Úighyrlar tarihy jayly birer sóz...
Tarih úghymynyng maghynasy óte keng auqymdy qamtityn, aluan qyrly ghylymnyng bir salasy. Onyng ereksheligi sanadaghy týisik arqyly ózining qúpiyasyna elitip, tym alysqa – dәuirler, ghasyrlar qoynauyna oi, qiyal arqyly sapar shektiredi. Tarih – ol mynau kóz jetpes kókjiyek astyndaghy uaqyt ólshemimen aiqyndalatyn, adamzat kóshine úlasqan órkeniyetter shejiresi. Este joq eski dәuirlerden bastau alatyn, uaqyt atty әmirshining yrghaghynda terbelip, týrli ózgeristerge úshyraghan, aqiqaty kómeskilenip syryn ishke býkken úly qúbylys. Býgingi taqyrybymyzdyng ishki ózegi osynau úly qúbylystyng bir tarmaghy – Úighyr halqynyng tarihyna qatysty oqighalar men jaghdayattardan túrady.
Sonymen, hikayamyzdyng basyn sonau orta ghasyrlarda Selenga, Orhon, Tola ózenderining boyynda qúrylyp 745-840 jyldar aralyghynda ómir sýrgen Úighyr qaghanatynan bastayyq. Ol Kóktýrikter qúrghan Ekinshi Týrik qaghanatynyng ornynda payda boldy, astanasy Orhon ózeni boyyndaghy Qarabalasaghún qalasy edi. Alghashqy qaghany Peylo (745j.), keyin múragerlikpen onyng balasy Moyynshorgha berilip, ol 746 – 759 jyldar aralyghynda biylik qúrdy. Atalmysh qaghanat biyligin toghyz oghyzdar (keyde segiz oghyz) taypalar birlestiginin shonjarlary jýrgizip otyrghan. Sol bir tarihy kezeng ayasynda Ortalyq Aziya men Monghol ýstirtinde tirshilik etip, sayasy biylikke iyelik etken, bir-birine qarama-qarsy týrki tekti eki taypalyq odaq ómir sýrgen bolatyn:
1) Týrik atauyn iyelengen týrik-qypshaqtar.
2) Toghyz oghyz birlestigi.
Óz atauy aityp túrghanday «toghyz oghyz» sózi etnikalyq esim emes, sayasy atau. Búndaghy qypshaqtar (Ashina) atalyq biyleushi әuletti qúraydy, sebebi, olar ejelgi týrkiler týsiniginde «Tәnir tekti», «Tәnirden jaratylghan әulet», al toghyz oghyzdar analyq әuletke (Ashide) jatqyzylyp, arghy tegi «Ghúndardyng qyzdarynan taralghan» dep, tanylghan. Búl mәlimetterdi bizge jetkizushi qytay jylnamashylary, oghan qosa «Týrkiler ghúndardyng tikeley úrpaghy» degen derekterdi de jazyp qaldyrghan. Osynsha maghlúmattardy oi eleginen ótkize otyryp, búnyng jauabyn ejelgi shejirelerge jýginu arqyly tauyp kórelik:
...Ejelgi tarihta b.z. 67 jyldary Ghúndar men Qytaylar arasynda jangha jayly Batys ólkesi ýshin kezekti talas-janjal búrq ete qalady. Shúrayly da jasyl jelekti Tarym alqaby ýshin bolghan qiyan-keski shayqasta qytaylar basym týsip, ghúndardyng iyeligi bolghan Cheshi knyazidyghy (Túrfan óniri) ayausyz talan-tarajgha týsedi. Amaly tausylghan Ghún tәnirqúty cheshi halqynyng aman qalghandarynyng basyn qúrap, qaghanattyng shyghys aimaghyndaghy Baykal ónirine kóshirip qonystandyrady. Endigi basty kónil audararlyq jaghday-sol cheshi halqynyng tili, tanym tirshiligi týrkilik bolghanymen, atategi basqa, týrkige ýsh qaynasa sorpasy qosylmaytyn ýndieuropalyqtyng shyghys tarmaghyna jatatyn, yaghni, shyghys irandyqtargha úqsas boluynda. Sózimizdi sabaqtay kele jogharyda aitylghan Ashide әuletinen shyqqan toghyz oghyzdardyn «Ghúndardyng qyzynan taraluyna» qatysty tektik aiyrmashylyqqa, osy bir oqighanyng qatysy bar-au - dep, shamalaymyz…
Arada ótken birshama ghasyrlar boyy olar da ósip-ónip, kóshpendilershe ómir sýrip, ýrim bútaqtaryn jan-jaqqa órbitken kórinedi. Úighyr qaghanatynyng biylikke kelgeninen kóp úzamay-aq, 750 jyldary memleket ýsh qanatqa – ortalyq, ong jәne sol bolyp bólingende, sharpyny Maurennahrgha deyin jetedi. Sondaghy Maurennahr túrghyndarynyn ghúzdar (oghyzdar) atalatyndyghyn, olardyng sonau alys «Toghyz oghyzdardan» kelgendigi jayyndaghy aqpardy óz kezeginde arab shejireshileri jazyp ketken. Alayda, «úighyr» - sózining týrkilik yaghlaqar taypasynyng atauynan shyqqandyghyn eskersek, keyde «segiz oghyz» ataluynyng sheshui osy «yaghlaqardyn» basqa segizinen aiyrmashylyghyna sәikes onyng taza týrki tekti túqym bolghandyghynda jatyr-au dep, topshylaymyz. Sodan, 756 jyly Qazaq jerining ontýstik-shyghysynda qarlúq taypasy týrgeshterdi talqandap, tolyq ýstemdikke ie boldy. Endigi aldaghy on jyldyqta olardyng negizgi qarsylasy toghyz oghyzdar edi.
Aymaqtaghy biylik ýshin alasapyranda toghyz oghyzdar (úighyrlar) kóp kýsh júmsay otyryp, Shyghys Týrkistannyng batys bóligi men Jetisudyng birshama jerin qolastyna baghyndyryp qarlúqtardy biylikten yghystyrady da toghyz oghyzdardyng beldi taypalary Qazaq jerining shyghysynda biyligin jýrgizu ýstemdigin iyelenedi. Úighyrlardyng paydasyna sheshilgen búl yghystyru ýrdisi, sonau 744 jyly toghyz oghyzdardan oisyray jenilgen qarlúq pen yaghmalardyng kóshining Jonghariyagha, Túrfan men Jetisu aimaghyna jappay aghyluynan bastalghan-dy. Búl qonys audarudyng jalghasy VIII ghasyr sonyna qaray Qazaq jerine týrki tektes kóshpendi oghyz taypalarynyng da kóptep kelip ornygha bastauyna úlasty.
Endi úighyrlardyng diny senimi jayynda sóz qozghaytyn bolsaq, orta ghasyrlardyng әrqily kezenderinde atalmysh halyq – zoroastrizmnin, shamandyq, tәnirlik taghy basqa dindermen qatar buddizm, maniyheylik jәne hristiandyq dinderdi ústanghandyghyna tarih kýә. Osynshama kýrdeli nanym-senimderding aralastyghy sol aumaqtaghy eki mәdeniyetting qarym-qatynasynyng nәtiyjesinde tuyndaghan bolatyn. Olar ejelgi Qazaq jeri men Shyghys Týrkistandaghy ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan kóshpeli jәne otyryqshy mәdeniyetterding aralasuy әserinen kóptegen diny nanym-senimderdin toghysuyn basynan ótkerdi.
