Asan Omarov. Abay ashqan qoghamdyq kelisim zany
«Aqyn joly halyq jolymen
qabysa tabysqan shaqta onyng ózine
ólim joq, sózine zaman-dәuren shegi joq».
Múhtar Áuezov
«Aqyn joly halyq jolymen
qabysa tabysqan shaqta onyng ózine
ólim joq, sózine zaman-dәuren shegi joq».
Múhtar Áuezov
Elimizde dindi tanyp biluge degen talpynys kýnnen kýnge artyp, din ruhany ómirding qúbylasyna ainaluda. Sonymen qatar, elimizdegi diny ahual júrtshylyqty qatty alandatyp otyr. Qúlshylyq qyludyng mәnisin bile almay, ol azday, shyn din qaysy, shataq din qaysy ekenin de aiyra almay daghdarghan hәldemiz. Búl fakti bizge islamnyng ruhany әlemine terendep barudyng uaqyty jetkenin andatugha tiyisti.
Biraq ruhany kenistiktegi qúndylyqtardyng eng bastylary qaysy? Múny bilip almaghan jaghdayda ashyq múhiytqa kompassyz shyqqan keme siyaqty adasu onay. Sondyqtan biz búl mәsele boyynsha úly Abaygha jýginbekpiz. Qazaq qoghamynyng oi-sanasy qalyptasuyna jәne dúrys baghdar-baghytyn tabuyna hakim Abaydyng tiygizgen әseri ólsheusiz ekendigine kim talas joq.
Bile bilsek, qoghamdyq sanamyz tolysuynyng dәl qazirgi shaghynda Abaydyng «Ghaqliat-tasdiqat» (qazirgishe 38-qarasóz) atty traktatynyng orny bólek. Nege deseniz, onda ghúlama ózining Allanyng sipattary, adam balasynyng bolmysy, iman, ghibadat, sopylyq pen hakimdikting tabighaty, pendening tura joly, dinning haq maghrifaty, qoghamnyng damu zandylyghy t.s.s san jyldar tolghandyrghan taram-taram tanymdaryn qorytyndylap, olardyng songhy nýktesin qoyghan bolatyn. Biraq, «qolda barda altynnyng qadiri joq» demekshi, osynau danalyq tanymdar nazargha ilinbey-aq keledi (әtteng dýniye-ay, egerde qazaq kәri-jasy týgel әlemge, dinge Abaydyng kózimen qaraudy ýirenudi talap qylsa, onda býgingi ruhany quandyqtyng iyisi de bolmas edi-au).
Jә, Abay ashqan kelisim zany kәne? Ol ýshin jana atalghan Abaydyng traktatyna, yaghny 38-qarasózge kóz tigelik. Din bilimining shyny - teologiya, Tәnirini tanu. Sondyqtan danyshpan aldymen Tәnirining sipattary men esimderin asa qiyn syrly tәsilmen zerttey kele, bir jýiege salady. Aqyrghy nәtiyjesinde: «Sende búl ghylym, rahym, ghadelet ýsh sipatpenen sipattanbaq» dep qorytady. Shyn mәninde býkil adamzattyq aqyl-oydyng shyny bolyp tabylatyn keremet janalyq osy teziste túr, qúrmetti oqyrman!
Bir qaraghanda qarapayym bolyp kórinetin búl tezistegi ýsh sipatty anyqtau ýshin úly Abaydyng qanshama oy enbegin sarp etkeni bir Allagha ghana ayan. Biz aityp otyrghan qoghamdyq kelisimning (damudyng da) qúdiretti formulasy mine osy.
Endi búl Abay ashqan tanday qagharlyq ghajayyp janalyq bolyp tabylady degen payymdy dәleldeu ýshin ýsh sipatqa ret-retimen keleyik.
Kez kelgen jasampaz enbek «ghylym» úghymy ayasyna kiredi. Sol sebepti adamzatty tas dәuirde mәngi qaludan qútqarghan nәrse - ghylym ekeni talassyz nәrse. Songhy ghasyrlarda islam elderining progress kóshinen shet qaluy, Europanyng oiqastap ozyp qara ýzui, osy zamanghy keybir elderding algha shyghuy siyaqty qúbylystargha da «kinәli» jalghyz ghylym-qúdiret. Qogham damuynyn, jalpy órkeniyetting basty kórsetkishi - ghylym-bilim deuimizge búlardan artyq dәlel bola ma?
