Ómir Shynybekúly. Ontýstiktegi otarlau sayasaty nemese qazaq qalay ózgerdi?
Biyl Resey imperatory II Aleksandr Týrkstan general-gubernatorlyghyn (Týrkstan ólkesi) qúru turaly Erekshe Komiytetining jobasyn bekitu turaly Jarlyq bergenine 145 jyl toldy (Jarlyqqa 1867 j. 23 tamyzda qol qoyyldy).
Sonymen qatar, halqymyzdy orasan qyrghyngha úshyratqan 1932-33 jyldardaghy asharshylyqtyng bastalghanyna 80 jyl tolyp otyr.
Osy eki oqighanyng arasynda qanday baylanys bar?!
Ukraina biyligi ózderindegi ashtyqty «halyqty (ukrain halqyn) qyrugha baghyttalghan qoldan jasalghan nәubet» (genosiyd) dep sayasy bagha berdi. Al, biz ókinishke oray, osy úly nәubetti әli tolyq zerdeley almay otyrmyz.
Búl qoldan jasalghan nәubet pe, әlde bar bolghany sony adam qyrghynyna әkelip soqqan tabighat apaty ma?
Nelikten, osy qyrghynda qazaq kóp qyryldy?
Otandyq tarihshylar, sayasatkerler, sayasattanushylar jәne basqa da ghalymdardyng arasyndaghy osy tónirektegi talas әli basylar emes.
Bireuleri bar mәsele memleket basqarudy dúrys úiymdastyra almaghan jalanayaq bolishevikter men jergilikti «sholaq belsendilerde» dep eseptese, ekinshileri tek Stalinmen Goloshekindi aiyptaydy. Al, keybir «әsireúltshyl» zertteushiler bar kinәni orys halqyna audarghysy keledi.
Biyl Resey imperatory II Aleksandr Týrkstan general-gubernatorlyghyn (Týrkstan ólkesi) qúru turaly Erekshe Komiytetining jobasyn bekitu turaly Jarlyq bergenine 145 jyl toldy (Jarlyqqa 1867 j. 23 tamyzda qol qoyyldy).
Sonymen qatar, halqymyzdy orasan qyrghyngha úshyratqan 1932-33 jyldardaghy asharshylyqtyng bastalghanyna 80 jyl tolyp otyr.
Osy eki oqighanyng arasynda qanday baylanys bar?!
Ukraina biyligi ózderindegi ashtyqty «halyqty (ukrain halqyn) qyrugha baghyttalghan qoldan jasalghan nәubet» (genosiyd) dep sayasy bagha berdi. Al, biz ókinishke oray, osy úly nәubetti әli tolyq zerdeley almay otyrmyz.
Búl qoldan jasalghan nәubet pe, әlde bar bolghany sony adam qyrghynyna әkelip soqqan tabighat apaty ma?
Nelikten, osy qyrghynda qazaq kóp qyryldy?
Otandyq tarihshylar, sayasatkerler, sayasattanushylar jәne basqa da ghalymdardyng arasyndaghy osy tónirektegi talas әli basylar emes.
Bireuleri bar mәsele memleket basqarudy dúrys úiymdastyra almaghan jalanayaq bolishevikter men jergilikti «sholaq belsendilerde» dep eseptese, ekinshileri tek Stalinmen Goloshekindi aiyptaydy. Al, keybir «әsireúltshyl» zertteushiler bar kinәni orys halqyna audarghysy keledi.
Osy jerde kezinde Angliyanyng premier-ministri bolghan U.Cherchilliding «Angliyanyng mәngilik dosy da joq, mәngilik dúshpany da joq. Angliyanyng mәngilik mýddesi bar!» degen keremet sózi eske týsedi. «Ózine ózing bekem bol, kórshindi úry tútpa!» dep atam qazaq ta beker aitpaghan.
Álemning qay týkpirinde bolmasyn, Resey imperiyasy orys halqynyng mýddesin barlyghynan joghary qonggha tiyis orys halqynyng últtyq memleketi!
1867 j. jarlyq ta, eng aldymen orys halqynyng últtyq mýddesi túrghysynan jasaldy! Al, Kenes Odaghy Resey imperiyasynyng zandy jalghasy - múrageri!
Óz kezeginde Qazaqstan tarihy da qazaq halqynyng memleketqúraushy etnos ekeni eskerile otyryp, qazaq halqynyng mýddesi túrghysynda zerttelui-zerdelenui qajet!
Ol ýshin tek múraghattyq qújattar men «atamyz aitqan әngime» jetkiliksiz. Qazaq jerin zerttegen nemese qazaq jeri arqyly ótken batys jәne orys sayahatshylarynyng enbekteri nazardan tys qalmauy kerek.1867-1917 jj. aralyghynda Dala ólkesi men Týrkstanda shygharylghan merzimdik baspasóz qúraldary men Resey Statistikalyq komiytetining jurnaldarynda óte qúndy derekter bar.Sonymen qatar,qazaq halqymen bir geosayasy kenistikte jatqan qyrghyz,ózbek, tәjik, týrikmen, әzirbayjan, iran jәne t.b. zertteushilerining búrynghy-songhy enbekterin egjey-tegjeyli zerdelesek qana shynayy qazaq tarihyn jasay alamyz! Ol ýshin eng aldymen atalghan enbekterding barlyghyn qazaq tiline audaru kerek! (Ásirese, orys zertteushilerining jazbalarynda tek zertteu júmystary ghana emes olardyng tughan halqyna degen orasan zor mahabbaty beynelengen.).
Kez kelgen qúbylys nemese oqighanyng alghy sharttaryn ashpay, sebebin tabu mýmkin emestigi ejelden әmbege ayan.
Aldymen, kezinde sadaq-nayza asynyp, jahandy titirentken-kóshpendiler dәurenining ótip, XIX-ghasyrda әlem tizgini «otqarugha» sýiengen europalyqtardyng qolyna tolyq kóshkenin atap ótken abzal.
Europanyng sanlaq elderi óz «oljalaryn» әlemdik múhit jaghalaulary men alystaghy jana qúrylyqtardan izdese, Peterburg shәrin túrghyzyp Resey ýshin Europagha tereze «oyyp» bergen I Petr patsha «alystan arbalaugha» óz elining әzirge qauqarsyzdyghyn tereng týsinip «Qazaq ordasy Aziyagha barar kilt pen qaqpa» dep ontýstikke nazar saldy...
«Jút jeti aghayyndy» deymiz be, әlde «qúlannyng qasynuyna mergenning basuy»,... sol I Petrding zamandastary, ýsh kemenger -Tóle, Qazybek, Áytekening arqasynda býkil qazaq júrtyn biriktire bilgen әz Tәuke ómirden ótken song (shamamen 1718 j.), qazaq jerinde «bas basyna by bolghan ónshey qiqym»(Abay) degendey «bólip al da, biyley berge» kóshken «handar» kóbeydi. Tәukeden song kóp úzamay Áyteke by baqilyq (shamamen 1722 j.) boldy. «Anyraqaydaghy» ( shamamen 1729-30 j.) aituly jenisten keyin ýlken taqtan dәmeli bolyp, ýmiti aqtalmaghan Ábilqayyr «Ortaq ógizden onasha búzau artyq» degen ústanymgha kóshti. Sol Ábilqayyrynyz Áytekeden keyin Kishi jýzding «tizgin ústar» bas bii atanghan Aqsuat biyding halyq aldynda ýlken bedelge ie boluyna ýlgertpey, «Aqtaban shúbyryndy, Alqakól súlamadan» (1723-27 j.j.) әli onala qoymaghan qazaqtyng ýshten birin 1731 j. Reseyge qosyp tyndy.
