Kelesi jyldyng aqpan aiynda "Qazaq" gazetining al­ghashqy sanynyng shyqqanyna bir ghasyr tolady. Alash qozghalysynyng sayasy ústanymdaryn jariyalap túrghan basylym jana qazaq tilinde shynayy kәsiby gazet stiylin qalyptastyrdy, zor aghartushylyq ról atqardy.

Birinshi bolyp 1870-82 jyldar aralyghynda Tashkentte "Týrkistan ualayatynyng gazeti" shyqty. Týrkistan general-gubernatorynyng resmy ýnqaghazy - "Turkestanskie vedomosti" gazetine qosymsha retinde qazaq jәne ózbek tilderinde alma-kezek shyghyp túrdy.

Búl basylym jabylghan son, 1888 jyly Dala general-gubernatorynyng Ombydaghy kensesi janynan "Dala ualayatynyng gazeti" degen ataumen ekinshi basylym jaryq kóre bastady. Jana gazet 1894 jylgha deyin shyqty. Resmy tarihnama boyynsha, atalghan eki basylym merzimdi qazaq bas­pasózining basy dep sanalady.
Kóp úzamay, ózge basylymdar shygha bastady. 1905-07 jyldardaghy birinshi orys tónkerisi túsynda shyghyp, qazaqtyng qoghamdyq ómirine onsha yqpal ete almay ghayyp bolghan "Serke" jәne "Qazaq" gazeti solardyng qatarynda.

Kelesi jyldyng aqpan aiynda "Qazaq" gazetining al­ghashqy sanynyng shyqqanyna bir ghasyr tolady. Alash qozghalysynyng sayasy ústanymdaryn jariyalap túrghan basylym jana qazaq tilinde shynayy kәsiby gazet stiylin qalyptastyrdy, zor aghartushylyq ról atqardy.

Birinshi bolyp 1870-82 jyldar aralyghynda Tashkentte "Týrkistan ualayatynyng gazeti" shyqty. Týrkistan general-gubernatorynyng resmy ýnqaghazy - "Turkestanskie vedomosti" gazetine qosymsha retinde qazaq jәne ózbek tilderinde alma-kezek shyghyp túrdy.

Búl basylym jabylghan son, 1888 jyly Dala general-gubernatorynyng Ombydaghy kensesi janynan "Dala ualayatynyng gazeti" degen ataumen ekinshi basylym jaryq kóre bastady. Jana gazet 1894 jylgha deyin shyqty. Resmy tarihnama boyynsha, atalghan eki basylym merzimdi qazaq bas­pasózining basy dep sanalady.
Kóp úzamay, ózge basylymdar shygha bastady. 1905-07 jyldardaghy birinshi orys tónkerisi túsynda shyghyp, qazaqtyng qoghamdyq ómirine onsha yqpal ete almay ghayyp bolghan "Serke" jәne "Qazaq" gazeti solardyng qatarynda.

1911 jyly shygha bastaghan ózge eki basylym - "Qazaqstan" gazeti men "Ayqap" jurnaly әldeqayda salmaqty kórindi jәne dәuiri úzaghyraq boldy. 15 nómiri jaryq kórisimen, otarshyl biylikting kýshteuimen jabylghan "Qazaq" gazetine qaraghanda, 500 danamen basylatyn "Ayqap" jurnalynyng túraqty oqyrmandary qalyptasqan edi. "Ayqap" jurnalynyng aldynghy basylymdardan, әsirese, patsha әkimshiligining resmy baspa ýni bolghan "Týrkistan ualayaty" men "Dala ualaya­ty" gazetterinen ereksheligi - jurnalda qazaqtyng HH ghasyr basyndaghy әdebiy-mәdeny qozghalysy men qoghamdyq pikirining damuy aitarlyqtay kórinip túrdy.Sorbonna (Pariyj) uniyversiyteti zertteushilerining mәli­metinshe, "Tarihshylar, pedagogtar, lingvister men aqyndardan qúrylghan tamasha újymnyng arqasynda "Ayqap" jurnaly óte jaqsy kórkemdelgen 20 bet bolyp basylyp túrdy" jәne "Ádeby qazaq tilining qalyptasuy men әdebiyetting damuyna edәuir ýles qosty, últtyq mәdeniyetke erekshe den qoyghan jurnal kóp izdenisin halyq shygharmashylyghy men qazaq etnografiyasyna arnady". Ahmet Baytúrsyn­úlynyng da qazaq tili boyynsha túnghysh zertteulerin osy "Ayqap" jurnalynda jariyalaghanyn aita ketken dúrys. Alayda 1915 jyly 80-nen asa sany jaryq kórgen, qazaqtyng túnghysh aghartushy jurnaly bolghan "Ayqapty", bir mәlimet boyynsha, otarshyl әkimshilik kýshtep japty, basqa derek kózderine sәikes, qarjy tapshylyghynan jabyldy.