Mәselen, erte orta ghasyrlardaghy zoroastrizmning keng etek aluy sonday-aq, soghdylyqtardyng keluimen buddizmning jappay taraluy, hristiandyqtyn nestoriandyq baghytynyng enui, t.s.s.
Týsiniktirek boluy ýshin ótken tariyhqa biraz sheginis jasasaq: Sonymen, 431 jyly hristian әlemining ýlken bas qosu jiynynda Konstantinopoli patriarhy Nestoriyding «...Qúdaydyng anasy joq! Adamnan qúday tumaydy...» degeni siyaqty, taghy osy sarynda aitqan ózindik pikiri ýshin taqua dindarlar tarapynan jazagha tartylyp, shirkeuden alastatylady. Osy shuly oqighadan keyin pirәdar Nestoriyding izin quushylar – nestoriandar atalyp, hristiandar әlemi aimaghynyng barlyq jerinen qughyndalady da, tek Persiyadan ghana qoldau tabady. Búl diny aghym qamqorshysy bolghan Persiya aumaghynda ózderining mektepterin ashyp, nasihatyn jýrgizip, diny ilimderin Shyghys Aziyagha qaray keninen taratady. Siriyadan shyqqan osynau hristian-nestoriandar ózderining diny uaghyzdaryn shyghystyq – Baktriya, Parfiya, Maurennahr, Qazaq dalasy men odan әri Qytay, Mongholiyagha deyin, onyng ishinde úighyrlar arasynda da ýlken sәttilikpen uaghyzdaydy. Ol az deseniz 732 jyly Qytaydan quylghan maniyheylik din (orta ghasyrlarda Mesopotamiyadan shyqqan – zoroastrizmnin, shamanizm, buddizm, hristiandyq dinderding qosyndysynan shyqqan qoyyrtpaq din) iyeleri de úighyrlar ortasynan jaqtastar tauyp, biylik ýshin talastaghy ishki soghysta Moyanchur idyqútty qoldap, onyng biylikke kele salysymen maniyheylikting yqpalyndaghy úighyr qoghamy, atalmysh din qojalyq etken teokratiyalyq memleketke ainalady.
Bas-ayaghy bir ghasyrgha juyq ghúmyr keshken Úighyr qaghanaty 840 jyly jarty ghasyrgha sozylghan Eniysey qyrghyzdarymen bolghan soghysta kýl-talqan bolyp jenildi. Saghymgha ainalghan biylikpen birge maniyheylik diny nanym da óz mәrtebesinen aiyrylyp tyndy. Tәuelsizdikten aiyrylghan toghyz oghyzdardyng (úighyrlardyn) bir bóligi (15 aimaq) Altay men Tarbaghataygha auyp qarlúqtardyng qúramyna qosylsa, qalghan jartysy Shyghys Týrkistan men Ganisu ónirine qonys audarugha mәjbýr boldy. Úighyrlardyng qanyrap, qúlazyp qalghan júrtyna birtindep, monghol tildi taypalar kóship kelip qonystanyp, sharuashylyghyn tiktep túraqtap qaldy.
Odan keyingi úighyr halqynyng IH ghasyr ayaghy men H ghasyrdyng bas kezindegi tirshiligi men sayasy ahualy kýngirt, búl kezeng turaly naqty tarihy mәlimetter joqtyng qasy. Bir jaghynan tarihtyng dәl osy kezeninde úzaqqa sozylyp, tolassyz jalghasqan qandy soghystardan әbden әlsiregen Shyghys Aziyanyng barsha memleketteri birshama merzim óz mekenderinde tynshyp, eriksiz tomagha túiyq sayasat ústanghan túghyn. Mysaly: soghystan silesi qatyp qajyghan Qytaylar óz qamaldarynyng ishine ketti, al úighyrlardyng әielderi men balalary qytay әskerlerinen qalghan qorghandar men qorshaulargha baryp jasyrynsa, endi qyrghyzdar ýshin de osynau soghystyng eshqanday mәni bolmay qaldy. Al, Týrkilerding qalghany Tauly Altaygha taban tiredi.
Alayda uaqyt óte kele esi kirip, etegin jighan úighyrlar ózderining jana Otandaryna tez beyimdelip, Túrfan, Qarashar men Qúsha siyaqty shúrayly da berekeli, otty da suly tirshilikke qolayly aimaqtardyng jergilikti halqymen qoyan-qoltyq aralasyp ketti. Qoryta aitsaq, IH ghasyrdyng songhy shiyreginde Tyani-Shani tauynyng teriskeyinen bastap orasan zor aimaqtaghy otyryqshy júrttar, kóshpendi jauynger týrki tektes toghyz oghyzdardyng danqty atyn iyelenip, búdan bylayghy tirlikterinde «Úighyr» sózi basymdyqqa ie bolyp, jii qoldanysqa ene bastaghan sekildi..
Búndaghy bizdi tandandyratyn jaghday, osynsha aimaqty qamtyp jatqan túrghyndardyng әleumettik qúrylymy, olar: kópesterden, qolónershilerden jәne diqanshy-baghbandardan túratyn mýldem basqa el-júrt edi. Búl degeniniz - ózderi aishyqtap esimin iyelengen jaujýrek kóshpendilerge esh úqsastyghy joq, jana halyqtyng qalyptasqandyghyn bayqatady. Jer aumaghy jaghynan Tyani-Shanigha janasyp jatsa, ontýstiginde Lobnorgha, batys tarapynan Manas ózeni men Qúsha jazirasyna deyingi jasyl ólkeni qamtydy. Sonymen, «jana úighyr» halqynyng payda bolghan, jana memleketin Qytay biyligi 874 jyly resmy týrde moyyndady. Búdan keyingi H-HIII gh. aralyghynda úighyrlardyng hal-ahualy turaly zertteushi, ghalym S.E.Malovtyng jariyalaghan zandyq qújattar jayly enbeginde Túrfan ónirinde–arenda, krediyt, qúl, kýng saudasy, qaryz qúldyghy, alym-salyq pen mindetkerlik jәne ósimqorlyqtyng da bolghanynyn tәptishtep jazylghan. Taghy bir erekshelik jaghday sol kezendegi úighyr әdebiyetining audarmagha óte bay boluymen daralanady. Olar kóbinese-siriya, parsy, sanskriyt, qytay jәne tiybet tilindegi tuyndylardy óz tilderinde audaryp, ózderining tóltuma әdebiyetterinen eshbir múra qaldyrmaghan. Tegi jaghynan әrtýrli etnostardyng bir-birimen etene aralasqany sonsha, Túrfan ólkesinde mәdeniyetting ózgeshe bir, basqagha úqsamaytyn budan týri qalyptasty. Qoryta aitqanda, Shyghys Týrkistannyng ejelgi mәdeni, tarihy dәstýleri ýzilip, toqyraugha úshyrady.