Osylaysha Resey imperiyasynyng 1731 j. bastalyp, 134 jylgha sozylghan qazaq jerin әskery kýshpen otarlauy 1865 j. shildede Tashkentti aluymen ayaqtaldy («jabayylar» I Petr patshanyng «ósiyetin» oryndaugha osynshama jyl «kedergi» boldy).
Ayta ketu kerek, sol kezende Ortalyq Aziyada «azuyn aigha bilep» túrghan «qoqandaghan» Qoqan men әmirshileri saray toly kәniyzәktaryn mise tútpay, qastaryna «patsha bala» («bәtshaqar») ústap-azghyndap, qor-qorgha «kәiip» bolghan Búhar, Hiua handyqtaryn Resey ainalasy 7-8 jylda «qalpaqpen úryp» aldy. (Tura osy kezende, Resey biyleushileri «asau, jabayy qyrghyzgha» (qazaq halqyna) «ýkim» shyghardy).
Endi, 100 jyldan asa uaqytqa sozylyp, qazaqty iykemge kóngenin shoqyndyryp - orystandyrugha, kónbegenin qyrghyngha úshyratyp, últ retinde jer betinen joiygha baghyttalghan otarlaudyng jana kezeni - kelimsekterding qazaq jerine «úly kóshi» bastaldy.
Resey patshasynyng 1861 j. 19 aqpandaghy "Basybaylylyqty (krepostnoylyqty) joy turaly" zany (ustavy) orys otarshyldyghyna jana bir «lep» әkeldi. Kenetten kelgen bostandyqtan «bastary ainalghan» sharualar... eki kýn toylady, ýsh kýn toylady,...sosyn «qarny asha bastady». Keshegi qojayyn bylamyq bolsa da - as, shoqpyt bolsa da - kiyim berushi edi. Endi, onyng bәrin «bostandyq» almastyrdy. Býkil ishki Reseydi úrlyq-qarlyq, tonau, jol toryghan qaraqshylyq jaylady. Óndeytin jeri, «qoy» deytin qojayyny joq sharualar (shyn mәninde keshegi qúldar) «qaraqshylar» tobyn qúryp, ýlken joldardan ótken keruender men jolaushylargha qauip tóndirip, el tonaytyn qauipti kýshke ainaldy. Bir derevnyadan ekinshi derevnyagha baru múng bop qaldy. Joghaltar eshtenesi joq jankeshtiler, tipti ókimet әskerimen qaruly qaqtyghysqa týsuden de tayynghan joq.
Óz aghartushy-demokrattary men adamzattyng ozyq oily ókilderining qysymyna shydamay, basybayly sharualargha erkindik berip «sau basyna saqina tilep alghan» Reseyding halyqaralyq jaghdayy da mәz emes edi.
Týstik-batysta Qara tenizdi qaytaryp aludan ýmit ýzbey, jantalasqan týrikter otyr, Qap tauynyng teriskeyin meken etken, erjýrek Shәmilding «ghazauatynan» ruhtanghan halyqtardyng da onay berile salatyn ynghayy bilinbeydi. Pәlenbay ghasyrgha sozylghan «oqshaulanu» sayasatynan jerip, qiyr shyghysta japondar oyanyp keledi. «Apiyn soghystarynan» es jiya bastaghan Qytay Shyghys Týrkistangha entelep, qaptaghan sherikterine «qapqa salyp, qatyn taratyp» (Q.Júmәdilov), Reseyding Tiybetke shyghar jolyna jatyp aldy. Gindukush pen Gerattaghy pushtundar býgin-erteng talqandalsa, aghylshyndar da Pamirden beri asatyny әmbege ayan bolyp túr. Imperiyanyng Ýndistangha bettegen jolyn on jyldan asa uaqytqa bógep, aghylshyndardy neghúrlym týstikten «qarsy alugha» múrsha bermegen Abylaydyng kókjal nemeresi Kenesary qaza tapqanmen, onyng «jabayylary» da әli tolyq talqandalyp bitken joq.
Qaytpek kerek?
Aq patshanyng kóp uәzirining biri jol tauyp ketti. Sauatsyz, qaranghy orys pen ukrain sharualaryna Sibir men qyrghyz (qazaq ) jerining «kóktemde arbanyng dertesin jerge shanshysan, kýzde jemis beretin» ghalamat qúnarlylyghy, eng bastysy, ol jerlerdin iyesiz, bos jatqandyghy (jergilikti halyqtar adam ornyna sanalghan joq) nasihattala bastady. Sol jaqqa qonys audarugha niyet etkenderge memleket tarapynan qarjylay jәne basqa da kómekter kórsetiletini basa aityldy.
"Basy artyq" sharualardy Sibir, Qazaqstan men Orta Aziyagha qonystandyru eki mәseleni sheshti. Birinshi, ishki Reseydegi tәrtip pen tynyshtyq birshama qalpyna kelse, ekinshi jaghynan Resey men Ukrainada «Joyylsyn patsha!»( «Doloy sarya!») dep, attandap jýrgen ash-jalanashtar, jana jerlerge qonystanghan song «A, qúdayym, patshany saqtay kór!» («Boje sarya -hraniy!») dep, patsha ókimetining búratana halyqtar arasyndaghy tiregine ainaldy. Yaghni, osyghan deyin qazaq dalasyndaghy «poliyseylik-jandarmdyq» mindetti tek orys-kazak әskerleri atqaryp kelse, endi oghan orys-ukrain sharualary qosyldy.
Osy tústa aita ketken abzal, orys biyleushi toptary arasynda Týrkstandy otarlau turaly birjaqty kózqaras bolmaghan. Mysaly, Týrkstan ólkesining general-gubernatory K. fon Kaufman (14.07.1867-04.05.1882 j.j.) ólkeni geografiyalyq, etnografiyalyq t.b.túrghyda tolyq zerttep almay orys sharualaryn Týrkstan ólkesine jappay qonystandyryp, jergilikti halyqtyng paydalanuyndaghy iygerilgen suarmaly, shúrayly jerlerdi tartyp aludyng asyghystyq bolaryn dәleldeuge tyrysty. Ol tek ishki Reseyden qonys audarghan kelimsekterdi dalalyq aimaqtardaghy bos jerlerge qonystandyrudy úsynghan. (Kaufman Orta Aziya halyqtarynyng ishinen orystanugha eng beyimi qyrghyz (qazaq) halqy degen pikirmen, ólkede ashylatyn orys-týzem mektepterine eng aldymen qyrghyz (qazaq) balalaryn tartugha kýsh saldy. Kaufmannyng pәrmenimen Tashkentte1879 j. ashylghan múghalimder seminariyasyna da, orys balalarymen qatar jergilikti halyqtardyng arasynan tek qyrghyz (qazaq) balalary qabyldanghan. 1883 j. qyrghyz (qazaq) tilining múghalimi Ya.Lutsh orys transkripsiyasyna negizdelgen qyrghyz tilining hrestomatiyasyn jasaghan. Atalghan seminariyadaghy qyrghyz tili pәni osy hrestomatiyamen oqytylghan).
