(«Pedro Paramo» romany jayly bayan)

Huan Rulifonyng «Pedro Parama» romany latynamerikandyq jazushylardyng qoltanbasyna tәn «magiyalyq» roman atalady. Romanda әkesin izdep jolgha shyqqan úl anasy sipattaghan mekenning óliler mekenine, yaghny barzaq dýniyesine ainalghanyn týsinedi. Sóitip ol baqidaghy adamdarmen kezdesip, әkesi turaly úzaq hikayatty tyndaydy.

«Qazaq әdebiytinde» keyingi eki-ýsh jyldan beri әlem әdebiyetindegi ýzdik shygharmalar turaly saraptamalyq, tanymdyq maqalalar jariyalau dәstýrge ainalghan. Sol dәstýrimiz boyynsha oqyrman nazaryna Miynәr Núrlazatqyzynyng «Pedro Paramo» romany jayly bayanyn úsynamyz.

Qazaq Ádebiyeti gazeti.

HH ghasyrdyng 60 jyldarynda Latyn Amerikasy әdebiyetinde jarylys sipatty janalyqtar payda boldy, sol tústa әlem әdebiyetinde bes jazushy atalugha tiyis bolsa, qazirge deyin de osy ýdiristi eshqanday memleket, kontiynent búza alghan joq. Atap aitsaq olar: argentinalyq Horhe Luis Borhes, guatemalalyq Miygeli Anheli Asturias Rocales, kubalyq Aleeho Karpentieer-iy-Valimont, kolumbiyalyq Garsiya Markes, meksikalyq Huan Rulifo. Búl beseui әdebiyetti әdettegi úghymdaghy әdebiyet ayasynda nemese qoghamdyq ómirding qalyby turasynda qarastyrmady, kerisinshe әdebiyetke «ghajayyp» degen úghymdy engizdi, әdebiyetting ózge de zor mýmkindikterining ashyluyna sebepker bolyp, әlem әdebiyetining dengeyin tipten biyiktete týsti.

«Jýz jyldyq jalghyzdyqty» bilmeytin oqyrman kemde kem, al búl maqalagha arqau bolyp otyrghan «Pedro Paramo» – osy «Jýz jyldyq jalghyzdyqtyn» jolyn ashqan shygharma, yaghny Garsiya Markesting túiyqqa tirelgen shygharmashylyghyna jol núsqaghan baghdar sham. «Pedro Paramonyn» avtory Huan Rulifo 1918 jyly Meksikanyng Haris shtatynda dýniyege kelgen. 1986 jyly ómirden ótken. Ol – HH  ghasyrdaghy Latyn Amerikasy әdebiyetinde, tipti, әlem әdebiyetinde eng yqpaldy jazushy mәrtebesine qoly jetken qalamger. Kópshilik oqyrman onyng «Laulaghan dala», «Pedro Paramo», «Altyn tauyq jәne basqa shygharmalar» atty әdeby múralarymen jaqsy tanys. Sol tústaghy әdebiyettanushylar Huan Rulifony «Latyn Amerikasy  prozasynyng atasy», «Magiyalyq realizmning ústazy» atandyrdy. Úly Borhes: «Pedor Paramo› ispan tildi elder әdebiyetindegi eng ýzdik tuyndy әri jalpy әdebiyettegi eng úly shygharmalardyng biri», — dep joghary bagha beredi.

Huan Rulifonyng eng ýlken tabysy – atalghan romanynda әdeby kórkem tuyndynyng jana mýmkindigin ashyp, әlem әdebiyetining mәrtebesin kóteruge týrtki boldy. Jergilikti mәdeniyetti zertteu ortalyghynda júmys istey jýrip, Meksikanyng bar aimaghyn aralaghan avtordyng sanasynda aztekti adamdardyng ólim turaly týsinigi men tanymy osy shygharmasynyng taqyrybyna arqau bolyp, onyng qúrylymy men tәsildik janalyghyna da tikeley septigin tiygizdi. Meksika angharyndaghy aluan mәdeniyetting nәrinen susyndap, dәstýrge bay dalanyng qasiyeti men jana dәuirding bilim-ghylymyn oi-sanasyna toqyghan Huan Rulifonyng sheberligi onyng Maya mәdeniyetinen, yaghny týp tórkin mәdeniyetinen jalghasqan syrly, miftik dýniyelerdi romanyna engizuinde ghana emes, sonymen birge kórkem әdebiyetke kino ónerining qasiyetteri siyaqty erekshelikterin sinirip, shygharmany forma, tәsil jәne mazmún jaghynan esh mýltiksiz jymdastyryp, úly tuyndy jaza aluynda. Mayalardyng ólimdi songhy tynys dep emes, jana bir ómirding bastaluy dep biletin mәngilik turasyndaghy úghymy «Pedro Paramogha» ómirshendik kýsh syilady.