... Nelikten? Qalay oilaysyz, nege búlay boldy? Ejelgi demekshi, endi búl osy súraqqa kóne shejirelerden jauap izdep kórelik. Endigi әngime arnasy ózgerip ejelgi dýniye, yaghni, bizding zamanymyzdan búrynghy uaqyt, búrynghy әlem turaly bolmaq. Ol ýshin biz әngimemizdi ózderinizge mektep qabyrghasynan tanys Saqtar tarihynan bastaymyz.
Sonda Úly Saq úlysynyng patshayymy Túmar (Tomiriys) pen Parsy patshasy Kir (Qúrysh) arasynda bolghan qandy shayqasty esimizge týsireyik. Alapat qantógis basqynshy, ashkóz, qanqúmar Kirding Saq úlysynyng aimaghyndaghy Talas dalasynda ajal qúshuymen ayaqtalady. Onyng kesilgen basyn jiyirkene ústaghan saq patshayymy Túmardyng ″Izdegening qan edi! Ish endeshe....″ dep, qan toly torsyqqa batyryp túryp aitqan sózi, myndaghan jyldardy artqa tastap, olardyng tikeley úrpaghy qazaqtargha, yaghni, bizge de sol qalpynda jetti. Mine, óziniz kórip otyrghanday asqaq ruh pen óshpes erlikting halyq jadynda mәngi saqtalyp úrpaqtan-úrpaqqa berilip, eshqashan óshpeytinine ata tarihtyng kýә ekendigi dәlel.
Sonymen, b.d.d. 529 j Syrdariyanyng jaghasynda jýzden astam halyqtardyng úlandary qatysqan eng iri qandy shayqas bolghan. Osy ghalamat soghysta әlemning myqty degen elderi Saq úlysynyng bes qaruynyng qúdiretin tanyp, otanshyldyq ruhy men erligine bas iydi. Nәtiyjesinde, patsha basynan aiyrylyp Parsy júrty iyesiz qaldy.
Jenimpaz Túmar patshayym elining rubasylarmen, batyrlarymen ýlken jiyn ótkizip, endi búl qatygez dúshpandardyng tughan jerge qaytyp ayaq basqyzbaudyng qamyn oilastyrady. Oqyrman ózderinizde bayqap otyrghan bolarsyz, tarihy oqigha mýldem basqa arnagha búrylyp barady. Sebebi, búrynghy biz oqyghan tarih qatty búrmalanghan edi. (Kenes ýkimeti tarapynan) Sol qoldan jasalghan qiyanattyng zardabyn, búrmalanghan qazaq tarihy turaly qazirgi zertteushilerimiz kóptep jazuda.
Aqyry sonynda el-júrtymen aqyldasqan ýlken talqylaudan song Túmar patshayym Gushtasp degen qyzmetshi qúldyng balasy Dariyaushty (Dariy) quyrshaq patsha etip taghayyndaydy. Oghan qosa bolashaqta qantógisti boldyrmaudyng aldyn alu ýshin, kóshpendi halyqtarda baghzy zamannan kele jatqan josyq «Amanat alu» tәsilin paydalanady. Búl dәstýr boyynsha qatar ornalasqan memleketterding biyleushi әuletteri ózara bir-bir adam nemese tútastay bir rudy «amanatqa» beretin, osy «Amanat» adam nemese ru sol - eki el arasyndaghy beybitshilikting naqty kepili qyzmetin atqarghan. Sonday-aq, key uaqyttarda soghysta jeniske jetken el, jenilgen jaqtan da bolashaqtaghy beybitshilikti, eki el tynyshtyghyn saqtau maqsatynda «amanat» alyp otyru zany bolghan edi. Sóitip, ata-baba zanyn ústanghan Patshayym oisyray jenilgen Parsy elining adamy eng kóp pasarghady atalatyn ruynyng jartysyn «amanatqa alyp» kóshirip әkelip, memleketting shetki eki aimaghyna bólip qonystandyrady.
Sebebi, pasarghady Saq jerine basyp kirgen parsy patshasy Kirding (Qúryshtyn) eng senimdi, ataghy mәlim arqa sýier qoldaushy ruy edi. Al, osy amanat júrttyng sol kezendegi ainalysatyn sharuasynyng negizgi eki týri de Saqtar tarapynan naqty belgilenip berilgen eken:
1) Sayasy salada qúrbandyqqa ilingender (eki el arasyndaghy sayasi, dauly mәselelerdi sheshude paydalanylghan)
2) Eginshilikti mengergen diqan boluy, yaghni, patshayymnyng elin astyqpen, jemispen, t.b. kerek-jaraqpen qamtamasyz etushi qyzmetshiler.
Endi, sharua jaghdayy aiqyndalghan song olardyng ornalasqan jerine kelsek, osynau amanat júrttyng bir bóligin qazirgi Tәjikstan memleketi jerine, ekinshi jartysyn Qashqar ónirine bólip ornalastyrypty. Mine, búdan shyghar janalyqty óziniz de týsinip otyrghan bolarsyz-demek, Tәjikstandaghy tәjikter men Qashqardaghy úighyrlardyng arghy atalarynyng bir tughandyghyn jәne olardyng osy bir alasapyran zamanda atajúrtynan auyp kelgen «amanat eldin» ýrim-bútaghy ekendigin. Tәjikter óz jeri men rulastarynan airylsa da, Iran әlemining bir qiyr shetinde jatqandyqtan, ruhany baylanys ýzilmey ózderining tilin saqtap qaldy, al Qashqardaghy rulastary keyinnen: qashqarlyq, taranshy, sart taghy basqa atalyp búryndary týrki tekti «yaghlakardyn» esimin iyelense, keyinnen ana tilderin úmytyp, birjola týriktenip ketkendikten Sovet zamanynda úighyr atanghan edi. Mine, qúrmetti oqyrman, endigi rette tildik ereshelikti jinastyryp qoyyp, zamana kóshine ilesip jazular tarihyna kósheyik.
Tarihta, kórkem әdebiyette kóptep kezdesetin úighyr elining jazu turaly sóz qozghasaq bizding oiymyzgha birden «Túrfan jazuy» oralady. Onyng kózge týser basty ereksheligi soghdy alfaviytinen bastau alatyn soltýstik semiyt, aramey jazuynyng bir týri ekendiginde jәne ol týrki jazuy siyaqty onnan solgha qaray emes, basqasha, jogharydan tómen qaray tik әriptermen tanbalanuynda. Oghan qosa mekteptegi tarih oqulyghynan «Soghdy (úighyr) jazuy degenimiz-orta ghasyrlardaghy parsy jazuy» dep, oqyghanymyz әli de bәrimizding jadymyzdan óshe qoyghan joq qoy. Soghdylyqtar b.z.b. VI – IV ghasyrda parsynyng Ahemen memleketining qúramynda bolghan, Mongholiya men Qytaydan – Mervke deyingi aumaqtaghy negizgi keruen joldarynyng bәrinde olardyng sauda-eginshilik qonystarynyng bolghandyghy jayynda derekter barshylyq. Búndaghy bir kónil audararlyq jaghday «úighyr jazuynyn» ózinin týp-tegin týrkining runikasynan emes, soghdydan alyp otyrghandyghynda. Endi mynaday súraq tuyndaydy, úighyrlar týrki tekti bola túra, nege parsy jazuyn qoldanghan? Álde týrkilerde óz jazu tanbasy bolmady ma?