Al, Syrdariya oblysynyng әskery gubernatory general Grodekov (02.06.1883-12.06.1892 j.j.): «Týrkstandaghy әrbir orys poselkesi orys әskerining bir batalionyna teng bolar edi» degendi jii qaytalaghan. (Keyinirek, 1888 j. Grodekov kelimsekterdi qarulandyrugha qarjy bólu turaly Týrkstan ólkesining general-gubernatory N.O. Rozenbahqa (01.02.1884-28.10.1889 j.) ótinish jasaghan. Onyng maqsatyn ólkening kelesi general-gubernatory baron A.B. Vrevskiy (28.10.1889-17.03.1898 j.) 1892 j. iske asyryp, orys poselkelerining túrghyndaryna qaru - jaraq bóline bastady. Mysaly, 1898 j. Jetisuda 3000 myng vintovka taratyldy. Onyng ishinde 1000 vintovka orys kazaktaryna tiyse, 2000 vintovkagha mújyqtar ie boldy).
Sh.Uәlihanov qazaq halqynyng ómiri men materialdyq jaghdayyn jaqsartugha múryndyq bolatyn reformalar jasau kerek dep eseptedi. Ol qazaq jerin basqaru turaly erejeler jobasyn ghasyrlar boyy qalyptasqan jergilikti basqaru jýiesin negizge ala otyryp jasaudy úsyndy. Ol ózining «Sot reformalary turaly» enbeginde qazaq halqy ýshin eng manyzdysy әleumettik-ekonomikalyq janghyrtular dep kórsetti.
Al, patsha sheneunigi N.A.Maev Syrdariya boyynda soldat poselkelerin úiymdastyrudy úsyndy. Ol «Týrkstan ólkesinde ókimetke qarsy әreketter bastala qalsa, búl poselkelerdin paydasy óte zor bolar edi» dep kórsetti.
1865 j. Resey ýkimeti «Qazaq dalasyn basqaru turaly Erejelerdin» jobasyn dayyndau ýshin «Dala komissiyasy» atalghan komissiya qúrdy. Onyng qúramyna Ishki Ister Ministrliginin, Áskery Ministrlikting jәne jergilikti general-gubernatorlyqtardyng ókilderi kirdi.
Resey ókimeti 1855 j. bastap Jetisugha orys kazaktaryn qonystandyra bastady.
1865 jyldyng aqpanynda Jana-Qoqan liniyasy taratylyp, ornyna Orynbor general-gubernatorlyghynyng Týrkistan oblysy qúryldy. 1867 jylghy sәuirde Týrkistan oblysy jeke bólinip shyghyp, әkimshilik jaghynan aimaq ýshke - ortalyq, ong jәne sol qanatqa bólinip basqaryldy. Alghashynda ólkening ortalyghy retinde Áulieata qalasy qarastyrylghan. Biraq, Shyghys Týrkstandaghy úighyrlar men dýngenderding Qytay ókimetine qarsy bastalghan dýrbeleni, ortalyq retinde Qytay shekarasynan qashyqtau Tashkentti tandaugha mәjbýrledi.
1867 j. qúrylghan Áskery Ministr D.A.Milutin basshylyq etken qazaq jeri men Týrkstandy әkimshilik basqaru reformalarynyng jobasyn jasau boyynsha komissiya búl kezde marqúm bolyp ketken Shoqannyng pikirin eske de almady. Nәtiyjesinde, 1867 j. 11 tamyzda «Orynbor jәne Batys Sibir general-gubernatorlyqtarynyng Dalalyq oblystaryn basqarudyng uaqytsha Erejeleri» degen qújat ómirge keldi. Dala komissiyasy jana bolystyqtar men auyldardyng әkimshilik jobasyn dayynday otyryp, dәstýrli basqaru instituttarynyng sayasy qaupin bir sәtke de esten shygharmady. Orys zertteushisi A.K.Geyns «Ýkimet kýshterine qarsy túrmas ýshin, eng aldymen qyrghyz halqynyng saylanbaly biyligin birtindep joiy, qyrghyz halqyn óz biyleushileri men rulyq qúrylysqa negizdelgen ómir saltynan ajyratu qajet» -dep jazdy.
1867-1868 j.j. reformalardyn (Uaqytsha Erejelerdin) eng negizgi maqsaty - qazaq jerin Reseyding ózge de aimaqtarymen ara-jigin bildirmey qosyp jiberu ýshin Reseyge baghynyshty basqa úlystarmen bir basqaru jýiesine biriktirip, jergilikti atqaminerlerding yqpalyn barynsha әlsiretu, olardy biylikten alastau, rulyq qúrylysty birtindep joyyp, orystandyryp, shoqyndyru boldy.
1868 jyldyng 11 mausymynda Týrkistan oblysy Syrdariya, Jetisu oblystarynan qúralghan Týrkistan general-gubernatorlyghyna birigip, ortalyghy Tashkent qalasy dep belgilendi. Týrkistan Syrdariya oblysynyng bir qalasyna ainalyp, Týrkistan oblysy «әkimshilik aimaq» retinde kýshin joydy.
Syrdariya oblysy Qúrama, Hodjent, Shymkent, Áuliye-Ata, Perovsk, Qazaly, Jyzaq uezderinen qúraldy.
Týrkistan ólkesining últtyq qúramy
(1868j)
Qala, uezd |
Otyryqshy halyqtar |
Kóshpeliler |
|||||||||||
Sart |
Tәjik |
Ózbek
|
Qúrama
|
Evrey |
Aughan |
Ýndis |
Qytay |
Tatar |
Qyrghyz |
Qara qyrghyz |
Ózbek2 |
Barlyghy |
|
Tashkent q. (aziyalyq). |
71848 |
- |
- |
- |
213 |
25 |
93 |
3 |
610 |
261 |
- |
- |
76053 |
Qazaly |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
61790 |
- |
- |
61790 |
Perovsk |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
100090 |
- |
- |
100090 |
Shymkent |
23510 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
152695 |
- |
- |
176205 |
Áulieata |
1810 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
73175 |
28850 |
|
|
Qúrama |
24685 |
8330 |
2040 |
57855 |
130 |
- |
- |
- |
20 |
102625 |
- |
- |
195685 |
Hodjent |
- |
46200 |
21095 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
4280 |
- |
5815 |
77390 |
Jyzaq1 |
33600 |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
11200 |
- |
- |
44800 |
Barlyghy |
158453 |
54530 |
23135 |
57855 |
343 |
25 |
93 |
3 |
630 |
506116 |
28850 |
5815 |
835848 |
(«Ejegodniyk» atty basylymnyng 1870 j. sanynda shyqqan «Syrdariya oblysynyng statistikalyq mәlimetteri») 11872 jyly Jyzaq uezi taratylyp, ornyna Týrkistan qalasy ortalyghy bolyp bekitilgen osy attas uezd qúryldy. 2Qyzylqúm, Qaraqúm jәne Jiydeli-Baysyn ónirlerinde mal sharuashylyghymen ainalysatyn - kóshpelilik ómir saltynan әli ajyray qoymaghan ózbekter bolghan-Ó.Sh.. |
Ólkedegi qazaq bolystyqtary turaly.
