin kóruge bolady.  Yasauy ilimi tek qazaq handyghynyng ghana emes Altyn Orda memleketining de, jalpy týrik taypalarynyng músylmandyqty qabyldauynda da manyzdy ról oinady. Rudyng әr mýshesi yassauiya tariqatynyng da mýshesi edi. Ár rudy, jýzdi óz biyleri (pir-kósemderi) basqardy [6. 154]. Bilim beru de din adamdarynyn, qojalardyng qolynda bolatyn. Olar sharighat jәne mәdeny jarghy-zang bolyp tabylatyn Qúrannyng týsindirushileri bolghandyqtan bi, qazylar, súltandardyng kenesshileri bolatyn [7. 331]. Qazaq handary biyler men dinbasylardyng saylauymen han kóterildi. Handar da taqta әdil bolugha aq kiyizde tizerlep otyryp, Qúrandy ústap, din basynyng sózin qaytalap ant berdi. Búl da qazaq handyghynyng ózindik ereksheligi bar teokratiyalyq negizdegi memleket ekendigin kórsetedi. Búl memleket basqaru jәne qúqyqtyq jýieden túratyn. Onyng biri tóre - memlekettik jýie bilumen qatar sol jýieden tuyndaghan memleket kýshi, quaty. Tóre men zang (jarghy) - rular arasynda úrpaqtan-úrpaqqa berilip otyratyn moralidyq-qúqyqtyq baylanystardy retteytin institut. Osy instituttyng ókilderi - súltandar,  din ókilderi qojalardy alym-salyqtan bosatyp, erekshe  status bergen. Olardy tek súltandar ghana jazghyra alatyn boldy [8. 102]. Sharighat boyynsha ýkim kesu qojalarda, al ony jýzege asyru-asyrmau erki hannyng biyliginde bolatyn. A.Qaliyúlynyng "Sufizm taghylymynyng shyghys ónirge taraluy" atty maqalasynda Qazaq memlekettiligi men dәstýrli qazaq qoghamyndaghy sayasy biylik pen dinning ara qatynasyndaghy tóre men qojalardyng rólin anyqtaytyn qúbylystyq-tanymdyq mәlimetterde tóresi joq nemese olargha qaramaytyn taypalar qazaq dep tanylmaghandyghy kórsetilgen. Demek, әrbir rudyng óz aldyna tóresi boluy, qazaqtyq sipatyn aluynyn  sharty bolghangha úqsaydy [9. 165-191]. Qazaqtyng Kenesaryny Han kóteruining [8. 254] negizinde de olardyng memlekettilik tarihyndaghy ýzilgen handyq institutty, egemendikti qayta janghyrtu jәne últtyq (qazaqtyq) sipatyna qauyshu múraty jatyr.

HVIII-HIH ghasyrlardaghy diniy-sayasy ahual. Dinning tek ojdan mәselesi ghana emes, sonymen qatar últtyq dәstýrden miras bolyp kele jatqan órkeniyet shyndyghy ekendigi mәlim. Qoghamdaghy din fenomenin aiqyndaytyn, diny sosiologiyanyng negizgi kórsetkishi ghibadathanalar men diny bilim beru jýieleri ekendigin eskersek, tarihy derekterdegi "...qazaqtarda әrbir 10 000 adamgha bir meshit-tekke keletindigi" [10. 20], tarihshy ghalym A. Sh.  Mahaevanyng da qazaqtarda "otar boludyng qarsanynda Týrkistanda 20 meshit, Shymkentte 16 meshit, 8 medrese, Sayramda 15 meshit, 10 medrese, Qaramúrtta 6 meshit, 3 medrese bolsa, Áulieatada HH ghasyr basynda 21 meshit bolghandyghy" [11] jayyndaghy mәlimeti sol kezendegi qazaqtyng diny tynys-tirshilik ahualyn tanugha mnmkindik beredi.