Toqtanyz, nege bolmady, boldy! Onyng dәleli Daniyalyq ghalym V.Tomsonnyng 1893 jyly alghash oqu qúpiyasyn ashqan 35 әripten túratyn kóne týrki runikasyn qayda qoyamyz?! Týrkilerding arghy tegi Saqtarda jazu mәdeniyetining bolghanyna Esik obasynan tabylghan 26 tanbadan túratyn kýmis tostaghan men qatar Talas, Ertis, Syr, Ile ózenderining boyynan tabylghan runikalyq jazular dәlel bola alady. Búl jazu b.z.b. V – IV ghasyrda ómir sýrgen taypalardyng tarihy men mәdeniyetinen habar berip, qazaq jerinde ghúmyr keshken saq taypalarynyng tili – týrki tili bolghandyghynyng qúpiyasyn ashyp, aqiqatyn әlemge tanytty. Solay aghayyn!
Endi búl jazghandarymyzdy oy eleginen ótkizip ózimizshe saraptama jasap kóreyik: uaqyt merzimi shamalas, ornalasu aimaghy da sol qalpy, tili týrki, jazu tanbasy eki basqa. Aytylyp otyrghan jazulardyng aiyrmashylyghynyn jer men kóktey ekendigi aiday anyq bolyp túr. Búghan ne deysiz? Osydan kele sonda búl jerding jergilikti halqy kimder bolghan degen? – zandy súraq tuyndaydy.
Al, búghan jauapty kóne qytay jylnamashylarynyng mәlimetterinen tabamyz. Sebebi, qytaydyng Batys ólkeni jaulaugha alghashqy qadam baspas búryn, aldymen búl ónirding halqy, túrmys-tirshiligi jayly maghlúmattar jinaudan bastaghan. Osy maqsatta eki ret elshilikke kelgen qytaylyq sayasatshy Chjan Syani «Batys ónir» jerleri, Shyghys Týrkistan, Qazaq jeri men Ortalyq Aziya turaly kóptegen qúndy derekter qaldyrghan. Sonday aqparattardy tarihshy Bani Gudyng (b.z.d. I gh.) «Ertedegi Hani tarihy» enbegining «Batys ólke turaly hikaya» tarauynan da kezdestiremiz.
Onda batys jaqty mekendeytin týrki tekti - Ýisin, Qanly, Sunnu iyelikteri jayynda bayanday kele ýisinderdin Jetisudy, saqtardyn, qanlylardyng Túrfan oipatyn mekendeytinin jәne olardyng qytay biyligine qaramaytyndyghy jayynda aitylghan. Endi osy jerde sәl kidiris jasayyq: sol Bani Gu óz mәlimetterinde Qanly memleketin 5 bektikke bólgen.Onyng ishinde «Sushiye», «Kushaniye» - iyelik ataularyn oqyghanda Sushiye-Sule (Qashqar), Kushaniye-Qúshar nemese Qarashar ataularynyng eskishe aityluy emes pe eken? – degen, oilargha jeteleydi. Áriyne, búl bizding osynau izdenis barysyndaghy oiymyzdan tuyndaghan týrli boljamdarymyzdyng biri ghana.
Minekey, óziniz bayqap otyrghanday, arada birshama uaqyt ótse de osynau ejelgi parfiyandyqtardyn úrpaqtary parsy tilin týrkige almastyrsa da-biraq, ózderining Shyghys Iranmen baylanysyn údayy sezinip otyrghan bolulary kerek. Sótip, jogharyda aitylghan – kópesterden, qolónershiler men diqan-baghbandardan túratyn «jana halyqtyn» yaghni, úighyrlardyng arghy tarihyndaghy osynday ózgeshelikterding bolghanyn jәne «budan mәdeniyettin» qalyptasuy sebepterin de endigi óziniz týsinip qalghan bolarsyz. Búl degeniniz, shamasy «ejelgi» Shyghys Týrkistannyng tarihy dәstýrining ýzilip qaluynyn sebep-saldarynyng bir qyry ghana bolsa kerek-ti...
Taghy bir kónil audararlyq keleli mәselening biri «amanat halyqtyn» týrkilenu ýrdisining ótu barysy jayynda bolmaq. Demek, pasarghady júrtynyng týrkilenui tym úzaqqa sozylyp, ghasyrlargha úlasqan. Búl ýderisting basynda jergilikti júrtpen qosa, әrtýrli sayasi, ekonomikalyq taghy basqa sebepterden shyghysqa yghystyrylyp nemese etnogenez nәtiyjesinde osy aradan shyqqan rulardyng ontýstikke qaray keng kólemde joryq jasap, shabuyldap túruynan tuyndaghan. Olar – saqtar, kushandar, týrikter, qarlúqtar, qypshaqtar taghy basqa últtar men úlystar.
Týsinikti bolu ýshin tolyghyraq bayandar bolsaq: b.z.b. I mynjyldyqtaghy Qazaq jerin, Ortalyq Aziyany, Aughanstan men Soltýstik Ýndistandy mekendegen – Saqtar dәuiri, Soghdy memleketinde, ejelgi Túranda biylik qúrghan Alyp Er Tongha zamany (Afrasiab), Úly Qytay qorghanyn saldyrtqan – Tynyq múhittan pen Kaspiy tenizine aralyghynda, Ýndistan, Iran, Aughanstangha deyingi úlan baytaq aimaqqa qojalyq etken – Ghúndar, Qazaq jeri men Ortalyq Aziyada, Aral tenizine deyingi jәne Iranmen odaqtasa jýrip Eftalitterdi (Aq ghúndar) baghyndyrghan – Týrki qaghanaty, odan bergi Týrkesh, Qarlúq, Qarahan qaghanattary dәuirleri men Qypshaq handyghy, Shynghyshan zamandary, taghy sol siyaqty atalmysh uaqyttyng barlyq kezenindegi biylik basynda tek qana Týrki әuletterining ýstemdik etui.
Mine, osynshama ghasyrlar ayasyndaghy týrkilenu ýrdisi ýnemi ózinin jalghasyn tauyp, kýndelik ómirding ajyramas bir salasyna ainalghan edi. IYә, osynau dәuirlerge úlasqan týrkilenu qúbylysynyng toqtausyz jýrui óz degenine jetip tyndy. Sonymen saq zamanynda amanatqa kelgen júrt, yaghni, keyingi «jana úighyr halqy» b.z.d. 59 jyly alghashqy Qytay basqaru әkimshiligi qúrylghan, al b.z. VII ghasyrynda Sule eski atauymen birge jana aty Kasha, yaghni, Qashqar bolyp Tan imperiyasynyng kartasyna týsken Batys ólkeni múra etip alyp, H ghasyr basynda Túrfan, Qarashar, Qashqar jәne Jarkent aimaghy tolyq týrkilenip aqyr ayaghy - Shyghys Týrkistangha ainalyp shygha keldi.