Uezder bolystyqtardan, olar óz kezeginde auyldardan qúraldy. «1867 jylghy zangha sәikes, qyrghyzdardyn rulyq qúrylysyn ydyratu maqsatynda iri rulardy bir basshynyng qol astyna beruding qauiptiligi eskerilip, kóshpeli túrghyndardy bolystyqtar men auyldargha bólu qarastyryldy» -dep jazady N.IY.Grodekov.
1868 j. Syrdariya oblysy әskery gubernatorynyng pәrmenimen Shymkent uezinde bolystyq basqarmalar úiymdastyru boyynsha komissiya qúryldy.
Komissiya tóraghasy - titulyarlyq kenesshi E. Savenkov, mýsheleri - rotmistr Aderkas, sotnik Gerasimov, kapitan Tereykovskiy, audarmashysy praporshik Syrttanov boldy.
Birneshe ay ishinde komissiya auyldardy aralap shyghyp, tekseru qorytyndysyn basshylargha tapsyrady.Tipti, Shymkent uezin mekendeytin eng ýlken 2 taypagha qisynyn keltirip -birin asyra maqtap, ekinshisin «basyn jerge jetkize túqyrtyp» degendey, «etnografiyalyq» sipattama berip, eki taypanyng arasyna «shoq» tastaudy da úmytpaydy(OQO oblystyq múraghaty Qor-1129; Tizbe-1; Is-5.).(Jasyratyny joq, sonan beri 1,5 ghasyrgha juyq uaqyt ótse de, әli kýnge sol «shoqtyn» qyzuyna «jylynyp» jýrgen aghayyndar aramyzda barshylyq.)
Jergilikti (qazaq) halyq ókilderi memlekettik - әkimshilik basqarudyng eng tómengi satysyna ghana jiberildi. Bolystyqtargha ru aty berilgenmen, bolystyqtar shanyraq sanyna qaray jasaqtaldy. Al, rudaghy shanyraq sany men bolystyqtaghy shanyraq sany say kelui mýmkin emes edi. Yaghni, bir rudyn óz bolystyghyna «syimay» qalghan belgili bir bóligi mәjbýrli týrde ózge rudan jasaqtalghan bolystyqtyng qúramyna kirgizildi. Búl óz kezeginde bolystyqtaghy negizgi rudyng az atagha, kóshi-qon nemese suarmaly jerlerdi bólu barysynda jәne t.b. jaghdaylarda әlimjettik jasauyna keninen jol ashty.
Bolys basqarushysy әrbir 50 shanyraqtan 1 ókil qatysatyn bolystyq sezde 25 jasqa tolghan, sottalmaghan, halyq aldynda bedeli bar azamattar arasynan 3 jyl merzimge saylandy.
Bolys basqarushysynyng mindetine:
ü bolystyqtaghy tәrtip pen zandylyqtyng saqtaluyn qadaghalau;
ü alym-salyq jinau;
ü sot sheshimderining oryndaluyn qadaghalau;
ü auyl jinalystaryna qatysyp, auyl starshinasy men biyin saylaudy qadaghalau;
ü aryz-shaghymdardy qabyldap, bolystyq sezd sheshimderin oryndau;
Sonday-aq, bolys basqarushysyna ókimet oryndarynyng talabyn oryndamau, tóbeles, t.b. zang búzushylyqtar ýshin 3 kýn merzimge qamaugha alu nemese 3 somgha deyin aiyppúl salu qúqyghy berildi. Biyler sotyna jauapkerler men kuәgerlerding qatysuyn qamtamasyz etu de bolys basqarushysynyng mindetine kirdi.
Bolys basqarushysyna (әsirese, alym-salyq jinau) berilgen osynday salystyrmaly týrdegi ýlken qúqyqtar bolys saylauyn bәsekeles toptar arasyndaghy, zandy týrdegi ýgit-nasihat júmystarymen birge, saylaushylar dauysyn satyp alu nemese qoqanloqqy jasau, bopsalau, uezd bastyghyna para beru sekildi tolyp jatqan zansyz әdis-tәsilder keninen qoldanylatyn jan ayaspas kýreske ainaldyrdy.
Al, saylau taghdyryn saylaugha mindetti týrde qatysatyn uezd bastyghynyng pikiri sheshti. Ádette, para, syi-siyapat alghan uezd bastyghynyng ýmitkerlerding birimen ymy-jymy bir boldy.
Bolystyq sezd әrbir 10 shanyraqtan 1 ókil qatysatyn auyldyq jinalysta 3 jyl merzimge saylandy.
Bolystyqtaghy әrbir auyl nómirlendi. Auyl jinalysy auyl starshinasy men biyin saylap, jayylymdardy bóldi, jer daularyn sheshti, auyl shanyraqtary arasynda alym-salyqtardy bóldi jәne jinalmaghan alymdar turaly sheshimder shyghardy.
Auyl starshinasynyng mindeti:
ü auyldaghy tәrtip pen zandylyqtyng saqtaluyn qadaghalau;
ü alym-salyq jinau;
ü aryz-shaghymdardy qabyldap, sot sheshimderining oryndaluyn qadaghalau.
Bolys basqarushysyna ókimet kesimdi jyldyq jalaqy tóledi. Auyl starshyny ýshin әrbir shanyraqtan jylyna 1 som 15 tiyn alyndy. Al by sheshken dauyna qaray dau iyelerinen alymdar alyp otyrdy.
Endigi jerde, óz әdildigimen, kóregendigimen, sheshendigimen jәne taghy basqa asyl qasiyetterimen halyq arasynan ósip shyghatyn biyler әldekimderding oilap shygharghan «shar tastap saylau» arqyly saylanatyn boldy.
Osylaysha, myndaghan jyldar boyy qazaq halqynyn әleumettik, ekonomikalyq jәne sayasy ómirin rettep kelgen biyler institutyna kýirete soqqy berildi.
Sonymen, bolystyqtardaghy әkimshilik jәne poliyseylik funksiyalary - bolys basshysyna (bolysqa), sot biyligi - biyler kenesine, al sharuashylyq mәselelerdi sheshu (saylau, kóshi-qon, jayylym, shabyndyq jerlerge qatysty) - halyq ókilderine (әr 50 shanyraqtan-1 ókil) jýktelgen
Bolys basqarmalarynyng bastyqtaryna tómendegidey jyldyq jalaqy belgilengen: Mysaly, memleket 1868 j. auyldar men shanyraq sanyna qaray, Arys bolysyna -500 som, Shól bolysyna-800 som, al qalghandaryna 1000 somnan jalaqy belgiledi.