Qazaqtyng qazaq bolghaly dini, ruhany astanasy Týrkistan ekendigi belgili. Biraq patsha ýkimeti ózderining qazaqtargha qatysty diny sayasaty negizinde Orynbordan músylman dini basqarmasyn ashyp, Kishi jýz jәne Orta jýz qazaqtarynyng diny isterin soghan qaratady [11]. Múndaghy maqsat qazaqtardy negizgi diny úiytqydan alystatyp, diny biylikti de óz qarauyna alu bolatyn. Sonda handyq biylikten de, diny biylikten de aiyrylghan qazaq óz-ózine degen senimin de joghaltyp, qúlgha ainalady. Búghan qazaq kelispedi. Syban-Nayman bolysyna qarasty bes qazaq rularynyng 1824 j. qyrkýiekte otarlaushylargha qoyghan talaptarynyng biri tómendegidey: "...Bizding halyq arasynda úshyrasatyn kisi óltiruden basqa barlyq is bizdegi músylman talqysyna (sharighatqa) berilsin" [8. 130]. E. Bekmahanov osy mәlimetten song óz oiyn "...qazaqtar keyin Kenesary tuy astyna jinalyp, erlikpen kýreskende naq osy talaptargha qol jetkizudi oilaghan edi" [8. 131] - dep tújyrymdaghan. Al eger shyndyghynda patshaly Resey qazaqtardyng islam dinine qamqor boludy maqsat etken bolsa, jogharydaghy talaptardy oryndaghan bolar edi. Búl talaptardy ýkimetting qabyldamay tastaghany belgili. Birinshiden qazaqtar onsyz da músylman bolatyn. Patshaly Resey islamdy qazaqtardy  basqarudyng joly retinde kórip, tatarlardy qalay basqarsa, qazaqtardy da solay biyleuge bolady dep ýmittendi. Ekinshiden "qazaqtardyng diny sauatyn arttyru" maqsatynda tatar-noghay moldalaryn óz mýddelerine qoldanyp baqty. Búl turaly Sh. Uәlihanov kishi jýz qazaqtarynyng әrbir auylynda bir tatar molda bolghandyghyn jazsa [12],  búghan narazy bolghan qazaqtardyng ahualyn Búhar jyrau: "Birinshi tilek tileniz, Bir Allagha jazbasqa, Bes uaqyt, bes namaz, Bireui qaza qalmasqa... Jer qayysqan qol kelip, Sodan sasyp túrmasqa, ... Sol zamanyng kelgende, Ata-babang qol bergen, Qojalardy qas kórer, Noghaylardy ghalym dep, Áuliyedey kóresin..." [13. 99] - dep bildirgen. Qazaqtar Qoqan, Hiua dinbasylary tarapynan da "diny sauatsyz", keyde "mushrikter" retinde tanyldy. Sonymen Resey tatar-moldalaryn, al "Hiua men Qoqan yqpal etuding sayasy әri ekonomikalyq sharalaryna qosa qazaqtargha muridizmdi (naqshbandy shayhtaryn) tyqpalady [8. 157]. Búnyn, әriyne, qazaq músylmandyghy psihologiyasyna keri әseri bolmay qoyghan joq. Búl jerdegi qazaqtardyng diny sauatynyng tómendigi, sol kezendegi naqshy tariqatynyng ýstem ekendigi de ras. Biraq qazaqtar Yasauy jolyndaghy qoja-shayhtardyng bergen músylmandyq bilimin qanaghat tútatyn.

