Shynghys han memleketi qanday bolghan?
«...Tak chto budem ishoditi iz togo, chto Chingishan byl. On byl iymenno chto Chingishanom... A vot mongolom on, bezuslovno, ne byl. Rechi, konechno je, iydet o turko yazychnom kipchake»
pisateli, issledovateli R. Hrapachevskiy.
Týrki – qypshaqtyng Úly hany Shynghys han ózining jaulap alghan elderin mýmkindiginshe tez arada uysyna alyp, solardyng mekendegen aumaqtarynan bastap, óz atamekenine deyingi aralyqta, uaqyt sozbay, ekpindi týrde memleket qúrudy bastaydy. Búrynghy Úly daladaghy jeke-jeke kóshpeli rulardyng ornyna, olardy biriktirip, tútas bir elge ainaldyrady («...udarnymy tempamy nachinaet stroiti gosudarstvo») R.Hrapachevskiy «Voennaya derjava Chingishana». Shynghys han alys-jaqyn elderdi ózining qaramaghyna qaratqan son, eng aldymen qolgha alghany, әskerin qayta jasaqtau boldy. Búrynghyday sarbazdardy óz ruy boyynsha toptastyrmay, olardyng barlyghyn qosyp jәne aralastyryp, ondyqqa, jýzdikke, myndyqqa bólip ( tura osy ýlgini (modeli) bes jýz jyldan keyin orys patshasy birinshi Petr ózining armiyasyna paydalanady. (otdeleniye, rota, polk, diviziya). Sonday-aq, Kenes Odaghy Qyzyl armiyany da osy tәsilmen qúrghan jәne búl talap osy kýngi әr elding armiyasynda saqtalghan.) jәne maydan dalasynda erekshe erligimen tanylghan sarbazdardy, sinirgen enbegine qaray, osylardyng basshysy etip taghayyndaydy. Sonymen qatar, Úly han osy qalyng әskerden basqa, arnayy ózin qorghap túratyn jәne imperiyadaghy basqa da sany kóp jauapkershiligi zor júmystardy jýzege asyrugha mindetti bolghan keshiktenderin (gvardiya) úiymdastyrady. Búl keshiktender qazirgi poliyseylerding (funksiy polisiiy) qyzmetin atqarady jәne keruen joldaryn qorghap túrady. Búghan qosa, saray mýlkin kýzetu, әskery shtandart pen maydan dalasynda paydalanatyn dauylpazdardy (baraban) saqtau, sonday-aq, býkil úlystaghy barlyq sharuashylyqtyng qalay jýrip jatqandyghyn ýnemi baqylaugha alyp otyrghan. Taghy bir aitarymyz, әskerge shaqyru, búrynghyday әr ru ózining iyeligindegi sarbazdaryn úsynghany boyynsha emes, armiyanyng arnayy talaby boyynsha iske asyrylghan (raspredelyaya «prizyvnoy kontingent» po usmotrenii komandovaniya).
Sonymen qatar, Shynghys han, ózi qúrghan memleketining ishinde arnayy ekonomikalyq jýieni jýrgizetin adamdardy belgilep, al, olar bolsa, Shynghys hannyng jetekshiligimen, ózderinen búrynghy ata-babalary qúrghan qaghanattyng eski qaghidasynan auytqyp, memleket ishindegi túrghyndardy qanaudy toqtatyp, tek, әrbir onynshy (kipchakskaya desyatina) bólikti ghana jylyna bir ret jinap alyp otyrghan. Tipti, keyinnen Altyn Orda imperiyasy da, Rusti qaramaghyna alghan son, osy Shynghys han negizin salghan salyq jýiesinen auytqymaghan. Búlar, tәueldi, bodan el- júrt bolsa da, túrghyndardan onynshy bólikti ghana talap etip otyrghan. Orys ghalymdarynyng kópshiligi ózderining ghylymy júmystarynda, kezinde Altyn Orda, ózining tәueldiligine týsken Rusti typ-tipyl tonamaghanyn, qayta olardyng jútamay kýn kóruine, tirshilik etuine aitarlyqtay yqpal etkendigin keltiredi «...kipchaky potrebovaly s naseleniya etu desyatinu, ony vovse ne zanimalisi kakim – libo bespredelom, a namerevalisi brati rovno stoliko naloga, skoliko braly y so svoiyh.». Shynghys han, memleket qúru kezinde kóbinese ózining aldyndaghy babalarynyng qaghanat qúru kezindegi oilastyrghan jәne jýzege asyrghan tәjiriybelerine sýiengen. Ony, ózining enbekterinde R.Hrapachevskiy bylay keltiredi: « Za preobrazovaniyamy Chingishana yavstvenno prostupaet vesi predshestvuishiy mnogostoletniy opyt kipchakskih kaganatov, opyt cheloveka, opiravshegosya na bogatoe nasledie predkov – gosudarstvennikov». El ishinde jýgensiz ishkilikke salynugha da mýmkindiginshe tyiym salghan. Ony ózi jazdyrghan Yasylarynyng tarmaqtaryna da kirgizgen. «Esly uj net sredstva protiv pitiya, to cheloveku nujno napitisya try raza v mesyas. Kak toliko on pereydet za try raza – sovershit nakazuemyy postupok. Esly je v techeniy mesyasa on napietsya toliko dvajdy – eto luchshe ; esly odin raz – eshe pohvalinee, esly je on sovsem ne budet piti, chto mojet byti luchshe etogo?!».