Memleket alghash úiymdastyrylghan 9 bolystyqty (Boralday , Qazyghúrt, Tartoghay, Qaramúrt, Maylykent, Qarabúlaq, Shól, Arys, Sarykól, Tartoghay) ústap túrugha 18832 som qarajat bóldi. Kóp úzamay-aq búl aqsha artyghymen qaytarylghan, 9 bolystaghy 9330 shanyraqtan jinalghan «shanyraq» salyghy - 32555 somdy qúraghan.
Jogharyda kórsetilgen «Ejegodniyk» atty basylymnyng 1870 j. sanynda shyqqan «Syrdariya oblysynyng statistikalyq mәlimetteri» boyynsha, Shymkent jәne Áulieata uezining kóshpeli túrghyndarynan qúralghan bolystyqtar men shanyraqtar sany:
Syrdariya oblysyndaghy kelimsekter qystaqtary
(1894 j.)
R/s |
Qystaq atauy |
Payda bolghan jyly |
Shanyraq sany |
Jan sany |
R/s |
Qystaq atauy |
Payda bolghan jyly |
Shanyraq sany |
Jan sany |
Tashkent uezi |
Shymkent uezi |
||||||||
1. |
Nikoliskoe |
1881 |
286 |
1117 |
1. |
Antonovka |
1887 |
26 |
143 |
2. |
Shynaz |
1884 |
25 |
120 |
2. |
Kornilovka |
1887 |
25 |
150 |
3. |
Troiskoe |
1886 |
124 |
516 |
3. |
Vysokoe |
1888 |
144 |
761 |
4. |
Chernyaevka |
1891 |
54 |
169 |
4. |
Belye vody |
1889 |
102 |
472 |
5. |
Kaufman |
1892 |
90 |
347 |
5. |
Chernaya rechka |
1891 |
48 |
270 |
6. |
Samara |
1892 |
58 |
227 |
6. |
Krasnovodskoe |
1891 |
34 |
141 |
7. |
Bogorodisa |
1892 |
11 |
41 |
7. |
Egorievskoe |
1891 |
101 |
563 |
8. |
Konstantinovka |
1892 |
78 |
393 |
8. |
Dorofeevka |
1891 |
104 |
521 |
9. |
Uspenskoe |
1892 |
7 |
38 |
9. |
Tamerlanovka |
1891 |
74 |
374 |
|
Barlyghy |
|
733 |
2968 |
10. |
Vannovskoe |
1891 |
104 |
513 |
|
|
|
|
|
11. |
Kamennaya balka |
1892 |
26 |
157 |
|
|
|
|
|
12. |
Obruchevo |
1892 |
48 |
244 |
|
|
|
|
|
13. |
Chubarovka |
1892 |
25 |
147 |
|
|
|
|
|
14. |
Mamaevka |
1891 |
66 |
284 |
|
|
|
|
|
15. |
Vrevskoe |
1892 |
31 |
146 |
|
|
|
|
|
16. |
Ermolovo |
1894 |
27 |
110 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Barlyghy |
|
985 |
4996 |
1Sonymen qatar, Áulieata uezinde barlyq túrghyndar sany -6379 adamdy qúraytyn 17 orys qystaghy men mennonittik din ókilderinin 5 qauymdyq qystaghy payda boldy-Ó.Sh.. |
1891 j. 25 nauryzda Resey patshasy «Dalalyq ereje» degen zandy bekitti. 1893 j. kýshine engen búl erejening 119-babynda «ólkedegi barlyq jerler men orman-sular memleket menshigi» dep jariyalandy. Mine, osy ereje boyynsha qazaq jerleri ghasyrymyzdyng basynan bastap birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys bastalghangha deyin otarlyq talan-tarajdyng taghy bir jana satysyna ilikti.
Endi, Syrdariya, Arys, Aqsu siyaqty iri ózenderdi bylay qoyyp, shaghyn ghana Sayramsu, Baldybirek, Donyztau ózenderining joghary aghysyndaghy tau bókterlerindegi toqymday-toqymday suarmaly jerlerding ózi nazardan tys qalmady. 1899 j. ukraindik kelimsekter Petropavlovsk (qazirgi Tasaryq-Ó.Sh) selosynyng alghashqy qazyghyn qaqty. Odan son, birtindep, taugha qaray órlep Romanovo, Saharovka, Runiyevskiy, Pokrovka, Danilo -Pokrovka, Suplatovo, Gavrilovka, Kolosovka selolaryn qúrdy. Osylaysha, ghasyr sonyna qaray Shymkent uezindegi suarmaly jerlerding 19,8 %-y kelimsekterding qolyna ótip ýlgerdi.
Otarshylar Týrkstan ólkesindegi eng iri eki etnos - qazaq pen sarttyn1(ózbektermen shatastyrmanyz) arasyna ot jaghyp otyrudy da úmytpady. Jergilikti ýkimetting ýnsiz qoldauymen «jau jaghadan alghanda, bóri etekten tartady» degendey, dala qazaghynyng orys qaruynyng kýshimen juasyghanyn paydalanyp, «júmyrtqadan jýn qyrqatyn» sarttar ýlken joldardyng boyyndaghy búlaqtardyng basynan keruen beketterin túrghyza bastady. «Alghashynda, dalanyng erkin úly qyrghyz (qazaq-Ó.Sh. ) búdan qauiptene qoymady. Qayta jauyn-shashynda pana bolyp, qystyng borandy kýnderinde týiesi men attaryna jem alyp túrugha jaqsy boldy dep quanysty» -dep jazady 1891- 93 jyldary Tashkent pen Vernyy qalalarynyng arasynan birneshe ret jýrip ótken orys sheneunigi jәne zertteushisi I.IY.Geyer. ...«Keler kóktemde, әlgi sart keruen saraydyng ainalasyna tal-terek otyrghyzyp, jonyshqa men bau-baqsha egip, jazgha salym saraydyng ainalasyn balshyq dualmen qorshaydy. Al, qazaqtyng oiynda әli dәneme joq, jana payda bolghan tatu kórshisimen búlaq suyn birge paydalana beredi. Taghy biraz jyl ótedi, bayaghy jalghyz keruen saraydyng ainalasynda basqa da keruen saraylar salynyp, bayaghy shaghyn búlaq basynda qyshlaq payda bolady. Kýnderding kýninde, qazaqtar óz aryghynan bir tamshy da su tappay qalady. Eshtenege týsinbegen qyrghyz, salyp úryp sart qystaghyna barsa,- bәri zandy. Búlaq ta, odan shyghatyn su da sarttiki- qolynda jergilikti orys ókimeti bergen qújaty bar. Búdan keyin qyrghyzgha amal joq, basqa qonys izdeuge tura keledi» (I.IY.Geyer. «Po russkim seleniyam Syrdarinskoy oblastiy», (Pisima s dorogi) «Turkestanskie vedomosti» basylymy, Tashkent,1893 j.).