Latyn Amerika dalasynyng ghajayypqa, mifke, anyzgha baylyghy jәne eshkim de týsindirip bere almas syrlylyghy Rulifo bastaghan qalamgerlerding shygharmalaryna jana lep qosty, al olardyng osynday syrly mәdeniyetinin, ghajayyp pen mifke toly túrmys-tirshiligining qaynar kózi aztekterde. Aztekter (әuelde Meshikah atalghan) jana eranyng 1100-jyldary ata mekeni Aztlannan (tarih ghylymynda býginde naqtyly qay jer ekeni dәleldenbegen) qonys audaryp, ghasyrgha juyq kóship-qonyp, 1195 jyldary Meksika angharyna taban tirep, sol jerde kóptegen qauip-qaterdi bastan keshe jýrip, tirshilik etedi. Odan húitzlopochtl tәnirining (aztek mifterindegi jauynger tәniri, kýn tәniri, kýn men ottyng iyesi) tasattyqty basqarushygha týsinde kórsetken joly boyynsha jylan tistep, kaktusqa qonyp túrghan qyrandy kórgen jer – Meksikanyn  orta bóligine irge teuip, sol jerde ósip órkendeydi. Olar sol barysta tóltek pen tutihuakan sekildi kóptegen mәdeniyetterdi qabyldaydy, jana tirshilik joldaryn tauyp, tәnirine syiynyp, tasattyq berip, tóniregindegi ru-taypalardy baghyndyryp, (kóbinde tasattyqqa beretin tútqyn ýshin soghys ashatyn bolghan) yqpalyn keneytip, irgelenip, aztek imperiyasyn qúrady. Osy mәdeniyetting mәiegi keyin Ispaniyanyng neshe ghasyrlyq otarshyldyq әreketterine dóp kelgenimen, týbegeyli joyylyp ketpedi, keybir әfsanalyq úghymdar, tәnirshildik – bәri-bәri hristan dinining yqpalyna úshyrasa da,  sarqyty saqtalyp qaldy. Olar tәnirge sendi, әrtýrli túrmystyn, tirshilikting qajetine qaray әrtýrli tәnirleri de boldy. Al osy san qyrly aztek mәdeniyeti keyingi Latyn Amerikasy alabynda tughan shygharmalarda әr qyrynan boy kórsetti, onyng san ghasyrlyq sanagha singen, sýiekke bitken úghymdary men nanymdary dala turaly tuyndylarda kórinis berip otyrdy. Jazushylar da múnday ghajayyptardy óli kóshire salmady, kerisinshe mazmúngha qaray ózgeshe әdis tauyp, sheberlik tanytty, sondyqtan da olardyng әdebiyeti ózge ónirlerdikinen oq boyy ozyq bolyp, erekshelenip, tylsymdyk pen syrlylyqqa toly boldy, olardyng tuyndylarynan ózgeshe tynys, bólek bógenayly bolmys birden sezilip túrdy.

Al Huan Rulifonyng shygharmalaryna da osy aztekting ólim turaly, tәnir turaly tanymdary mýmkindiginshe daryghan, joq, ol sol úghymdardy shygharmagha sinirip, darytyp qana qoyghan joq, tuyndylary sony negizgi nysan etip, qayta jandandy. Ol atalghan shygharmany kәdimgi týsinigimizdegi tiri pendeler arasyndaghy әngimege qúrmaydy, jazushy shygharmasyna ólilerdi keyipker etip, óli men tirining arasyndaghy dialog arqyly shygharmany órbitedi.