Ghalym – jazushynyng (R.Hrapachevskiy) kóp jyldar boyy tirnektep jazghan kitabin zerdege salyp salystyrmaly týrde oqyghanda, búl enbekten búltartpastay dәleldermen keltirilgen naqty faktilerge qayran qalasyz.
Ne zabudite: nam staratelino vparivait, chto ocheni dolgo iymenno v Mongoliy sushestvoval stolinyy grad naslednikov Chingishana Karakorum, ne toliko administrativnyi, no y kuliturnyy sentr, gde jilo mnogo uchenyh knijnikov. Kak je tak poluchilosi, chto obladavshie takim kuliturnym sentrom mongoly uhitrilisi nachisto zabyti podrobnosty zavoevaniy Chingishana, sohraniv lishi «nazvaniya zavoevannyh stran»?
Vse mgnovenno stanovitsya na svoy mesta, esly vernutisya k tomu, chto Chingishan nikakoy ne mongol, a kipchak. Skudnosti mongoliskih svedeniy o nem poluchaet prostoe y logichnoe obiyasneniye: poskoliku mongoly ne prinimaly nikakogo uchastiya v sversheniyah Chingishana, to y svedeniya o nih iymely samye obshiye».
Sonday-aq, Horezmdik din qyzmetkeri Án-Nasiviyding kitabynan da osynday derekterdi atap ótuge bolady. Óitkeni ol – Shynghys hannyng zamandasy jәne tәuelsiz kuәger. Basqa shygharmalardyng avtorlary Shynghys hannyng qyzmetinde boldy, sondyqtan olardan aqiqat kýtu qiyn. Án-Nasivy de «mongholdardy» bayqamaydy. Shynghys han halqy – týrkiler, naqtyraq aitqanda qypshaqtar jәne onyng ózi de monghol emes, týrki-qypshaq. Al mongholdar (múnghúl) dep atalatyn halyq – buryattar (keyinnen kórshi elderding yqpalymen, Qytaydyng , әsirese Chjurchjén tilinde «mon-goll» atanghan. Malshylar – degen sóz.). Olar, Shynghys han imperiyasynan birneshe myng shaqyrym jerdegi kishkentay halyq.
«Chtoby sovershiti bolee – menee masshtabnye zavoevaniya, nujna ne prosto «bolishaya orda», a horosho organizovannaya armiya s sootvetstvuishiym voorujeniyem. Poskoliku u mongolov ne bylo rovnym schetom nikakih tradisiy gosudarstvennosti, ony okazalisi by reshiytelino nesposobny v kratchayshie sroky etu armii sozdati. A ubogie ekonomicheskie vozmojnosty ny za chto ne pozvolily by etu armii voorujiti doljnym obrazom».
Shynymen de, sany kem, kishkentay ghana , mesheu qalghan, damymaghan, at ýstinde qol jinap, ózge elderge joryq jasap kórmegen, tipti, kóshpeli eldin mәdeniyetinen qúr alaqan, óz tirshiligin әren kórip jýrgen, qúrtaqanday el qalay imperiya qúruy mýmkin?! Múny, orys ghalymy jәne jazushysy naqty derektermen shynayy aityp otyr.
Sonymen qatar, irgesindegi sol kezendegi jazu ýlgisi joghary damyghan úighyrlardyn jazbalarynda da eshqanday «monghol» sózi men «monghol imperiyasy» degen qújattardy qansha izdesekte kezdestirmedik. Mýlde joq . Qayta, «týrkiler» nemese «qypshaq qaghanattary» degen jazbalardy jiyi kezdestiresin, - deydi R. Hrapachevskiy. «... IYmenno v X – XIII vekah v uygurskih dokumentah vpervye upominaitsya «kipchakiy» kak odin iz narodov, naselyavshih kaganat».
Osy jazylghan enbekke qarap, (basqa da kóptegen jazushy jәne ghalymdardyng júmystarynda da osylay kórsetilgen) Shynghys han úiymdastyrghan imperiya, qazirgi Mongholiya jerinde emes, yaghny dәlirek aitqanda, bizding elimizding aumaghynda qúrylghan deuge negiz bar. Búl aqiqat.
Beysenghazy Úlyqbek,
Qazaqstan Jurnalister Odaghynyng mýshesi
Abai.kz