Jәne de tabighattyng da adam ómirinde ýlken ról oinaytynyn údayy este ústaghan da jón-au. Aytylyp otyrghan IH–H ghasyrlarda Úly dalanyn tandyry keuip quanshylyq basqan keze edi. Qansyghan quanshylyq kóshpelilerding sharuashylyghyn shayqap, әurege salsa, әrqashan dala jaqtan keletin qauip azayyp, kerisinshe jasyl alqap túrghyndarynyng órkendeuine mýmkindik úlghaya týsetin. Qalyptasqan jaghdaydy tiyimdi paydalanghan Úighyr idyqúty memleketi men Samanidterding baq-talayy artyp kýsheyip shygha keldi. Búryndary eki-ýsh ghasyr búryn ómir sýruin toqtatqan Batys Týrik qaghanaty ydyraghan son, ondaghy qarlúq, argu, túhsy basqa da týrik taypalary lek-legimen auyp – Ystyq kólding ontýstigine jәne Tarym alqabyna kelip qonys tepken bolatyn.
Sol H ghasyrdyng basynda qarlúqtardyng ontýstiginde chigil men yaghma taypalary payda boldy. Búlardyng ishinde alghashqy bolyp yaghma taypasy islam dinin (900j.) qabyldaghan-tyn. Olardyng biyleushisi Bograhan, qarapayym halqyn «bogrash» dep ataghan. Bogrash tilining qarlúqtar men úighyrlargha mýldem úqsamaytyndyghy jayly zertteushi S.E.Malov: 1069 jylghy jazylghan J. Balasaghúnnyng «Qútty bilik» dastany – әueli arab әrpimen jazylyp, sosyn úighyr jazuymen kóshirilgen, shygharmanyng tili úighyrshadan ózgeshe «bogrash» tilinde-dep, ózdik pikirin bildirgen.
Búl H ghasyrdaghy negizin Satúq Boghra han qalaghan (915 - 955j.j.) Qarahan dәuiri kezeni. Memleketting alghashqy astanasy – Qashqar, odan Balasaghún, Ózgen qalasy, keyinnen qaytadan Qashqar qalasy boldy. Týrkilerding jana diny senim islamdy qabyldauyna úiytqy bolghan Satúq Boghra qaghandy qazaq eli әli kýnge deyin qasterlep Áulie Ata dep ataydy, kesenesi Taraz qalasynda ornalasqan. Qashqardaghy músylman dinining keng qanat jangyna qaghannyng balasy Músanyng óz biyligin nyghatu maqsatynda 960 jyly islamdy memlekettik din – dep, jariyalauy da kýshti yqpal etti. Búrynnan buddalyq pen nestoriandyq senimdegi Shyghys Týrkistannyng basym bóligi endi islamgha bet búrdy. Biraq, Túrfan, Qarashar men Kóshte túratyn hristian úighyrlardyng da әleueti artyp, maniyheylik dinnen mýldem bas tartty, nәtiyjesinde búl diny senim mýldem joyylyp tyndy.
Alayda, keng etek alghan nestoriandyq sayasi bytyranqylyqta bolsa da, sany artyp keng qúlash jayghan nestoriandyq shirkeuler HII ghasyrda tútastay keng kólemdi qamtyghan birtútas mәdeny salany qúrady. Qytaymen soghys olar ýshin tiyimsiz edi, óitkeni ekonomikalyq ahual basym týsip, soghys pen jenis iydeyasynan әldeqayda kýshtirek bolatyn. Jәne shay men jibek kiyimder, sauda kerueninen týsetin qyruar payda jaghy taghy bar degendey. Ol kezendegi sauda keruenderi Qytaydan shyghyp, Baghdatqa ayaldap, ary qaray Konstantinopolige deyin damylsyz jýrip jatty. Búndaghy músylman kópesteri Sibirge deyingi aimaqta qojalyq etse, nestoriandyq úighyr kópesteri Orta Aziya men Qytay arasyndaghy sauda qatynasynda sheshushi ról atqardy.
Keyinirek, HI ghasyrda Orta Aziyagha da aqyryndap hristiandyqtyng pravoslavtyq tarmaghy tarala bastady. Ilgeridegi óshpendiligi úmytylmaghan nestoriandar bolsa, ózderi tarapynan búl qúbylysqa salqyn qabaq tanytqan synayly. Sayasy bytyranqylyq pen saudadaghy ashkózdik, diny alauyzdyq HII ghasyrdaghy úighyrlardyng ishki-syrtqy jәne kórshilermen qarym-qatynasyna týrli yqpalyn tiygizip otyrdy. Osy qoghamdaghy barsha diny әleumettik toptardyng ishinde, әsirese hristiandyq-nestoriandar ózge dinge tózbeushilik qasiyetimen erekshelenetin.
Mәselen, 1125 jyly shanyraghy ortasyna týsip kýiregen qidandardyn Lyao imperiyasynyng bekzadasy Eluy Dashy kórshileri chjurchjenderdin shabuylynan yghyp 20 myng әskerimen imperiyanyng batysyna qonys audarady. Ol 1128 jyly onda da túraq taba almay ontýstik Jonghariyaynyng Bishbalyq qalasyn basyp alady. IYә, kókten izdegeni jerden tabyldy, sebebi, músylmanmen soghysatyn adam ózi keldi (gurhan). Osy sәtti tiyimdi paydalanghan nestoriandyq úighyrlar qidandardy azyq-týlikpen, sarbazben qamtamasyz etu jaghy men әskerdi qayta qúryp jaraqtandyrudan qarjylaryn ayamaghan. Oghan búl jerde Tyani-Shani ónirining otyryqshy 7 oblysynyng basshylary (tegi jaghynan úighyrlar boluy kerek) jәne 18 taypanyng kósemderi qosylyp barlyghy Qashqar qalasyna shabuyl jasaghanymen jeniliske úshyraydy. Sonymen Jetisugha túraqtap birte-birte 1129 jyly Samarqan biyleushisining qolastyndaghy 16 myng qidan týtinin ózine qosyp alyp, 1129 jyly Qashqar men Hotan qalasyna qayta shabuyl jasap basyp alady.
Biraq, osy jaghdaygha baylanyst gýrhannyng Orta Aziya músylmandarymen qarym-qatynasy shiyelenisip, qanly men qarlúqtardy jaulaghany ýshin Úly qypshaq dalasyn ózining bitispes jauyna ainaldyrdy. Ol az deseniz 1130 jyly Hodjent týbinde Súltan Sanjardyng iyeligindegi Mahmúthannyn әskerin byt-shyt qylyp jenedi. Búl qorlyqqa shydamaghan Tayau Shyghystaghy músylmandardyng qúdiretti qolbasshysy Súltan Sanjar (Horasan, Sedjastan, Gura men Ghaznanyng jәne Mazanderannan jinaghan) 100 myn sarbazymen «dinsiz týrikterdin» sazayyn tartqyzugha ózi keledi.
Sóitip, 1141 jyly Hodjent pen Samarqannyng arasyndaghy Qatuan jazyghynda qaraqytay gurhany Eluy Dashynyng baq-talayy asyp, shayqas dalasynda basym týsip, Súltan Sanjar bastaghan músylmandar qosynyn oisyratqan kýide kýl-talqan etip jenedi. Onyng әieli men qarulastary tútqyngha týsip, ózi әreng dep jansaughalap aman qalady.