Oktaiv Paz osy turasynda, «ertedegi meksikalyqtar jóninen alghanda, tiri men ólining arasyndaghy qarama-qayshylyq bizdikindey absolutty emes. Ómir ólimmen jalghasyn tabady, kerisinshe de solay. Ólim ómirding tabighy toqyrauy da emes, qayta ýzdiksiz ainalystyng bir kezeni ghana. Tuu, ólim, qayta tuu bәri әlem ainalysynyng bir kezeni, ol údayy qozghalysta, mәngi tolastamaydy»- dep jazady. Aztek, Ýndi jóninen alghanda, tiri men ólining ortasynda anyq shekaralyq aiyrmashylyq joq, sebebi ólmekting ózi qayta tiriluden derek beredi, yaghny basqa әlemde jәne bir tirlikti qayta bastau bolmaq.

Shygharma bala men ana arasyndaghy dialogtan bastalady. Sheshesi úlyna kezinde ózi ketip qalghan auylyn, sol alysta qalghan auylgha әkesin izdep baruyn әri úlynyng әkesinen kezinde óteuge tiyisti, biraq ótelmegen qaryzyn súrauyn talap etedi. Shyndyghynda, sheshesi kózi tirisinde Komalany keremettey jerúiyq, auasynan kómesh nannyng iyisi anqyp túratyn jayly meken retinde suretteytin. Sheshesining әngimesi qúlaghyna sinisti bolghan úly Huan ol jerge sonshama ýmit arqalap jetedi, biraq, osynau mekenge ayaq basqanda ghana onyng qapyryq basqan taqyr dala ekenin biledi. Kenistikten bal tamyp túrghanday әdemi iyis anqymaydy, jayqalghan jasyl jelek, shat-shadyman tirlikting nyshany da kórinbeydi, adam iә adam emesi belgisiz jandar birine-biri siltep jýrip, ony Komalanyng tozaghyna, yaghny óliler mekenine bastap barady. Oqyrman shygharmanyng ózekti túsyna kelgende baryp, әkesin izdep kelgen jigitting de qara jerding qoynyna týskenin, endigi әngimening ólilerding auzynan aitylatynyn sezedi. Olar Komala jayly, sheshesi turaly, Pedro Paramo haqynda hikaya shertedi. Pedronyng bala kýninde joqshylyq kórgenin, bala qyzgha ghashyq bolghanyn, qyzdyng auyldan alysqa ketkenin, sýigen qyzy joq bolghan son, mahabbat pen otbasynan baz keshken Pedronyng barlyq mýmkindigin tek mal tauyp, atamandyq (kәsiyk) qúrugha ghana júmsaghanyn bayandaydy. Ol ýshin jeke basyn da qúrbandyqqa shalady, yaghny qaryzdan qútylu ýshin sýimese de bardam jerding qyzyna, әkeden qalghan mýlikting múrageri, ózine qaryz bergen qúnykeri – keyipkerimizding sheshesine ýilenedi, sonyng qazyna- mýlkimen qoldan keletin barlyq jamanshylyq pen qastandyqty jasay jýrip, alpauytqa ainalady. Komala jóninen alghanda, Pedro bәrine qol jetkizdi, aqsha da, әiel de, biylik te bәri sonyng uysynda boldy, biraq, oiyna alghan nәrsesi oghan kólenkesin de kórsetpedi, tek eles rәuishi ghana kóz aldynda jýrdi. Bala ghashyq otyz jyl armandattyryp, әbden azyp, auru bolghanda qystaqqa qaytyp barady, essiz kýide oralsa da, Pedro ony qúzyryna alyp, baghyp-qaqty, biraq әielding tәni ghana onyng qújyrasynda boldy, al jan әlemi, sana sezimi basqa әlemde, tipti, Pedronyng bar ekenin bir sәtke sezingen de joq edi. Sóitip, Pedro bayqústyng úzaq týnderi bir kezde sýigen ghashyghyn qasynda otyryp kýzetumen bolsa da, onyng jan dýniyesine esh boylay almay, ruhany dýniyesining esigin attay da almay, bayaghyda ótken kýnderining tap-taza, lәzәtti shaghyn ghana azyq etip, qúr túlypqa telmirgendey, әielding alasúryp azap shekken tәnine esik kózinde tesile qaraumen ghana ótti. Áyelding janyn ózi týsine almaghany sekildi, ózi jayly da әielge eshtene andattyra almady. Pedro Susanagha emes, osy kýige qalghan ózine jәne dýniyege kektendi, eshteneden qaymyqpas, selt etpes Pedronyng osal túsy osy әiel-túghyn. Aqyry Susana soqpaqtyng eki jaghalauyndaghy aghashtardyng japyraghyn terbetip újymaqqa bet alghan sәtte, Pedronyng qanyraghan jan әlemi qúrdymgha qúlaydy, tәni de kýireydi. Sol ýshin de Pedro әkesi ólgende sony syltauratyp, bir aimaqqa qandy qasap qyrghyn salsa, endi birde Susana ólgende, óz tirligining mәni ketkeni ýshin basqanyng da tirligin qaperine almaydy. Kýnde tәn azabyn shekken Susananyng ólimi basqalar ýshin onyng aryluy bop sezilui ghajap emes, әsirese qasiyetti kýnge qaraghan týni kóz júmghany ýshin ol tipten solay bolmaq kerek-ti, endeshe ólimning artyn dýbirge ainaldyryp jibergenin týsinuge bolar da edi, biraq Pedro olay etpeydi. Ol ómirlik ókinishining ashuyn basqadan aldy, ol ýshin tek ózi jendi me, jenildi me, sol nәtiyje ghana manyzdy edi. Sondyqtan Susananyng ólimin el qadirlemedi dep, kózsiz óshpendilikpen kópe-kórneu dәrgeyine bas úrghan júrttyng ashtan qyryluyna sebepker bolady. Sonynda Pedronyng oba tas qúsap qúrdymgha ketuimen shygharma ayaqtalady. Pedro shygharmada qolynan bәri keletin әri qolynan keletin is ýshin eshtenesin ayanbaytyn qanpezer retinde suretteledi, yaghny óz sózimen aitqanda: «Zang ekesh zang da sonyng ózi». Biraq, sonda da Pedronyng qoly sýigenine, ruhy óliler mekenine jete almaydy. Onyng ólimi kәdimgi adamdardyng qaytuy siyaqty ruhtyng boydan kóshui emes, qayta býtin dýniyening jarylyp qúlauy bolyp suretteledi, beyne bir naqty nәrsening әuelgi qúrylymynyng bólek-bólek bolyp ajyrap, bir-birlep solyp, eng sonynda qirap qalghany syndy.