«Adamdy erekshe aqyl iyesi qylyp jarattyq» degen Qúran ayaty da adamdy adam qylghan keremet - ghylym deuimizge dәlel. Óitkeni, «aqyl - ghylymnyng bir aty» (Abay). Tirshilikting ruhaniy-materialdyq jaghy, onyng ishinde ghylymdy damytu, sóz joq, aqyldyng isi. Abay aitqan «dýnie de ózi, mal da ózi», «ghylym - Allanyng bir sipaty», «ghylym - hammagha hareket beretúghyn ózi», «biz ghylymdy satyp, mal izdemek emespiz, malmenen ghylymdy kәsip qylmaqpyz» degen ayat-hadistey aiqyn tezister sonyng dәleli.
Ghylym - adamzat damuynyng sara joly degen búrynnan mәlim aqiqatty nege biz Abaygha telip, qazaq danyshpany ashqan janalyq deuge beyilmiz. Óitkeni, Abay ghylym - Allanyng qozghaushy (óz sózimen aitqanda «hareket beretúghyn») sipaty ekendigin teologiyalyq túrghydan túnghysh dәleldegen ghúlama, qazirgi tilmen aitqanda, úly teolog-hakim. Izdengish Abay Alla taghalanyng segiz sýbýtiya sipattarynyn ishindegi «hareket beretúghyny», yaghny aiqyndaushysy - ghylym-qúdiret qana degen manyzdy qorytyndygha keledi. Al, «segiz sipattan qalghan altauy - búlargha sharh (sharh - týsinikteushi, tolyqtyrushy degen maghynany bildiredi)» dep týsindiredi. Taghy bir shegelep ótelik, búl búryn-sondy aitylmaghan janalyq.
Sóitip, ghúlama Abay jýrgizgen teologiyalyq izdenister Allanyng ghylym sipaty qogham túra túrsyn, kýlli gharyshty retteushi kýsh, qozghaushy quat ekendigin túnghysh ret dәiektep beredi. Ghylym - býgin de adamzat damuynyn, onyng órkeniyetining basty kórsetkishi. Oghan dәlel kerek emes.
Endi Abay teziysindegi ýsh sipattyng qalghan ekeui - rahym men әdiletke keleyik. Mine el tynyshtyghy men qoghamdyq kelisimning «kómbesi» osy arada.
«Raqymdylyq, meyirbandylyq, әr týrli iste adam balasyn óz bauyrym dep, ózine oilaghanday olargha da bolsa iygi edi demek, búlar - jýrekting isi», - deydi Abay (14-sóz).
Osynau tamasha anyqtama raqym, meyirimning úyasy jýrek ekendigin úqtyrady bizge. Sebebi, «tiri adamnyng jýrekten ayauly jeri joq» (Abay). Aqyl - ghylymnyng bir aty, bastaghy midyng ónimi bolsa, al, sezimning (senimning de) úyasy - jýrek dep ghúlamalar birauyzdan tújyrady.
Ásili, meyirim adam balasy túra túrsyn, hayuandar men qústargha da tәn sezim. Kez kelgen maqúlyq, mәselen, týie botasy, qarlyghash balapany ýshin janyn beruge әzir. Meyirim arqyly andar men qústardyng bastaryn baylap túqymyna qamqor qylyp qoyghandyghy - Qúday zany, hikmeti.
Keudemiz quysyndaghy jýrekte úyalaghan ekinshi qasterli sezim - әdilet. Mahabbattan keyingi tanghajayyp dýnie osy. Nege deseniz, әdilet joq jerde, bereke-birlik bolmaydy. Júmyr basty pendening jýregin dәl әdiletsizdik siyaqty ashyndyryp, jýikesin tozdyratyn eshtene joq. Foliklor men auyz әdebiyetinen de, kýndelikti ómir shyndyghynan kóremiz - tek әdil adam, әdil bi, әdil patsha ghana halyqtyng sýiispenshiligine, ystyq yqylysyna bólenedi. Nege? Hakim Abay bizge әdiletti adam boludyng mәnisin bylaysha úqtyrady: «...Bireulerge ya dýniyenmen, ya aqylynmen, ya malynmen ghadalet-shapaghat sekildi jaqsylyq tiygizbek maqsatyng boluy». Osynau tezis «Qúday joly», «taza músylman», «tolyq adam» úghymdaryn tanudyng da kilti.