Mine, osynau qandy shayqasta nestoriandardyn islamgha degen, diny óshpendiligi óz degenine jetken edi. Nege deseniz sol kezendegi Shyghys Týrkistanda músylmandar, buddashylar men nestoriandar qatarlasa ghúmyr keship jatty. Mysaly:
1) Buddashylar monastyrynda baylyqtary shirip jatsa da, saudagha selqos boldy. (budda zany boyynsha altyngha men kýmiske, әielge jolaugha qatang tyiym salyndy)
2) Nestoriandar shetterinen saudager da, biraq, músylmandardy ólerdey jek kórdi.
3) Músylman saudagerleri de ózderi tarapynan keruenderin toqtatqan emes.
Nestoriandyq úighyrlar júmsalghan qarjy men qoldaudyng qarymtasy retinde qidandar Gurhany arqyly býkil – Samarqan men Ferghanadaghy, Qashqar men Hotandaghy músylmen bәsekelesterining mysyn basyp, býkil keruen saudasynyng tizginin óz qoldaryna aludy kózdedi. Jәne solay bolyp oilaghan maqsattary jýzege asqan sekildi. Nege deseniz osy Qatuandagha qyrghyn shayqastan keyingi kezende úighyrlardyng sauda qalalarynyng gýldenu kezenining esigi aiqara ashylyp, basymdyqqa ie bolghan nestorian kópesteri keruen saudasynan basqa, ózderine tәueldi aumaqtardaghy músylman kópesterinen qosymsha alym-salyq ta alyp otyrdy.Sol ýshinde olar, ólsheusiz payda әkeletin basqa dindegilerge qarsy kýresti ýnemi qoldap, bar qarajattaryn ayamaytyndy.
Úighyrlardyng oiyn jýzege asyryp, abyroyyn asqaqtatqan, iske ynghayly, bilimi men mәdeniyeti bir basyna jeterlik әskery kósem Eluy Dashynyng óz basyna kelsek, ol – aimaqtaghy budda, islam, hristian dinderinin eshqaysysyn da moyyndamaghan kórinedi.
Oghan dәlel retinde 1130 jyly ol óz atynan Kók Tәniri men qasiyetti Jer-Sugha, ata-baba aruaghyna baghyshtap - súr búqa men aq boz atty qúrbandyqqa shalghanyn aitsaq ta jetip jatyr. Biraq, onyng múrageri Iliiya degen, hristiandyq esimdi iyelense, nemeresi (Djurka, Yurka) Yuriy biylik etken 1178 – 1213 jyldary atasy Eluy Dashy jaulap alghan jerlerdi saqtap qalu maqsatynda patriarh Iliiya III-ge «Qashqar men Jetisuda nestoriandyq mitropoliya» qúrugha barynsha qoldau kórsetip otyrghan.
Úighyr idyqúty Qatuan shayqasynan keyin qaraqytay Gurhanyna salyq tólep túrghanymen, tolyq tәueldilikke týspey shyn mәninde óz betinshe derbes әreket ete beretin. Búdan biz Úighyr idyqútynyng – qidan Gurhangha adal odaqtas emes ekendigin, Gurhandy tek sauda salasy men diny mýddeleri ýshin ghana, mysaly: músylmandargha qarsy qalqan retinde paydalanu sayasatyna paydalanyp ghana, qiytúrqy sayasat ústanghandyghyn bayqaymyz.Odan arghy Úighyrlardyng tarihy, әriyne, әlemdegi barlyq elder shejiresinde jazylghanday kóptegen diny senim jikshildiginen, ishki alauyzdyqtan, tektik aiyrmashylyq pen ishki-syrtqy sayasi, ekonomikalyq, әleumettik qarym-qatynastardyng әserinen iri qaqtyghystargha tap bolyp, odan әri ýlken qantógisterdi de tuyndatyp otyrghan.
Oghan mysal kóptegen zertteushi ghalymdarymyzdyng enbekterinde úshyrasatyn, jogharyda aitylghanday әrtektilik, týrli әdet-ghúryptar men salt-dәstýrlerding kezdesui, mysaly, týrki tekti Saryúighyrlardyng Kusha men qatar basqa da qalalar manayynda kóptep qonystanghandyghy, basqa úighyrlardyng olardy «kәpir» dep, ataytyndyghy jayly, taghy basqa týrli mәlimetterdi kóptep kezdestiruge bolady.
Aytylghan sóderimiz jalang bolmas ýshin myna bir faktige kónil audara keteyik. Ákesi Qashqarda tuyp ósken, Qarahan dәuiri túsyndaghy әmirshilerding biri Ibn Áliyding úrpaghy, týrki halqynyng asa daryndy perzentterining biri, әigili «Diuany lúghat at-Týrk» shygharmasynyng avtory Mahmúd Qashqari Qarahandyqtardyng úighyrlardy shabuyn bylay dep suretteydi:
Keme ishine otyryp,
Ile suyn keshtik biz.
Úighyr jaqqa bet qoyyp, Múnlyq júrtqa astyq biz.
Bayraq baylap attargha
Úighyr jaqqa tartargha.
Úry – jauyz jattargha,
Qús siyaqty úshtyq biz.
Seldetip bir aqtyq biz,
Kent ýstinen shyqtyq biz.
Búrhan ýiin jyqtyq biz
Búrhan ýstine shyqtyq biz!
(Shu batyr\\ Eki myn jyldyq dala jyry. Almaty. 2000. 93 bet.)
Odan keyingi úighyrlardyng qysqasha tarihy jarty әlemdi titiretken Shynghys han zamanymen astasyp jatyr. Ghúlama, týrkolog L. Gumiylevting pikirinshe: úly qolbasshy Shynghys han әuel basta býkil kóshpeli taypalardy bir tu astyna biriktirudi ghana múrat etken. Biraq imperiya qúrylghannan keyin Shynghys han Qytay jәne Horezm sekildi baghzy zamannan beri kóshpelilerding jerine kóz alartyp kelgen otyryqshy imperiyalarmen kýresuge amalsyzdan mәjbýr bolghan.Nәtiyjesinde, soghys auqymy keneyip, birden-birge úlasyp, jyldan-jylgha jalghasa berdi. Oghan qosa músylman kópesterining bitispes qarsylastary – nestorian dinindegi úighyr kópesteri Shynghys handy islam memleketterimen soghysqa iytermelep otyrghandyghyn qosynyz.
Keyingi bergi shejire HIV ghasyrdyng ortasyna qaray qúrylghan Mogholstan memleketi tarihymen etene baylanysqan. Onyng sebebi Mogholstannyn ontýstigi - Ferghana uәlayaty men Qashghar, Aqsu, Shalysh jәne Túrfanmen shektesken edi. Shaghatay úlysy ydyraghannan keyin, Toghylyq Temir úrpaghynyng biylikke kelui, odan beri Mogholstan hany Esen Búghanyn, babalar dәstýrin janghyrtyp Batys Týrik qaghanatynyng qara shanyraghyna tu tikken - qazaq súltandary Kerey men Jәnibekti qúshaq jayyp qarsy aluyna úlasady.