Sart pen qazaqtyng ózara alakóz boluy patsha ýkimeti ýshin óte tiyimdi ekeni aitpasa da týsinikti.
( 1Sart - XV-XX-ghasyrdyng alghashqy shiyreginde Orta Aziyany mekendegen halyqtyng atauy. Sarttardyng bet-әlpeti tәjikterge óte úqsas,biraq «sart tili» atalatyn týrki tilining erekshe dialektisinde sóileydi» (F. A. Brokgauz ben I. A. Efronnyn ensiklopediyalyq sózdigi). P. I. Lerhtyng pikirinshe «sart tili» shaghatay tiline óte úqsas.
Orys sheneunigi, әri zertteushisi L.IY.Pashino «Týrkstan ólkesi -1866 j. Joljazbalar» atty enbeginde «Árbir qyrghyz óz ruyn biledi, al sarttar ózderin túratyn jerine qaray Shymkenttik, Tashkenttik, Sayramdyq t.s.s. dep ataydy» dep habarlaydy.
M.Tynyshbaev: «Ózbekter qyshlaqtarda túrsa, sarttar qalalarda ómir sýredi. Ózbekten «ruyng ne?» dep súrasan; «Keneges, Qypshaq, Qataghan, Baryn» dep jauap beredi. Al, sarttan ru súrasan; tek «qalalyqpyn» dep jauap qatady» (M.Tynyshpaev. Istoriya Kazahskogo naroda. 178 b. Almaty,1993).
F. A. Brokgauz ben I. A. Efron azdap qatelesse kerek. Bizdinshe, sarttar IV-VIII ghasyrlarda Úly Jibek jolynyng Orta Aziyadaghy tarmaqtarynyng boyynda sauda beketterin túrghyzyp, keruen saraylar ústaghan iran tektes halyq - soghdylardyng úrpaqtary.. Sol sauda beketteri men keruen saraylardyng ainalasynda Merv, Búhara, Samarqan, Ýrgenish, Otyrar, Sauran, Ispidjab, Balasaghún, Taraz, Talghar jәne t.b. kentter payda bolghan. Ol kentter kedeylengen nemese basqa sebeptermen otyryqshygha ainalghan týrkilermen tolyghyp otyrdy.Uaqyt óte, týrki tilin alghan sarttar sayasy biylikke kóp úmtyla qoymaghan. Óz mýddelerinen shyghyp jatsa, kez-kelgen biylikpen kelisimge tez keletin, syrttay qaraghanda beybit halyq. Negizgi kәsipteri sauda, eginshilik jәne qolóner bolghan.
Sarttar býkil Orta Aziyanyng soltýstigi Týrkstan men Sozaq, al shyghysy Áulieatagha deyingi kentterin meken etken. Jergilikti halyq әr týrli sebeptermen kentterge ornyghyp, tilderining týrkilik negizin saqtaghanmen, soghdylardyng kóp dәstýrin alghan qazaqtardy da «sart» dep ataghan. Bizge anyq belgilisi - XIX-ghasyrdyn 2 jartysynda shamamen әr 12 jyl sayyn qaytalanyp jii oryn alghan auyr júttar (1855-56, 1867-68, 1879-80, 1891-92 j.j.) malsyz qalghan qazaqtardy sart qystaqtaryna qonys audaryp otyryqshylyqqa auysugha mәjbýrledi. OQO Sayram audany - Qarabúlaq, Mankent jәne t.b., Tóleby audany - Súltanrabat, Hanaryq, Qazyghúrt audany - Túrbat auyldarynyng ózbek túrghyndarynyng kópshiligi sol qazaqtardyng úrpaqtary, kópshiligi әli kýnge óz shyqqan rularyn biledi. Qazaq halqynyng «Ózbek óz agham, sart sadagham» degen sózi osydan shyqsa kerek!
1897 j. halyq sanaghynda, olardyng sany 968 655 jan dep kórsetilgen. KSRO-da 1924 jýrgizilgen halyq sanaghynda sart halqy tegis «ózbek» dep jazylyp, «sart» sózi etnonim retinde qoldanystan shyghyp qaldy. Osy jerde aita ketken lәzim, túrmys-salt jaghynan ózbekten kóri qazaq halqyna jaqyndau - 1920 j. halyq sanaghynda sany 40 000 -dep kórsetilgen ferghana qypshaqtary da 1924 j. sanaqta «ózbek» halqynyng qúramyna «sinip» ketti. Jalpy búl taqyryp әli tereng zertteudi qajet etedi - Ó.Sh..
1896 j. 2-jeltoqsanda Ishki ister ministrligining qúramynda "Qonystandyru basqarmasy" qúryldy. Basqarmanyng qyzmeti - qazaq jerin zerttep, onyng kólemi men audanyn, túrghylyqty halqynyng ornalasu tәrtibi men qúramyn, qúnarlyghy men shúraylylyghyn, eginshilik pen mal sharuashylyghynyng qaysysyna qolayly, qysqasy, osy saualdargha jan-jaqty jauap alatynday egjey-tegjeyin týgel qarastyrdy. Al, Ándijan kóterilisinen (1898 j.) keyin patsha ýkimeti «orys adamynyng qany» tógilgen jer memleketke súrausyz alynady dep jariyalady.
Kapitalistik qatynastardyn damuy XIX-gh. sonynda dýniyejýzilik naryqta maqta talshyghyna degen súranysty arttyrdy. Osyghan baylanysty patsha sheneunigi A.V.Krivosheyn: «Reseyde maqta ósetin jer óte az...al maqtanyng qúny óte joghary. Sondyqtan Týrkstanda astyq ósiru ekonomikalyq túrghyda ýlken qatelik bolar edi. Búl ólke qymbat ta bolsa ishki Reseyde óndirilgen astyqty tútynyp, barlyq egistik jerge maqta egilui tiyis» deydi. Biraq, qansha qajyrly bolsa da kelimsekter, mashaqaty kóp maqta ósiruden bas tartty. Maqta óndirushilerge arnalghan nesiyelerdi ókimet, amalsyz sarttar men tәjikterge bere bastady. Ol uaqytta qazaqtyng maqta ekpeytini aitpasa da týsinikti.
Reseyde 1900j. oryn alghan ekonomikalyq daghdarys, Korey týbegindegi Port-Arturda (28.01.1904 j.) qúitaqanday araldardy mekendeytin japondardan «onbay tayaq jegen» Resey halqynyng óz biyleushilerine degen «qara qazanday ókpesi», 1905-1906 jyldardaghy ashtyq Resey ýkimetining basshysy P.A. Stolypindi agrarlyq reforma ayasynda, «jana iygerilgen jerlerge» orys-ukrain sharualaryn qonystandyru baghytynda kóptegen sharalardy jedeldete iske asyrugha iytermeledi.
P.A. Stolypinning aituy boyynsha Resey ókimeti «beysharalar men maskýnemdikke salynghandargha emes, әldilerge arqa sýieui qajet» boldy. «Myqty jeke menshik iyesin» jasau baghyty negizinen derevnya ortashalarynyng qataryn kóbeytip, úsaq jeke menshik iyelerin jermen qamtamasyz etu sayasaty arqyly iske asyryldy.