Áliy­­han Bókeyhan, Ahmet Baytúrsynúly, Rayymjan Mәrsekúly jәne basqalar bastaghan aldynghy qatarly qazaq oqyghandary jalpyhalyqtyq gazet ashumen 1905 jyldan ainalysa bastady. Aldymen olar "18 aqpan jarlyghy" shyghysymen  ózderining sayasy talaptaryn әigili "Qarqaraly petisiyasyna" tizip jazyp, osy jarlyqqa qol qoyghan orys patshasynyng atyna poshtamen  jóneltedi.

Petisiyanyng 3-tarauynda: "Qazaq halqynyng qazirgi múqtajyn aiqyndau ýshin qazaq tilinde gazetter basyp shygharu qajet, ol ýshin bastapqy senzurasyz baspahana ashugha jәne gazet basugha rúqsat súrau emes, qúlaqtandyru tәrtibin ornatu kerek bolady" dep jazylghan edi.Sol jylghy jeltoqsan aiynyng basynda aqparat kózi retinde Sankt-Peterburgting "Novaya jizni" gazetin siltep kórsetken semeylik "Semipalatinskiy listok" "17 qazan maniyfesi men odan keyingi tústa Á.Bókeyhanovtyng qazaq tilinde gazet basyp shygharu ýshin qyrgha ketkenin" habarlady. Al qarasha aiyn­da Bókeyhan Reseyding "jergilikti (zemskiy) jәne qalalyq qayrat­kerlerinin" Mәskeudegi sezinde qazaqtyng sóz bostandyghyna zәru ekenin aityp sóz sóiledi. Ol: "Ana tilin erkin qoldanu qazaqtardyng tayau aradaghy múqtajy, sóz bostandyghy әsirese aldaghy saylau nauqanyna qajet" dep mәlimdedi.

Tarihy derekterge qaraghanda, "Qazaq" degen ataumen qazaq gazetin shygharugha resmy rúqsat Ahmet Bay­túrsynúlyna 1905 jylghy jeltoqsannyng 9-y kýni berilgen. Al aptalyq "Qazaq" gazetining alghashqy sany 1913 jylghy aqpannyng 2-sinde jaryq kórdi de, 1915 jyldan aptasyna eki ret shyghatyn boldy. Gazet qoldan qolgha, auyldan auylgha ótip, tozyp jetip jyrtyl­ghansha oqyldy. Ony sol zamanda Dala jәne Týrkistan ualayattaryna nemese 9 oblys jәne 1 guberniyagha bólingen (Qyr balasy. Qazaq. "Qazaq" gazeti, 1913 jyl, № 8) Qazaqstannyng týkpir-týkpirindegi júrt jazdyryp aldy. "Qazaq" gazetin metropoliyanyng Kiyevten Qazangha, Sankt-Peterburgten Tomskige deyingi uniyversiytetterinde bilim quyp jýrgen qazaq studentteri jazdyryp oqyghany turaly derekter kezdesedi. Az uaqyt ishinde "Qazaq" 5 milliongha juyq kóshpendi halyqtyng kópshiligi biletin basylymgha ainaldy.