Al naqshbandiya tariqaty HVII-HVIII ghasyrlarda Týrkistanda (Orta Aziya) buddist qalmaqtargha, qytaygha, Kavkazda 1783 jyly Imam Mansurdan bastalghan orystargha qarsy jihadta úiytqy bola bildi [14. 81-89]. Onsyz da Orta Aziyanyng tekkeleri óte belsendi, ishan-kósemderi mujahid muritter arasynda óte abyroyly bolatyn [10.29]. Mysaly, Qashqar men Ferghananyng naqshy shayqy Qalan qajynyng muriydi, qyrghyzdyng kushzu ruynan shyqqan Ghalija by qalmaqtargha qarsy jihadta Týrkistannyng әsker basy bolghan [15].  Mahaeva A. Sh. "HVIII-HIH ghasyrlardaghy Qazaqstannyng qoghamdyq-sayasy ómirindegi islamnyng orny" atty maqalasynda Sin imperiyasyna qarsy soghysta Qazaqstan men Ortalyq Aziyadaghy músylman halyqtary bas qosyp, 1759 jyly 7000 múnday qytaylyq әskerdy qyrghyz-ózbek birlesken kýshi talqandaghandyghyn jazady [11]. Rasynda da Orta Aziya músylmandary qytay men qalmaqqa qarsy birlese aldy. Al Resey otarlaushylaryna kelgende birlespek týgil ózara qyrghy qabaq soghystan kóz ashpady. Múnda da otarshyl maqsattyng súrqiya sayasaty yqpaldy boldy. Degenmen ózgege qaraghanda ózimizden bastalghan bisharalyq pen alauyzdyqtyng apaty odan da auyr: Orta Aziyadaghy yasauiya men naqshbandiya tariqattary negizgi mәninen alystap shayhtardyng sayasy qúralyna ainalyp ketti. Eki tariqat arasynda biylik, ýstemdik baqtalastyqtary órshy týsti. Naqshibandiya (murudizm) syrtqy jaugha qarsy kýsh bolumen qatar, shayhtardyng jeke sayasi, әleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq qúralyna ainalghandy [15]. Olardyng Qoqan Handyghyna arqa sýiegen Jantay, Baytyq siyaqty qyrghyz rubasylarynyng sayasy baghyttaryna da yqpaly kýshti  boldy [16]. Qyrghyzdar jәne olarmen kórshiles úly jýz rulary naqshibandy tariqatyna qaraytyn. 1748-1749-shy jyldary Abylay han men qyrghyz manaptary Ersary men Esenghúl arasynda soghys boldy [6. 160]. Osy soghystan song úly jýz rulary qaytadan yasauy tariqatyna ótti. Osh pen Ferghana jazyghyndaghy qyrghyzdar da qaytadan yasauy tariqatyna ótkenmenen, Qoqan biyligi manaptar men baylardyn, qyrghyz halqy arasynda naqshiylerding yqpalyn kýsheytti [8.323]. Negizinen eki tariqattyng birine kiru degen sóz, sayasy erikti de bildiretin. Eger naqshiylikti qabyldasa, Qoqangha, al yasauiylikti qabyldasa Abylay hangha qaraytyn. Batken, Leylek, Sozaq audandarynda Lachiylerdi (Allachi-allashyldar nemese qúdayshyldar maghynasynda. Yasauy tariqatynyng bir tarmaghy bolatyn) Qoqan din basylary dinnen bezgen (eretiyk), mushrik retinde tanyp, olardyng Sanuar degen shayhyn Qúdiyarhangha astyrtyp óltirtken [15. 30-31]. Sonday-aq dәl osy Qúdiyar han Týrkistandaghy yasauiya shayhtaryn Ázireti Súltannan quyp, Ámir Temirding amanaty, yaghny yasauy shayhtaryna berilgen uaqftyq sharttardy da búzady [17].

Sonymen HI ghasyrdan beri Týrkistanda sayasi, әleumettik jәne mәdeny tirshilikting manyzdy ajyramas bóligine ainalghan [14. 82], kezinde islam halifaty tarihynda alghash ret Shyghysta Qaraqytaylar, Batysta Krest joryghy tarapynan ekspansiya qyspaghynda qalghanda, islamnyn, imannyng qorghaushysy, memleketting tiregi, halyq músylmandyghynyng úiytqysy bolghan sufizm, eng manyzdy funksiyasyn joghaltyp, bastapqy mәninen airylady. N. Núrtazinanyng da "Músylman әleminde qalay sufizm әlsiredi, solay fanatizm, dýmshelik, mәdeny toqyrau kýsheye bastady. Bizding Batys mәdeniyetinen jeniluimizding bir sebebi de osynda" [18. 11] - dep tújyrymdauy óte oryndy. Áubәkir Kerderi de qazaqtar arasyndaghy sopylyqtyng qúldyrauyn: "Qor bolghan ekinshide sopy joly, Búl joldy ústaushy edi erding zory, Sopylyq Qap tauynan biyik edi, Tep-tegis jetip ketti júrttyng qoly, Álipting atyn bilmes nadan sopy, Qorqamyn bola ma dep dinning sory" [19] - dep, sopylyq psihotehnikalyq joldyng eng basty talaptarynan qalay alystaghandyghyn, múnyng din ýshin óte qauipti ekendigin ózinshe týsindiredi.