Shygharmanyng jalpy mazmúnynda kisini eleng etkizerlik, tym kýrdeli oqigha nemese shiyelenis joq. Biraq, shygharmanyng qúny sonda, shym-shytyryq, ózara baylanyssyz әngimeler men kórinister estetikalyq oy arqyly oqyrmangha Komalanyng ana auzyndaghy baqytty shaghy men úlynyng sapargha attanyp bara jatqandaghy suretin elestetedi, Pedronyng hikayasyn biluge dilgir etedi. Bәri de bir sydyrghy oqigha tizbegi arqyly berilmeydi, әrbir kórinis pen dialog tabighy әri sheber qiysady, әri oqyrmannyng iz quyp, asa saqtyqpen oquyn qajet etedi. Ótkendegi Komala men býgingi óliler әlemindegi Komala syndy eki kenistikke baylanysty qúrylghan eki uaqyt bar, uaqyttyng aghysy eki týrli kenistikte teng jýrgiziledi, shygharmadaghy uaqyt keshe men býgin ghana, al sol býginning mәngi sheksizdikting qúshaghynda túnshyghyp qala beretini ashyq angharylady. Ótken men býgin, jerúiyq Komala men óliler әlemine qúrylghan Komala ekeui parelleli berilip, sabaqtasa jýrip otyrady.