Al­ghash jaryq kórgen kýninen bas­tap "Qazaq" gazeti qazaq dalasynyng qoghamdyq-sayasy jәne mәdeny ómirine bes jyldan úzaq japadan-jalghyz qyzmet etti. Oghan qosa ózinen búrynghy basylymdardyng biri de jana gazetpen ne sapasy, ne kótergen taqyryptarynyng san-salalyghy, ne taralymy jaghynan teng kele almady. Birinshi jyly 3 myng taralymmen shyghyp túrghan "Qazaqtyn" taralymy, Oksford uniyversiyteti zertteushilerining mә­limetine qaraghanda, kóp keshikpey 8 mynnan asyp jyghyldy. Búl ózinen búrynghy basylymdardyng bәrin qos­qanda da kóp bolady. Eger "Serke" men "Qazaq gazeti" nemese "Ayqap" jurnaly oqyghan jәne qaltaly qazaqtardyng arasynan shyqqan bir azamattyng nemese sanauly halyqshyl azamattyng kezdeysoq jәne jeke bastamasymen payda bolsa, "Qazaq" gazeti tiyanaqty maqsat-mýddeni kózdep, túraqty qarjylandyru kózine sýiengen újym edi.

Eger qaysybir basylym, mysaly, "Qazaqstan" men "Qazaq gazeti" nemese "Ayqap" negizinen qarjynyng jetispeuinen toqtap qalghan bolsa, "Qazaq" gazetining senimdi demeushileri bolghanyna mynaday dәlel bar: gazet shyghyp túrghan 1913 jyldyng aqpanynan 1917 jyldyng sonyna deyin onyng bas redaktory Ahmet Baytúrsynúly san ret tútqyngha alu nemese aiyppúl tóleu sekildi týrli jazagha tartylsa, abaqtygha jabylghan әr joly birneshe myng patsha rubli mólsherinde aqshalay kepildik tólep bosap shyghuyna tura keletin. Ol zamanda múnday qarjygha "Qazaq" sekildi birneshe gazet úiymdastyryp basyp túrugha bolatyn.

Álihan Bókeyhan 1910 jyly Sankt-Peterburgta jaryq kórgen "Qazaqtar" atty tarihy ocherkinde atap kórsetkendey, 1917 jylgha deyin qazaq arasynda qalyptasa bastaghan eki sayasy tolqynnyng birin "últtyq-diny qozghalys" dep ataugha bolady. Ekinshi sayasy qozghalysty Bókeyhan "batysshyl" dep ataydy jәne "ol qazaq dalasynyng keleshegin - eng keng maghynada aitqanda - sanaly týrde Batys mәdeniyetin jýzege asyru ar­qyly kóredi". Eger de aldynghy merzimdi basylymdardy negizinen últtyq-diny qozghalystyng ókilderi ashqan bolsa, "Qazaq" gazetining qúryltayshylary - Álihan Bókeyhannyng ózi men onyng senimdi ýzengi­lesteri Ahmet Baytúrsynúly jәne Mirjaqyp Dulatúly syndy "batysshyldar" bolatyn.