Al, sharualargha bólip bere qoyatynday ishki Reseyde bos jer joq. Patsha ókimeti Reseyding otar aimaqtarynda kelimsekter ýshin «búratanalardyn» qauymdyq jerlerin ashyq tartyp ala bastady. Kelimsekterge ýy salu men sharuashylyq qúraldaryn alu ýshin kórsetiletin qarjylay kómek kólemin úlghaytty. Al, kedergi keltiruge әreket jasaghan «búratanalardyn» qúny súrausyz, yaghni, kez-kelgen kelimsek olardy atyp tastay salugha qúqyly boldy.
Osylaysha, 1906 j. 9 qarashadaghy patsha jarlyghy boyynsha jýrgizilgen agrarlyq reforma qazaq halqynyng taghdyryna taghy bir «soqqy» berip, olardyng kópshiligin taghy da tau-tasqa, shól-shóleytke yghystyrdy.
Syrdariya qonys audaru audany Basqarmasyna «Úzyn» (Qazirgi OQO, Tóleby aud., «Úzynaryq auyly-Ó.Sh.) aryghynyng boyyndaghy 1000 desyatinagha juyq suarmaly jerining memleket qoryna zansyz alynghany turaly Shymkent uezi Sayramsu bolystyghynyng shanyraq iyesi (týpnúsqada -iyrtovladeles) Jәnibek Janazarovtyn 6 shanyraq atynan jazghan shaghymyna basqarma mengerushisi Saharov degenning 1912 j. 16 aqpanda qaytarghan jauaby tómendegidey bolghan: «Shaghym iyesining shaghymdanuyna esh negiz joq. Uaqytsha Komissiyanyng 1911 j. 27 qarashasyndaghy sheshimimen Qaratas bolystyghynyng №61 qauymy men Sayramsu bolystyghynyng №63 qauymy VI-auylynyng jerleri esebinen qúrylghan «Uspenovskoe» (qazirgi Tóleby audany Qoghaly auyly-Ó.Sh.) uchastogine berilgen jer - birinshiden, 1000 desyatina emes, bar bolghany - 617,04 desyatina, ekinshiden, Janazarovqa «Mynbayyr» jotasynyng ontýstik qiya-betkeyindegi (týpnúsqada - sklon) belgilengen normadan әldeqayda artyq - suarylmasa da shóbi qalyng shyghatyn qúnarly - 4996,98 desyatina jeri qaldyryldy . Onyng ýstine, shaghym iyesine ózge 6 shanyraq iyelerining bergen senim qaghazy da joq» (Ózbekstan Mem.Múraghaty.№IY-16, Tizbe-№1, Is-№365, 24-i bet.).
1906 j. ólkening baylyghyn Reseyge tasu ýshin eki baghyttan bastap, qúrylysy joghary qarqynmen jýrgizilgen Orynbor-Tashkent temir jolynyng paydalanugha berilui kelimsekterding sanyn arttyra týsti.
Halyqtan alynatyn alym-salyq mólsheri de tym auyr edi. Ár shanyraqtan 3 som kóleminde alynatyn «shanyraq salyghynan» basqa, bolys basqarmalaryn, hatshylar men shabarmandardy ústaugha, jol-kópirlerdi jóndeuge, egistik kólemine baylanysty «tanap» salyghy, týsken ónim kóleminen «haradjy», sauda jasaghany ýshin «zeket» degen sekildi alym-salyqtar boldy. Onyng ýstine, mólsherin bolys basqarmalary belgileytin «qara shyghyn» dep atalatyn qoghamdyq qajettilik pen qayyrymdylyq sharalary ýshin alynatyn alymdardy qosynyz.
XIX-gh. sony men XX gh. basynda Týrkstan ólkesinde shyghyp túrghan basylymdardaghy orys zertteushilerinin maqalalarynan Reseyding qazaq jerine mәngilikke ornyghudy kózdegenin jәne jergilikti otarshyl ýkimetting kelimsekterge qanday kónil bólgenin bayqaugha bolady. ... Eriksiz «Apyray, shetten kelgen qandastarymyzgha jaghday jasamaq týgili, sanyn týgendey almay jýrgen bizding «kóshi-qongha» da osylay syn aitatyn jan bolar ma eken» degen oigha kelesin!
Týrkistan general-gubernatory qyzmetinde 1-aq jyl istep qyzmetimen qosh aitysqan P.IY.Miyshenkonyng ornyna kelgen A.V.Samsonovtyng (1909-1913 j.j,) tapsyrmasymen qonystandyru júmystarynyng barysyn tekseru ýshin ólkeni aralap shyqqan general-leytenant Romanovskiyding esebi.
Týrkistan general-gubernatoryna
1909 j. 3 shilde
Ýstimizdegi jyldyng mausym aiynyng 21 men 28 júldyzdary arasynda eski pochta joly arqyly Tashkentten Shymkentke, sosyn Aleksandrov jotasynyng etegine janadan ornalasyp jatqan poselkelerdi aralap shyghyp, kórgenderim:
Shymkent qalasynda:
a) Pochta-telegraf kensesi. Dabyldatqysh (signalizasiya. aud.Ó.Sh.) pen kýzet oidaghyday, terezelerdegi tor - temirden.
b) Qazynashylyqtaghy (kaznacheystvo) qarajat somasy tekserildi. Dabyldatqysh pen kýzet qanaghattanarlyq, terezelerdegi tor - temirden. Dabyl qaqqanymyzda, basqalary tapsyrmada bolghandyqtan, aidauyl toptyng (konvoynaya komanda) tómengi shendegi 2-aq sarbazy keldi.
Búryn atqyshtar rotasyna sarbazdar shaqyrylatyn, biraq әskery basshylyqtyng pәrmenimen, ol toqtatylghan. Jaz ailarynda aidauyl top ylghy tapsyrmada bolatyndyqtan, atqyshtar rotasyna sarbaz shaqyrudy janghyrtu kerek dep esepteymin.
v) Qalalyq emhana - 5 oryngha layyqtalghan (1 syrqat jatyr), kýndiz 12 adam em qabylday alady. Emhana qarausyz, jóndelui óte nashar, әsirese felidsherding bólmesi qatty tozghan, aula qoqysqa toly, eshkim jinamaytyny kórinip túr. Jóndeu júmystaryn jýrgizip, tazalyq saqtaugha búiryq berdim.
d) Áyelder uchiliyshesi. Tazalyq pen tәrtip óte jaqsy. Tashkentte ótetin auyl sharuashylyghy kórmesi ýshin oqushy qyzdardyng qolynan shyqqan qolóner júmystary óte joghary dengeyde jasalghan.
e) Shirkeu sayabaghy men pitomnik óte auqymdy jәne asa zor qamqorlyqpen kýtiledi.
j) Shiyki kirpishten soghylghan uezdik basqarmanyng ghimaratynyng kýtimi jaman emes. Is jýrgizu men qarjy kitaptary tekserildi. Oryndaluy keshiktiriledi, qajetti belgiler týsirilmegen.