Jalpy Orta Aziya men Qazaqstanda Qazaq handyghynyng qúldyrauymen birge yasauiya tariqatynyng da yqpaly azaya bastady. Otarshylyq túsynda qazaq eli berekesizdikke úshyrap, yasauiya ústanymy ayaq asty boldy. últtyq birlik ydyrap, Qúran ústyny men din ókilderi arasynda ýilesimdilik әbden alshaqtap, diny tirshilik óz dinamizmin joghaltty. Osy hәl-ahualdan jeringen kókiregi oyau aqyndarymyz halyqty millәt (dini) negizine oralugha ýndedi. Ádebiyetshi  ghalym B. Omarúly zar zaman aqyndarynyng sol kenistikting uaqyty men ahualyna jauapty taghy da dinnen izdep, dindi tayanysh etkendigin jazady [19. 11]. V. Radlov búl ýndeulerdi "Zar zaman" men "zaman aqyr" turaly didaktikalyq qoltuma dýniyeler [20. 19] dep qaraydy. Zar zaman aqyndary nemese V. Radlovtyng anyqtaghanynday "dala qazaqtarynyng mollalary" qoghamnyng qúldyrau sebepterin, olardyng sayasiy-әleumettik jәne doktrinalyq negizderin ghibrat ólenderinde, tolghau-ýndeulerinde kórsete bildi.

Otarlyq maqsat. Bir Batys jazushysynyng "Otarlau jarysynda aghylshyndar otar elding "siyrynyn" sýtin alady, fransuzdar "siyrynyn" etin alyp terisin qaldyrady, al orystar "siyryn" óltiredi" [21. 42] - degen anyqtamasynyng mazmúny, Reseyding otarlaushylyq sayasatynyng bet perdesi, belgili ghalymdarymyz Sapabek Ásipting "Qazaq Qasireti" jәne Mekemtas Myrzahmetting "Qazaq qalay orystandyryldy.." atty ghylymy tanymdyq, tarihy derektik zertteulerinde naqty dәlelder negizinde ashyla týsken. Osy batystyq ýsh imperiya Shyghysty ózara bóliske saldy. Búlar óndiris-tehnologiyasyn, ghylymyn sonymen qatar Shyghysty otarlau strategiyasyn ghasyrlar boyy anyqtap, damytqan bolatyn. IYdeologiyalyq oriyentalistika baghytynda evropasentrizm, rasizm jәne Batys hristian órkeniyetining ýstemdigin pash etetin antropologiyalyq konsepsiyalar men teoriyalar negizinde әreket etti.

Orys otarlaushylary da jogharydaghy ústanymdar negizinde jana jerlerdi iyemdenu (ekspansiyalau), sóitip onyng jer asty qazba baylyqtaryn iyemdenu, joghary soghys tehnikasyna qol jetkizudi maqsat etti. Olar búl maqsatyn basqa imperialistik memleketterden ozyq túrudyng strategiyasy retinde týsindirdi. Osy baghytta Resey de missionerlik-tynshylyq toptary, etnografiyalyq geografiyalyq qoghamdary, shyghystanu ortalyqtary negizinde Týrkistandy (Orta Aziyany) aldyn ala zerttep ýlgergen bolatyn.

Resey 1855 jylghy Qyrym soghysynda Osman imperiyasyna jәne Batystyq odaqtastarynan jenilgennen song HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda Orta Aziyagha bet búrady. Orystar Evropa, Balqan, Tayau Shyghysqa qaray Aqtenizge barar jolda Batys memleketterining kedergi ekendigin kórip, Ontýstik jәne Batys baghytyn tastap Shyghystan Tynyq múhityna shyghudy maqsat etedi [22]. Biraq HVII ghasyrdyng birinshi jartysynda-aq orystar qazaq dalasyna ishkerilep kirgen bolatyn. Yaghni, orys otarshyldyghy Abylay túsynda da óristep, etek ala bastaghan. Býkil Orta Aziya (1847-1881) bas-ayaghy 34 jyl ishinde orys otaryna ainalady [10. 19]. "Bólip al da biyley ber" ústanymymen әreket etken otarlaushylar Orta Aziya handyqtary arasyn, bir halyq, bir mәdeniyetti bólu isinde әbden mashyqtanyp aldy. Resey, Irannyng da kómegimen Týrkistandy (Orta Aziyany) ózara diny arandatushylyqqa iytermelep, "dar-ul-Islam" yaghni, islamnyng ruhaniy-sayasy birliginen ajyratyp tyndy. Orystar jergilikti halyqqa yqpaldy degen ru basy, súltan, bay-bolystardy qoldap, bedeldi degen han, súltandardy salyqtan bosatty [23]. Olar bir qoghamdy jiginen jarudy osylay jýzege asyrdy. S. Ásipting sózimen aitqanda eki jikke airylghan "qazaqtyng bir bozdaghy azattyq ýshin shahit bolsa, endi biri tughan halqyn otarshyldardyng tabanyna salyp berem dep jýrip mert bolyp ketti" [24].