Oksford uniyversiytetindegi Ortalyq Aziyany zertteu qoghamynyng pikirinshe, "Qazaqtyng barlyq mandayaldy jetekshileri onyn  ("Qazaq" gazetinin) qyzmetkerlerining arasynda jýrdi, onyng ishinde M.Júmabayúly, M.Dulatúly, H.Dosmúhamedúly, E.Omarúly, A.H.Jýndibayúly, M.Tynyshbayúly jәne taghy basqalar bar...". "A.Baytúrsynúly jәne bas­qalar ózderining qazaq tarihy, qazaq foliklory jәne lingvistikasy turaly zertteulerin jariyalady. Jalpy "Qazaq" gazeti óte joghary ghylymy dengeyge jetti" dep esepteydi Oksford uniyversiytetining zertteushileri. Áytse de "Qazaq" gazetining qúryltayshylary aghartushylyqpen qatar, negizi 1905 jylghy "Qarqaraly petisiyasyna" jazylghan sayasy maqsattar men mýddelerdi de, onyng ishinde strategiya­lyq maqsattardy jýzege asyrghysy keldi.Petisiyada kórsetilmegen manyzdy mýddening biri - gazetting atauy. Ol turaly "Týrik balasy" gazetting ekinshi sanynan bastap "Qazaq tarihy" aidarymen jariyalanghan tizbekti maqalasynda bylay dep jazdy: "...Bizding qazaq ózining atynan aiyrylyp, qyrghyz atanyp jýrmekshi emes. Qiyametke sheyin qazaq qazaq bolyp jasamaq. Osy ghasyrdaghy әlem jaryghyna qazaq kózin ashyp, betin týzese, ózining qazaqshylyghyn joghaltpaghanday jәne ózimizding sharq әdetine ynghayly qylyp "Qazaq mәdeniyeti" (Kazakskaya kulitura) qúryp, bir jaghynan "Qazaq әdebiyeti" (Kazakskaya liyteratura) túrghyzyp, qazaqshylyghyn saqtamaqshy" (Týrik balasy. Qazaq tarihy. "Qazaq" gazeti, 16 aqpan, 1913 jyl, № 3).

"Qazaq" pen onyng qúryltayshylarynyng orta jәne úzaq merzimge josparlaghan maqsattaryna kelsek, olar mynalar:

- Qazaqtar­dyng 1907 jylghy 3 mau­sym zanymen joyylghan saylau jәne saylanu qúqyghyn qalpyna keltiru; 
- Kelimsekterdi qonystandyru arqyly otarlau sayasatyna qarsy túru jәne tәrkilengen jerlerdi qazaqtargha qaytaryp alyp, menshikti jeri retinde zandastyru;

- "Auyl mektepterine qazaq әlip­pesin engizu, osy mektepterde balalardy ana tilinde oqytu" jәne "Bolys kenseleri men halyq sottarynda isqaghazdaryn qazaq tilinde jýrgizu" arqyly astyrtyn jәne ashyq orystandyru sayasatyna tótep beru; 
- Dala ólkesine zang jýzinde zemstvo (jergilikti basqaru) tetigin engizu men damytu arqyly jana qazaq mem­leketining negizin saludy bastau; 
- Qazaqtardy әskery qyzmet etuge zang arqyly mindetteu, sol arqyly qazaqtar ýshin qazirgi zamannyng әskery ilimi men qaru-jaraghyna jol ashu.
Al "Qazaq" gazeti men onyng qúryltayshylarynyng kózdegen týpkilikti maqsaty - qazaqtyng últtyq memle­kettigin qayta kóteru jәne Álihan Bókeyhan ózining "Qazaqtar" ocherkinde atap ótkendey, qazaqtyng últtyq salt-dәstýri negizinde "batys mәdeniyeti jýzege asyrylugha tiyis" bolatyn.

Aldyna mine, osynday maqsat-mýddelerdi qoyghan "Qazaq" gazeti men onyng qúryltayshylary maqsattaryna monarhiyalyq biylik dәuirinde qan­tógissiz kýres jolymen jetuge úmtyldy. Alayda otarshyl imperiya zamanynan aman shygha bilgen "Qazaq" gazeti sovet ókimetining Qazaqstangha biylik ornatugha tyrysqan alghashqy kýnderinde-aq - 1918 jyldyng nauryzynda birjola jabyldy. Kóp úzamay onyng qúryltayshylary men avtorlarynyng basym kópshiligi sayasy qughyn-sýrgin kezinde atylyp ketti.

Qadirli oqyrman, búl maqala qysqartylmay tolyq berildi. Pikir bildirginiz nemese ghasyr basynda shyqqan "Qazaq" gazetine qatysty tyng mәlimetter berginiz kelse, azattyq.org saytynyng forumyna kiriniz.

«Jas Alash» gazeti