Keyingi shejirege den qoysaq HVII ghasyrlarda, dәlirek aitsaq 1635 jyly oirattardyng basyn qosyp handyq qúrghan Batur hontayshynyng qazaq jerine shabuyly, jýz jyldan astam uaqytqa sozylghan qazaq-jonghar soghysynyn bastamasy boldy.
Jaulaushylyq sayasat arqyly әleueti asqan, HVIII ghasyrda birshama sayasi jәne ekonomikalyq órleuge ie bolghan Jonghar handyghy Tiybetti, Shyghys Týrkistandy jәne qyrghyzdardyng biraz bóligin ózining qolastyna baghyndyrghan edi. Basqynshylyq soghys sayasatyn ústanyp, san myndaghan adamdardyn nahaq qanyn tókken Jonghar memleketining «Ortalyq Aziyada birden-bir, tendessiz qojayyn bolsam!» egen armany saghymgha ainaldy.
Sol, HVIII ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda (1758j.) Qazaq sarbazdary men Siyn imperiyasynyng qyspaghynda qalyp, qyrghyngha úshyraghan jongharlar endi qaytip bas kótermestey bolyp tarih sahnasynan mәngige joyyldy. IYә, qazaq atamyzdyng «Nege qúmar bolsan, ajalyng sodan» degen sózi tegin aitylmaghan-au, sirә!
Áriyne, Qytay da óz tarapynan tynysh jatpay birshama jyldargha sozylghan jazalau sharalaryn bastaydy, biraq, kýsh teng emes edi, kóp úzamay kóterilis ayausyz basyp janshyldy. Kóterilis beleng alghan Jonghariya jeri men Shyghys Týrkistan aimaghy búl qandy oqighadan keyin, Sini imperiyasynyng janadan qúrylghan provinsiyasy - Shynjang (ShÚAR) yaghni, qytaysha Siniszyani (jana shekara) dep, ataldy.Osy sәtti tiyimdi paydalanghan Qytay ýkimeti Jonghar handyghynyng jer aumaghy men Shyghys Týrkistan ónirin ózining iyelikteri dep jariyalaydy.
Demek, osynau qiytúrqy sayasattyng ayasynda iyesiz qalghan jongharlar mekenine - taranshylardy, yaghni, Túrfan, Aqsu jәne Qashghar, Hotan taghy basqa ólkelerdegi úighyrlardy kýshtep әkep ornalastyrady. «Taranshy» - eginshi, diqan degen, maghynany beredi, ondaghy basty maqsatyna toqtalar bolsaq: birinshi mindet-qytaylardy astyqpen qamtamasyz etip túru bolatyn. Sodan ne kerek, beynetpen tapqan ónimnin basym bóligi qytay biyligine tapsyrylyp, ghasyrlargha sozylghan әleumettik ezgining shyrmauynda ghúmyr keshti.
Sóitip, Manichjur Sini әuletining qolastyna qaraghan úighyrlar HIH ghasyrda otarlyq ezgining óktemdigine shydamay, otarshyl biylikting ozbyrlyghyna qarsy 1862 jyly dýngen halqymen birigip, azattyq kýresine shyghady. Qaruly kýres barysynda Qoqan handyghynan kelgen әskery kósem Yakub bek jeniske jetip 1864 jyly Qytaydan bólinip, – Qashqar men Ýrimshi qalalarynda dýngendik odaq basshylyq etken Úighyr (Jetishar) memleketin qúrady. Jylgha jetpes merzim ishinde endi biylik ýshin auyzbirshilikten aiyrylghan dýngender men úighyrlar alauyzdyqqa úrynyp ózara qyrqysady. Sonymen aqyrynda dýngenderdi tas-talqan etip joyghan úighyrlar 1865 jyly Qúljada jeke taranshy súltandyghyn qúrady. Osynau payda bolghan Ile súltandyghynyng basshylyghyna Ábiloghly han saylanady.
Dәl osy kezende Patshalyq Reseydin qolastyna qaraghan Úly jýzding alban-suandary әli de orys pen qytay arasyndaghy naqtylanyp aiqyndala qoymaghan shekara arqyly, ejelgi әdetterinshe emin-erkin kóship-qonyp jýrdi. Jәne de orystyng otarshyldyq súrqiya sayasatynyng elge, jerge, úrpaqtyng keleshegi ýshin ýlken qauip ekenin erte sezgen alban Tazabek Púsyrmanov óte súnghyla adam edi. Sol ýshin de ózine qarasty myngha juyq otbasyn bastap bodandyqqa moyynsúnbay orystyng jazalaushy әskerimen soghysyp, qyrghyngha úshyratyp tegimiz bir, dinimiz bir tuyspyz ghoy, «kәpirge» qarsy birigip soghysayyq degen niyetpen Ábiloghly hangha baryp qosylady.
Tazabek batyrdyng atalmysh joyqyn әrketinen qatty sekem alghan orys biyligining Jetisudaghy gubernatory Kolpakovskiy Tazabek Púsyrmanovty jazalau maqsatynda ózi bastap kóp әskerimen 1871 jyly mausymynda Qúljagha qaray attanady. Alghashqyda adal odaqtas bolghan Ábiloghly han orystan zәre qúty qalmay qoryqqany sonsha, Kolpakovskiyge óz ayaghymen kelip berilgeni azday, onysymen qoymay Tazabek batyrdy da aldap ata-jauyna tiridey ústap beredi. Sóitip, gubernator Kolpakovskiy birinshiden taranshy súltandyghyn birjola tarihtan óshirse, ekinshi jaghynan Tazabek batyrdy da tútqyndap oilaghan maqsatyna jetedi.
Osy jaghday turaly qytay tarihshysy Shy Shynshýn mynaday derekter qaltyrghan: «...Álihan oghan tize býgip, amalsyzdan Tazabekti oghan tapsyryp beredi. Orystar Tazabekti temir shynjyrmen baylap-matap Almatygha әkelip, ony azaptap asa jantýrshigerlik qinau jasap, ghayuandyqpen óltiredi». (Beksúltan Núrjeke-úly. Gýbirnәtir Kalpakovskiy men alban Tazabek batyr jәne Jetisugha úighyrlardyng jappay kóshui, «Jarken ainasy»gazeti, №19-20, 05qarasha, 2021j.).
Azattyqqa jolynda qúrban bolghan jerlesterining amanatyn ayaq asty etken Ábiloghly han, qandastarynyng senimin attap ótti. Ol, Qúlja qaqpasyn qarsylyqsyz ashyp berumen qatar, tegi bir, dini bir Tazabekti ústap bergen «ólsheusiz enbegi» elenip, dereu Almatygha kóshirilip әkelingen song orys ýkimetining qamqorlyghyna alyndy.