Patsha ókimeti aldymen qazaqtyng handyq qúrylysyn joyyp, qazaq dalasyn birneshe okrugterge bólip jiberdi. Ornyna general-gubernatorlyq, oblystyq, uezdik biylik jýiesin qúrady. Dәstýrli qazaqtyng sharighat-biyler institutyn joyyp, sot, prokuratura, polisiya jýieleri qúrady. Onymen de qoymay qazaqty jayylymdyq jerinen quyp shyghady. Qasaqana jayylymdyq jerlerdi órtep, әskery bekinis, qamaldar salady. Daladan óz bazary men jәrmenkelerining ashyluy da orys yqpalyn әbden kýsheyte týsti. Osylaysha otarlaushylar qazaqtardy otanynan aiyryp, beybit ómir sýruden qaldyryp, tonaudan kózin ashtyrmay, óz jerinde qúldyqqa týsirip, egemendigi men eldiginen júrday qylghan edi... Mine osynday kýy keshken qazaq hәlinen jeringenimen, ózinen, zamannan qasha almaytyn edi.

Tarih filosofiyasy túrghysynan qarasaq, әrbir tarihy oqigha qanday da bolsyn bir situasiyagha (hәlge), onyng nәtiyjesi de "úrany" men maqsatynyng sipatyna baylanysty. Mine, Han Kenesarynyng múraty - qazaqtyng sol kezdegi hәl-ahualy ýshin "qútqarushy maqsat" retinde úsynyldy. Yaghni, Han Kene algha qoyghan múratynyng negizgi úiytqy kýshin sol uaqyttaghy qazaqtyng hәlinen aldy. Osynday "hәlge" qarsy "qútqarushy maqsat" kórsete bilgen túlgha keyde payghambar siyaqty, keyde qoghamdy qozghaushy kýsh retinde, keyde baqytqa jetkizushi kósem retinde, keyde qorqytushy әdisterimen ýstemdik etedi. Kenesary osy әdis ailalardyng bәrin óz boyyna "Han" retinde jinay bildi. Sondyqtan Han Kenesary patsha ýkimetine qarsy býlinshilik nemese kóterilis emes qasiyetti soghys jariyalaghan deuimiz kerek.  Osy orayda Han Kenesarynyng qolynan jenilis tapqan otarlaushylardyng ókili V.A.Pottonyn: "Ekspedisiyanyng búlay sәtsiz ayaqtaluy, әlbette qazaqtardyng "bizding aibynymyzgha degen songhy senimin joghaltty," sonymen qatar sol oqighalardyng qazirgi tarihshylardyng biri "qazaq shamiyli" dep ataghan "ózderining jenilmeytin hanyna qazaqtardyng әri seskene, әri qúrmettey qaraushylyghyn tughyzdy" [8. 274] - degen tújyrymy da Han Kenesarynyng pozisiyasy men hәlining sol kenistiktegi "qútqarushy maqsat" ekendigin aiqynday týsedi.