Sóitip, sezimderding patshasy - mahabbat (meyirim) pen әdilet. Abay búl eki úghymdy qosaqtap «ghadelet-shapaghat» termiynin engizgen (osynau asa manyzdy terminologiyany saralau óz aldyna taqyryp).
Kórip otyrsyzdar, Abay ilimi boyynsha qoghamdyq kelisimning irgetasy - әdilet hәm mahabbat sezim ekendigi anyqtalyp otyr. Jogharyda saraptalghan ýsh sipat (ghylym, rahym, әdilet) turaly sózimizdi jinaqtaghanda, búl ýsheuining tútastyghy - hakim Abaydyng úly janalyghy dep tújyramyz. Qazaq, músylman әlemi ghana emes, býkil ay asty әlemge ortaq aiyryqsha tanymnyn manyzyn tómendetpeu ýshin ony Abay ashqan qoghamdyq damudyng jәne әleumettik kelisimning zany dep arnayy ataghanymyz abzal.
Abaydyn 38-shi qarasózinde eleuli oryn alatyn ýsh úlygh sipat jәne «ghadelet-shapaghat» ilimi turaly aitpaghymyz әzirge osy.
Qazirgi tanda dindar azamattar qazaqy músylmandyq, qazaqy islam degen úghymdargha qarsy shyghyp, olardy moyyndaghysy kelmeydi. Nege? Osyghan toqtala keteyik.
Mәsele sonda, Allanyng ghylymy jәne adamnyng ghylymy bar. Allanyng ghylymy turaly: «Ol ghylym-qúdiret eshbir nihayatsiz (sheksiz), ghylymynda -ghaflәt (min, qate), qúdiretinde - epsizdik jәne nasharlyq joq», - deydi Abay.
Allanyng ghylymy (aspan deneleri, kýn-týn, ómir-ólim, jaqsylyq-jamandyq t.b.) jayshylyqta «Qúday isi» delinedi. Al, din adamnyng isi, ghylymy ekeni aitpasa da týsinikti. Biraq dinning ruhany jәne ghúrpylyq jaqtary bar. Dinning ruhany әlemi Qúday isine, al ghúrpylyq jaghy adamgha qatysty bolady. Qúday isi men din isin aiyru qanshalyqty manyzdy ekenin Abay ózining «Jas óspirim zamandas qapa qyldy» óleninde bylaysha bildiredi:
Jamandyq, jaqsylyq pen - oghan bir bәs,
Din isin, Qúday isin aiyra almas.
Tegi ózgermeytin dinning ruhany jaghy, óitkeni, ol adamdargha on segiz myng ghalamgha ortaq Qúdaydyng hikmetin, zandaryn jetkizedi. Al, ghúrpylyq, qaghidalyq jaghy, músylmansha aitqanda, din sharighaty zamangha, jergilikti salt-dәstýrge beyimdelip, ózgerip otyrady.
Sonymen, qazaqy músylmandyq deu qate, islam qazaqtiki, ózbektiki, arabtiki dep bólinbeydi, ol barlyq últqa, úlysqa ortaq degen payymmen kelise almaymyz. Búl islamnyng ruhany әlemi men ghúrpylyq jaqtary baryna mәn bermeuden tughan pikir. Aytayyn degenim, qazaqy islam, islamnyng qazaqy modeli degen tirkester ómirge, ghylymy ainalymgha enuge qúqyly.