Avtor shygharmany bayandauda, әsirese shygharmadaghy keyipkerlerding jandýniyesin ashuda, kóbinde mezettik sezim-týisikterdi sol qalybynda qaghazgha týsirgen. Ol әdebiyettegi әdepki beyneleu men jetkizuding oqyrmangha týsinikti qalybyn ózgertip, adamnyng jan dýniyesindegi baylanyssyz nemese ýzik-ýzik oy әlemin sol әuelgi keypinde beyneley alghan. Mysaly, Pedronyng mahabbatyn Susana ekeuining arasyndaghy belgili tәrtippen ornalastyrylghan dialog әlde oqighalarmen emes, Pedronyng jan әlemindegi bir sәttik saghynysh sezimderi men qiyaldaryn beyneleu arqyly suretteydi. Atalghan romanda keyipkerding aty bolsyn, jer aty bolsyn, jel, su nemese topyraq bolsyn, bәrine simvoldyq mәn berilgen. Mәselenki, әkesi bir, sheshesi bólek, bir-birine beytanys eki aghayyndy Los Inkuentros degen jerde úshyrasady, «osy jerding atynyng ózi ispan tilinde «Jolyghysar jer» degen maghyna beredi» deydi synshylar, al soghan úqsas, Medya luna da «Synyq aily auyl» maghynasynda, yaghny jәrtikesh synyq aily auyl deu arqyly Pedronyng kórer kózge tórt túrmany say bolghanymen, shyn mәninde baqytsyz ekenin emeksitedi. Sheshesining beybaq ghúmyryn, әsirese mahabbattan tayaq jegen jaraly jýregin bylay jetkizedi: «Fotosuretti qúshynashtyqtyng qúraly dep biletin, rasynda, solay da siyaqty, óitkeni, onyng sureti shúrq-shúrq tesik eken, әsirese jýrek túsyndaghy tesikten ortanghy sausaghyng ótip ketetindey». Al Pedronyng eng sonynda oba tas qúsap qúlaghany onyng óliler mekenine bara almaytynyn ghana emes, jan dýniyesining tastan bitkendey qattylyghyn, kәsik sekildi qoghamdyq týzimning de qúrdymgha bet alghanyn bildiredi. «Jýz jyldyq jalghyzdyqta» súlu Remedios atty keyipker bar edi ghoy, súlulyghy sonday Aureliano Buendianyng esil-dertin alyp, eshkimge des bermes ony qalay qúndaqtaydy. Sol súlu oqys jaghdaymen jany da, ary da tap-taza kýiinde aspangha úshqan kýni bәrinen júrday bolghan Aureliano Buendia endi tónkeris jolyna týsedi, jolyndaghynyng bәrin jaypaydy, manayyna tayaghan әiel bitkendi qútqarmaydy, on jeti úldy bolady, bәri bir jatyrdan emes, әriyne. Al «Pedro Paramoda» da sonday bir keyipker bar, ol – Pedro, engezerdey alyp, tóniregindegi әiel bitkenning tósegin bylghaudan tanbaydy, biraq shyn sýigeni Susanagha ghana qoly jetpeydi, elesi de, týsi de, esi de tek Susana ghana, qyrshyn qyzdy qúshaghyna alyp jatyp ta ony Susanagha balaydy. Talay әielding qúrsaghyna Pedronyng belinen tamghan qan úrpaq bolyp jetiledi, ómirge keledi, biraq, Renteriya ruhany әkey tabystaghan úldan basqasyn ol úlym dep tanymaydy. Al Susana esi auysyp, kóterilip auyrghanymen, kirshiksiz, taza kýiinde ómirden ótedi. Al onyng ómirden kóshui Pedrony qyrghyngha iytermeleydi.   Susana ólgen song shirkeuding qonyrauy ýzilmey soghylady, aqyry ayaghynda qalyng qonyrau jarysyp úzaqqa sozylghan shuylgha ainalady, kisi bitken kereng bop, el bitken aighaylap sóilesetin bolady. «Jýz jyldyq jalghyzdyqta» da osynday bir auru taralyp, el bitken esinen janylyp, úmytshaq bolady. Shygharmadaghy osynau oqighalardyng qoghamdyq, әleumettik baylanysta tughany zerdeli adamgha týsinikti ekeni aiqyn.

Miynәr Núrlazatqyzy,

Beyjing qalasynan shyghatyn «Últtar әdebiyeti» jurnalynyng bas redaktory

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