Peterburgtaghy 1881 jylghy Qytaymen bolghan kelisim boyynsha, Qúlja aimaghyndaghy elderdin talap-tilekteri eskerilip Resey aumaghyna kóship qonystanuyna rúqsat berildi. Nәtiyjesinde, Qytay ýkimetinin qughynynan, jazalauynan qauiptengen úighyrlar (45373 adam) men dýngederding (4682 adam) biraz shanyraghy 1881-1884 jyldar aralyghynda bizdin Jetisugha kelip qonystandy. Negizinen taranshylar qazirgi Almaty oblysyna qarasy - Jarkent, Aqkent, Aqsu-Sharyn, Malybay, Qoramsa jәne Qarasu jerlerine ornalassa, dýngenderding basym kópshiligi Pishpekting (Frunze qalasy) batys jaghyna jayghastyryldy. Jan saughalap shekara auyp kelgen әr taranshynyng janúyasyna 4 som 17 tiynnan ókimet tarapynan tarqatylyp, sonymen qatar 10 jyl boyy alym-salyqtan bosatyldy.
Sóitip, «...Áu basta general Kalpakovskiy men Alban Tazabekting arasynda tughan kýres óstip halyqaralyq dәrejedegi mәselege úlasty. Nәtiyjesinde, Jetisudyng shyghys audandarynda, atap aitqanda, sol kezgi Jәrkent, Vernyy ýiezderinde bir-birimen baylanysa ornalasqan úighyr auyldary payda boldy» (Beksúltan Núrjeke-úly. Gýbirnәtir Kalpakovskiy men alban Tazabek batyr jәne Jetisugha úighyrlardyng jappay kóshui, «Jarken ainasy»gazeti, №19-20, 05qarasha, 2021j.).
Iya, ol kezeng de qazaq eli ýshin patshalyq Reseydin otaryna ainalghan sherli zaman edi. Sondyqtan bola ejelgi jer iyesi bolyp otyrghan, osynau qútty qonys ýshin arghysy - jonghar, bergisi orys pen qytaygha qarsy túryp ghasyrlar boyy qanyn da, janyn da ayamaghan qazaq halqynyng erkinen tys osynday shúrayly tegin jerdi iyelenip, «kenshilikke» keneldi. Áriyne, «Almaqtyng da salmaghy bar...» degendey sodan bergi jyldarda Patshalyq Reseyge, onyng mirasqory Kenestik qyzyl imperiyagha jan-tәnderimen berilip «adal» qyzmet etti de.
Qazirgi úighyr júrtynyng sol shaqta Qytayda qalay atalghanyn bilmeymin, biraq, Resey imperiyasy túsyndaghy myna bir qújattarda «úighyr» atauy kezdespeydi. Sonday-aq, imperiyalyq Resey qolastyndaghy HIH ghasyrdyn sony men HH ghasyrdyng basynda Týrkistan aimaghynda túratyn halyqtardyng últtyq qúramy jayynda zertteushi M. Beysenov «1897 jylghy Býkilreseylik sanaqqa» sýiene otyryp Týrkistan ólkesin mekendegen halyqtardyng etnostyq erekshelikterin keste boyynsha mynaday etip sipattaydy:
Keste – 1. Týrkistan óniri halyqtarynyn etnostyq erekshelikteri:
Odan keyingi 1910 – 1912 jyldary jasalynghan jerúiyq Jetisudyn jergilikti túrghyndarynyng halyqtyq esebi jayly mәlimetterden, úighyrlar turaly derekti P. Rumyansevting eki bólimnen túratyn «Taranshylar» dep atalatyn besinshi kitabynyng birinshi bóliminen tabamyz. Onda Vernyi, Jarkent ónirindegi taranshylardyng (úighyrlardyn) ainalysqan sharuashylyghy men mәdeniyeti jayynda bayandalady. Ózderiniz kórip otyrghan kesteden de, P. Rumyansevting jazbalarynan da bayqaytynymyz, naqty «úighyr» atauynyng resmy týrde bekitilui patshalyq Resey qúlaghannan keyingi Kenes biyligi kezinde jýzege asqan boluy kerek.
Endi «sart» - atauynyng maghynasyn qarastyryp kórelik. Búl ataudyng shyghu tórkinin birqatar zertteushilerimiz Syr ózenimen baylanystyrady. Onyn sebebi, erte orta ghasyrlarda Syrdariya ózeni «Yaqsart» atalghan, al onyn boyynda diqanshylyqpen ainalysqan tәjikterdi «yaqsarttyqtar» degen, jalpy esimmen ataghan eken. Uaqyt óte kele «yaq» sózi týsip qalyp, «sart» sózi keng qoldanysqa ie bolyp ketken – degen derekter keltiredi.
Alayda, belgili ghalym T. Júrtbaydyng mәlimetterine jýginsek, aghamyz bylay dep, tarqatady: «...Sarttar, yaghny týrki túqymyna jatpaytyn, sauda jasay kelip qonystanyp qalghan kópester tek qalada túrghan. Olar memlekettik bekzadalyqqa kóterilmegen, tek meshit arqyly yqpal jasaugha tyrysqan. «Sart» degen sózding shamdanatyn eshtenesi joq. Búl tarihy jaghdaygha baylanysty shyqqan әleumettik toptyng aty» dep, týiindeydi. («Dulygha» 1tom. T. Júrtbaev, 338 bet). Búghan bizding alyp – qosarymyz joq.
Kelesi kezekte Kenes ókimeti túsynda bolghan myna jaghdaygha nazar audarynyzdar, atalghan taqyrypqa janama mәlimet: 1962 jyldyng jazynda Qytaydan Qazaqstangha myndaghan qazaq pen úighyr otbasylarynyng kóship kelgeni esimde. Ol kezde balamyz. Alghashqy jyly әr ýy bir-bir otbasyny panalatty. Kóship kelgenderding balalarymen tanysyp, dos bolyp kettik. Keler jazda sovhozdyng býkil halqy qúrylysqa shyghyp oralmandargha shama-sharqynsha ýy salyp bergen. Qytaydyng fonariygi, qytaydyng aluminiyden jasalghan tiyn aqshalaryn sol kezde kórip edik. Sonda bir úighyr aqsaqaldyn, bizding ýiden shәy iship otyryp, «Biz ózimizding úighyr ekenmizdi osy jaqqa kelgennen keyin bildik. Arghy bette, Qytayda biz taranshy edik, sart edik» degeni esimde qalypty. (Qondygerding bir-aq bettik tarihy...2 bólimi, Talasbek Ásemqúlov)
IYә, tarih degenimiz týpsiz shynyrau týbinen búrqyldap shyghyp jatqan qaynar sekildi, onyng qúpiyasy, qasiyeti de terende. Sol siyaqty úighyr halqynyng da tarihy túnghiyqtan tamyr tartatyn kóne júrt ekendigi dausyz.
Sodan bergi uaqytta keng peyil, jany jomart qazaq eline túraqtap, ósip-ónip qoyan-qoltyq ómir keshude. Qazirgi tәuelsiz Qazaqstanda ómir sýrip jatqan úighyrlardyng atalary sol bir el basyna kýn tughan HIH ghasyrdyng ekinshi jartysynda shekara asyp kelgender edi...
IYә, tarihtyng aty – tariyh, ony ózgertu mýmkin emes. Ótkenge salauat degennen basqa shara joq!...
Qaly Ibrayymjanov,
Qazaqstan Jurnalister odaghynyng mýshesi
«Túpardyng túyaghymen jazylghan tariyh» atty kitabynan ýzindi
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