Islamnyng qazaqy modeli, yaghny últtyq jәne diny qúndylyqtardyng sintezi janalyq emes, qazaq topyraghynda әlimsaqtan bar nәrse. Tek ony saqtap qaluymyz qajet. Nege? Óitkeni, býgingi tanda, ókinishke qaray, әlemdik ruhaniy-diny daghdarys órtinen úshqan shoqtar qazaq elining әr túsyna týse bastady. Ata dinimizding parqyna bara almay, islamdy jekeley ayat, hadister arqyly nemese tek sharighat sharbaghynda qarastyrmaq bolyp, tura joldan adasyp qalghan azamattar aramyzda barshylyq. Biz halyqty әhly kitap tereninen (arabsha - tәuliyi) ýsh sipatty (ghylym, mahabbat, әdilet) tanudy ýiretuge tiyistimiz. Qatigezdik pen qiyanatshylyq dindi dúrys týsinbeuding saldary. Bilim, meyirim, rahym jetispegen jerde, iman da әlsiz.
Dindi dúrys týsinu degennen shyghady, islam kanondary ishindegi bes paryzdy bilmeytin músylman balasy joq, sirә. Áuelgisi - iman, iman keltiru (jeti sharty bar), qalghan tórteui (namaz, oraza, zeket, qajylyq) - imannyng kýzetshisi nemese syrtqy sauyty.
Apyr-au, iman keltiru degen - Qúday isin, zanyn tanyp-bilu emes pe. Ol - Qúdaygha ruhany dýniyenmen, al tórt taghat - tәninmen qylghan qúlshylyq týri bolyp tabylady. Sonymen, tarazynyng bir basynda - iman, ekinshisinde - taghat, ghibadat. Shyn músylman bolsan, eki basty teng ústa! Abaydyng songhy «Allanyng ózi de ras, sózi de ras» ólenin ýsh sýn ilimine, imannyng tazalyghyna arnap: «Jaqsy bolsan, jaqsy tút bәrin tegis» deytini sol.
Janashyl Abay shyn iman úghymyn ózining «ýsh sýng» ilimi arqyly jetkizedi. Qúday isi, Haq joly úghymdarynyng mәnisi - mahabbat pen әdilet dep pash etedi. Ondaghy «adamzattyng bәrin sýy bauyrym dep» jәne «Haq joly osy dep әdiletti» degen әigili joldardyng Qúdaydyng meyirim men әdilet zanyna arnalghanyna eshkimning talasy joq shyghar. Al, «Sen de sýy ol Allany jannan tәtti» degen joldyng mәnisi nede?
Búl arada Abay ghylym jolyna siltegen, yaghny Qúdaydyng minsiz danalyq isterin tanyp-bilu túspaldaghan siyaqty. Óitkeni, Qúdaydyng ghylymyn, isin bilmey túryp, Oghan ghashyq bolu, jannan tәtti sýy mýmkin be? Áste mýmkin emes nәrse.
Keleshekke, kózi ashyq, kókiregi oyau jastargha arnaghan óleninde:
Bastapqy ýshin (ýsh sýndi) bekitpey, songhy tórtti,
Qylghanmenen tatymdy bermes jemis, -
deuimen Abay iman men taghattyng arajigin ashyp, aiqyndap beredi. Úly ústaz ósiyetterining barshasy - aldaghy ghasyrda nening ótkir mәselege ainalatynyn kóre bilgen sәuegeylik ekendigi býgingi uaqyt túghyrynan qapysyz tanylyp otyr.
Taqyrymyzdy qoryta aitqanda, barshamyz da kóp aityp-jazyp jýrgen qoghamdyq kelisim, onyng ishinde dinaralyq kelisim, sol siyaqty tózimdilik, onyng ishinde diny tózimdilik óz aldyna filosofiyalyq kategoriyalar emes, olar Tәnirining ghylymy, isi - meyirim, әdiletten tuady. Búl aqiqat. Sondyqtan Abay ashqan әleumettik kelisim zanyn qazaq eli iygiligine molynan jәne ghylymy negizde paydalanu býgingi uaqyt talabyna say ýrdis bolyp tabylady.
Asan Omarov,
Qazaqstan Respublikasy
Din isteri agenttigi
«Din mәseleleri jónindegi ghylymiy-zertteu jәne taldau
ortalyghynyn» jetekshi ghylymy qyzmetkeri.
«Abay-aqparat»