Kenesary múraty: "Egemen bolmay el bolmas". Adamdy últtyq bolmysy ýshin janpidalyqqa iytermeleytin kýsh - janúya, otan, iman, tek jәne t.b. senimder. Qazaq tarihynda Kenesarygha deyin otarshylyqqa qarsy Syrym Datúly (1782-1797), Tilenshi Jolamanov (1822-24), Isatay-Mahambet (1836-1847) bastaghan  jәne t.b. soghystar bolyp ótti. Búl soghystardyng әrbiri qazaqtyng býgingi memlekettiligi men últtyq bolmysynyng qaytadan tarih sahnasyna shyghuy ýshin berilgen  qasiyetti qantógis bolatyn. Últymyzdyng erkindigi jolyndaghy kýreskerlik tarihyn tútastay qarastyrudyng manyzdylyghy óz aldyna, әrbir kiyeli tarih betterin jeke-jeke tanyp, týstey bilgenimiz de jón. Sondyqtan tarihymyzdaghy Reseyding otarlau sayasatyna qarsy halqymyzdyng danqty túlghalarynyng biri, Han Kenesarynyng basshylyghyndaghy qazaqtyng qasiyetti soghysynyng ruhany ústynyn uaqyt, kenistik jәne hәl (situasiya) kategoriyalary túrghysynan tújyrymdau ýshin jogharydaghy tariyh, memleket, din jәne otarlyq zobalang qúbylystaryna toqtaldyq. Sebebi tarihy oilau oqighalargha yqpal etushi kýshterding yaghni, óner, din, qúqyq, ekonomika, mәdeniyet t.s.s belgili bir kezendegi tútastyghyn úghynugha tyrysudan payda bolady [25. 38-39]. Yaghni, tarihy oilau eng aldymen fenomenderding anyqtaluyn emes, kerisinshe búl qúbylystardy retteytin immanentti logikany, stilderdi jaratushylardyn, yaghny Han Kenesarynyng dýniyetanymyna enudi, ony týsinudi maqsat etedi. Sol siyaqty E. Bekmahanov Han Kenesarynyng "atasy Abylaygha tiyisti jerler ýshin" soghysatyndyghyn jәne "atasynyng jolymen jýretindigin" ashyq jәne býkpesiz jariyalaghandyghyn" [8. 213] anyqtau arqyly onyng qasiyetti múraty men "qútqarushy maqsatynyn" eki negizgi ústynyn dóp basqan. Áriyne, ol kezdegi halyqtyng tarihy sanasyndaghy Abylay Han turaly "Ata qonys Arqadan, Qalmaqtyng taymay irgesi. Sóli ketip qazaqtyn, qalghan kezde sirkesi, Ábilmansúr han boldy, Han bolmady qazaqqa, Agharyp atqan tang boldy" dep, Dulattyng jyrlaghanynan artyq sóz aitu qiyn. Qarap otyrsanyz tarih alanyndaghy uaqyt kategoriyasy ótken, osy jәne keler shaq retinde tarihtyng negizgi aghysyn, qoghamdyq kenistiktegi adam jәne onyng әreketterin baqylap, baghyttaytyndyghy anyq kórinedi. Han Kenesary atasy Abylaydyng uaqytyndaghy elding hәli men biylik dәstýrining negizderin "alty alashty júmyldyratyn" basty iydeologiyalyq túghyr retinde alady. Negizinde dәstýrli dýnetanymymyzdaghy әskery birlikke ýndeytin "Alash úranyn, Alash birligi" iydeyasyn qayta janghyrtqan da osy Han Kenesary bolatyn. Mine, osydan da tarihy uaqyt kategoriyasynyng "qúndylyq sezimi", "aldyn ala boljau" jәne "aldyn ala mengeru" siyaqty determinasiyalyq kýshtermen de tyghyz baylanysty ekendigin kóruge bolady. Aldyn ala boljau jәne aldyn ala mengeru - "belgili maqsattaghy" oqighalargha berilgen mәnge, yaghni, qúndylyqtargha sýienedi. Han Kenesarynyng soghysynyng negizgi baghyttaushy kýshi de diny iydeologiyalyq qúndylyqtar jýiesi bolatyn. Abylay Hannyng jolyn da osy qúndylyqtar anyqtaytyn. Han Kenesary qazaq últynyng erkindigi, qazaq mәdeniyeti men qazaq memlekettiligining saqtaluy ýshin orys otarshyldyghyna qarsy jihad-qasiyetti soghys jariyalady. Han Kenesary soghysymen qatar 1830-1850 jyldary Patshaly Resey otarlyghyna qarsy Kavkazda Imam Shamil bastaghan jihad ortagha shyqty. Han Kenesarynyng qasiyetti soghysynyng múraty - Qazaq elin ejelden ósip-óngen jerinde beybit, azat ómir keshuine, tartyp alynghan jerlerin - qazaqtyng otanyn qaytaryp aluyna, qazaq jerindegi otarlyq biylikti joyyp, qazaqty birligi men bayandy tirshiligine qauyshtyru. Osy jolda sayasy әri әskery tәjiriybeden ótip, shyndaldy. Han Kenesarynyng alghash qasiyetti soghysy HIH ghasyrdyng 20-30 jyldary bolghan aghasy Sarjan men Jolaman Tilenshiyevting әreketinen bastalghany belgili. Sarjan Tashkent qúsbegimen birge tez arada birshama kóp mólsherde әsker jinap, qazaqtardy qasiyetti soghysqa shaqyratyn hat (risalat) pen ýndeuler (daghuat) taratyp, patsha ókimetine qarsy ghazauat jariyalaghan [8. 198]. Han Kenesarynyng qasiyetti soghysy da últtyq bolmys ýshin otarlyqqa qarsy jariyalanghan ghazauat bolatyn. Al E. Bekmahanov "Qazaqstan 19 ghasyrdyng 20-40-jyldarynda" degen aituly enbeginde Han Kenesarynyng qol astyndaghy qazaqtardan basqa diny sauatty tatar, qaraqalpaq, týrikpen, qyrghyz,ózbekterding kópshiligine bilimi men tәjiriybesine qaray basshylyq qyzmetti senip tapsyrghandyghy, ishterinen Samarqan men Búharada bilim alghan Saydaq qoәany elsholik kelissózderde, handyqty basqaruda, zeket-salyq jinauda, ordalyqtardy ózine tartuda paydalanghandyghy [8. 198-199], Han Kenesarynyng zang shygharushylyq qyzmetine yqpal etken Arynghazy súltan ekendigi, onyng reformatorlyq qyzmetining Tәuke hannan basqasha bilghandyghy, onyng sot isin sharighat dәstýri boyynsha jýrgizgendigi, múndaghy maqsatynyng da "handyq biylikti" nyghaytu ekendigi jәne t.b. mәlimetterge [8. 288] sýiengenimen, "Han Kenesaryny ortaaziyalyq handar men dinbasylargha sol shaqta barynsha nasihattaugha tyrysqan "kәpirlerge" qarsy qasiyetti soghys - ghazauat ýndeuin ústanghan joq" [8. 198] - deuge mәjbýr boldy. Búghan sebep bolghan Kenestik orys tarihshylary Reseyding әrqashan islamgha qarsy soghysqandyghyn býrkemelep keldi. Sonda patsha ýkimetimen soghysqan Kavkaz halqynyng әreketi - jihad bolady da, Orta Aziya, Qazaq halqynyng soghysy býlik nemese basmashylyq әreket bolady. Nәtiyjede patshaly Resey, Kavkazda músylmandarmen soghysady da, Orta Aziyagha Batys mәdeniyetin aparghan bolyp, tarihta órkeniyetter arasy soghysta joq bolyp shyghady. Osylaysha "kenestik iydeologiya úly, gumanist orys halqynyng tarihyna qyzmet etti". Degenmen kezinde patsha ýkimeti tarapynan Kenesary han retinde, Kavkaz qyrany shayh Shamilmen qatar baghalanghany belgili. Qoldaghy derekterge sýiensek Han Kenesarynyng әreketi memlekettilik әri múrattyq (iydeyalyq) túrghydan alghanda Shamilden әldeqayda joghary túrghandyghyn kóruge bolady. Eger Han Kenesary diny qúndylyqtargha sýienbese orys ýkimetine qarsy tabany kýrektey on jylgha sozylghan jýieli qasiyetti soghysty jýrgize almas edi. Eger Han Kenesary ghazauat jariyalamaghan bolsa, patsha ýkimeti onyng qol astyndaghy әskerlerding arasyna iritki salu maqsatymen 1837 jyly Omby músylmandarynyng dini basshysy Ahun Múhammed Sharif Ábdirahmanovty Aqmolagha jibermes edi. Búl turaly E. Bekmahanov bylay deydi: "Ol Qúrangha sýiene otyryp, olardyng eline qaytyp oraluynyng qajettigin dәleldeuge tyrysady: "Jogharyda aitylghan qasiyetti antty búzghandaryng ýshin senderdi búl dýniyede qayyrshylyq, ashtyq pen auru kýtedi, al antty búzghany ýshin eng auyr jaza-ólim, o dýniyedegi ómirlerinde senderge peyishting hor qyzdary joq, senderdi jylap-syqtau, tis shyqyrlatu men mәngilik azap kýtude. Búl ýndeuding sózderi bizding qasiyetti kitabymyz al-Qúrangha negizdelgen, ol senderding túmandanghan sanalaryndy ashyp, tughan jerlerine qaytyp oralularyng ýshin senderdi senimge keltirsin. Al sonda senderding jýrektering ózdering armandaghan tynyshtyqqa bólensin". Ýkimet osynday ýndeulerdi kýresting iydeologiyalyq әdisi retinde keninen qoldanghan [8. 226-239]. Han Kenesary Patsha ýkimetimen baylanysynda Abylayhan jolyn, sayasy strategiyasyn paydalana bildi. Ol Orynbor әskery gubernatoryna jazghan hatynda: "Mening qazaqtarym el qatarly eginshilikpen ainalysyp, ang aulap, basqa da beybit ispen ainalysqanda ghana men tynysh ómir sýre alamyn" [8. 280] dep,  Reseyding otarlau sayasatymen kelise almaytyndyghyn,  algha qoyghan múratynan taymaytyndyghyn mәlimdegen. Osy múraty ýshin basyn tikti. Biraq ol Qyrghyz Alatauyna basyn beru ýshin emes, qyrghyzdardy Qoqannyng biylep tósteuine qarsy biriguge, Abylaydyng jolymen, dini-ruhany birlikke, alash birligine shaqyrdy. Tarihshy Mahaevanyn, Belek Soltonaevtyng "Kenesarynyng qyrghyzben soghysy jayynda" degen kitabynyng audarmasyndaghy Nauryzbaydyng "alty alash balasyn sonyma alyp Edil, Jayyq, Saryarqada oryspenen bettese almay ketip baramyn" degen armanynan-aq, Han Kenesarynyng múraty anyq seziledi. Han Kenesary óz uaqyty men qyndylyqtarynyng qúrbany boldy. Býgin Alatau men Resey arasynda aibyndy da egemendi Qazaqstan degen tәuelsiz memleket, Han Kenesarynyng "keudesi men basyn" qosyp, ruhyn jandandyryp, onyng qasiyetti múraty jolynda algha basyp keledi.

Býgingi tanda bodandyq, tәueldilik, otarlyq jýiening ydyrauynyng negizgi sebebi últtyq sana-sezimning oyanuy bolghany anyq. Otar elding tәuelsizdik ýshin kýresi ekonomikalyq esepting emes, últtyq sana-sezimning kórinisi. Últtyq mәdeniyet-ýshin ólu, kýresu adamzat tarihyndaghy eng tabighy qúbylys. Óitkeni, mәdeniyet - adamdyq "men" nemese últtyq bolmystyng "meni", yaghny ruhy. Adamdar ýshin sayasy iydeologiya nemese ekonomikalyq paydagha qaraghanda eng manyzdysy últtyq bolmystarynyng tirshiligi men saqtaluy. Búdan asqan qasiyetti múrat joq.

Sonymen qoryta kele, Han Kenesarynyng qasiyetti soghysy HVIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynan bastalghan, әlemdi "otar jәne otarlaushy el" dep jiktegen imperializmge qarsy ashylghan soghys edi. Býgin imperializmning ornyna qazirgi zamanghy otarlaudyng jana týri globalizm keldi. Býgingi globalizm keshegi kolonializmning shóberesi, imperializmning nemeresi, keshegi orys globalizmining rulasy ekendigi anyq... Sondyqtan keshegi "kommunizm globalizminen" aman-sau qalghanyna tәuba dep, endi ghana egemendigining tizginin qolyna alyp jatqan biz ýshin memlekettiligimiz ben últtyq bolmysymyzgha tóngen qauip "yqtimaldaryn" býginnen kóre bilu, tanu jәne sezinude Yasauy jolynyng manyzdylyghy kýn ótken sayyn artyp otyr.

«Abay-aqparat»

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