Jekelegen ýstelder boyynsha eskertpeler:
1).Hatshynyng ýsteli (Shneyderman). Qyrghyz kapitalynan 1892 j. alynghan 7908 som әli kýnge qaytarylmaghan. Sebebin anyqtau tapsyryldy.
2). Pәrmen beru ýsteli. (Hat jýrgizushi Gorbatov) Tótenshe sezd turaly qaghazdarda úqyptylyq jetispeydi, qajetti belgiler men tilmashtyng reestrden alghan qaghazdaryna qol qoyylmaghandyqtan, anyqtama alu mýmkin bolmady.17 sәuir men 17 mamyr aralyghynda ótken tótenshe sezd-uezd bastyghy, onyng kómekshisi men pristavtar qatysqandyqtan óte sәtti ótti deuge bolady (onda 1304 qylmystyq, 619 azamattyq is qaraldy). ...
Shymkentte tazalyq óte jaqsy saqtalady, barlyq jer suarylady, kósheler «Luks» shamshyraghymen jaryqtandyrylghan. Bazarda tәrtip bar (pәlen jyl boyy qalamyzda tәrtip pen tazalyq ornata almay jýrgen qalalyq әkimshilik, patsha sheneunikterining tәjiriybesin ýirense bolar eken.Ó.Sh.). Ásirese, uezdik basqarma men Nikolaev kóshesi aralyghyndaghy shaghyn ýstelder men oryndyqtar ornatylghan gýlzar kónilge únamdy әser qaldyrady. Búl jer Shymkent júrtshylyghynyng keshke qaray jinalatyn sýiikti orynyna ainalghan.
Oiylghan, әri shandaqty eski Shymkent jolynyng boyymen Jetisu men Áulieata uezderinen shyqqan obozdar (arba keruenderi) toqtausyz jýrip jatyr. Jol-jónekey kelesi poselkeler tekserildi.
Tashkent uezdi boyynsha:
a) Chernyaevo (orystar) 65 shanyraq (qazirgi «Jibek joly» auyly-Ó.Sh.). Óte baquat túrady. Mektep pen ghibadat ýii bir qoghamdyq ghimaratta ornalasqan. Sharualar eski pochta stansasyn ghibadat ýii ýshin berudi súrandy.
Shyghyndar kitaby oidaghyday jýrgizilmegendikten, ony retke keltiru eskertildi.
b) Konstantinovskoe (nemister) 24 shanyraq (qazirgi Derbisek). Óte baquat túrady. Mektep ýiining jaghdayy óte joghary. Ghibadat ýii de sonday. Is jýrgizu men qarjy kitaptary óte jaqsy jýrgizilgen.
v) Aqjar (nemister) 100 shanyraq. Jer óndeu ministrliginen jalgha alynghan jerge endi ghana ornalasyp jatyr. Qarajattary bar siyaqty.
g) Jeri (djeriy?) (molokandar) (Jery -qazirgi Qazyghúrt auyly boluy mýmkin, molokandar -hristian-protestanttyq diny aghym ókilderi- Ó.Sh.) 80 shanyraq. Endi ghana ornalasyp jatyr, biraq sharualary myghym. Keles ózeninen óz qarjylaryna 6 shaqyrym aryq tartugha rúqsat súrady. Mәsele jazbasha ótinish berilgennen keyin qaralatyn bolady.
Shymkent uezdi boyynsha:
d) Fogelevo (orystar)(qazirgi Rabat auyly- Ó.Sh.)) 14 shanyraq. Jerleri óte kóp, shanyraq basyna ýy irgelik telimi 33/4 desyatinadan bolsa, 380 desyatina suarmaly jer men 150 desyatina jayylym jeri bar. Baquat túrady, onyng ýstine ótip jatqan obozdardan payda tabady.
Shymkentten jana ornalasyp jatqan orys poselkelerine bet aldym jәne jol boyyndaghy eski poselkelerdi de kóre kettim. Jol qanaghattanarlyq deuge bolady degenmen, tauda janbyr jaughanda ózenderden ótu qiyndyq tudyrady.
a) Dobra-Shaldy (Danghyra shalghan - Tóleby audany Qaratóbe jәne Tónkeris auyldarynyng manynda sonday eldi meken bolghan- Ó.Sh.) (orystar) 11 shanyraq. Ázirshe tek ýilerin ghana túrghyzghan, óte kedey túrady.
b) Maybúlaq (orystar) 68 shanyraq. Tau jaghalay 4 shaqyrymgha juyq jinishkeley sozylyp jatyr. Endi ornalasyp jatyr, arasynda temir shatyrly ýiler de kezdesedi.
v) Petropavlovskoe (qazirgi Tasaryq auyly- Ó.Sh.)), (orystar) 48 shanyraq sarttardan jalgha alynghan jerlerde túrady. Baquat. Ghibadat ýii ýlken jәne jaqsy jabdyqtalghan. Temir shatyrly, tastan qalanghan tamasha Ministrlik mektebi bar.
g) Suplatovo (qazirgi Qasqasu auyly- Ó.Sh.)) orystar 53 shanyraq, tau baurayynda ornalasqan, óz kýshterimen ghibadat ýiin salyp jatyr, әri ony mektep ornyna paydalanbaq. Qazyna esebinen mektep salyp berudi ótindi. Ázirshe, tek túrghyn ýiler ghana salynghan.
d) Qarymbay 7 shanyraq. Túrghyndar óte kedey túrady, ýilerin әzer salyp bitirgen. Jerleri óte az bolghandyqtan jer telimin kesip berudi súraydy.
e) Dorofeevka («Birinshi mamyr» auyly- Ó.Sh.)153 shanyraq orystar. Óte bay, eski selo. Temir shatyrly ýiler óte kóp. Diny әnder oryndaytyn әnshileri bar shirkeui- jaqsy jabdyqtalghan. Qol enbegin qosa ýiretetin ministrlik mektebi ghimaratynda jóndeu júmystary jýrgizilip jatyr. Qoghamdyq bazar jylyna 200 somgha jalgha berilgen.
j) Lyateri (Lengir boluy mýmkin-Ó.Sh.) 23 shanyraq. Óte jarly túrady. Kóktemde aryq aqsaqaly su bermegendikten, astyqtyng ónimi tómen bolghanyn aityp shaghymdandy. Tekseru jýrgizip, qorytyndysyn bayandau turaly uezd bastyghyna eskertildi.
z) Toghys 21 shanyraq (orystar). Ázirshe, tek túrghyn ýilerin túrghyzghan. Egistikti suaru ýshin sudy qaydan tartugha bolatynyn súrady, eger júmys bastala qalsa ózderi qazatynyn aitty. Uezd bastyghyna aryq aqsaqalyn jiberip, qorytyndysyn bayandau turaly búiryq berildi.
Jolay ýlken sart qystaghy Sayramdy (búrynghy qala) kóre kettim. Qalashyqta tәrtip bayqalady, bazary tap-taza. Bolystyq basqarmasy 2-qabatty shaghyn ghimaratta ornalasqan, múnda da tazalyq pen tәrtip izi kórinip túr. Mamandar jetispeuinen bolsa kerek, poselkelerge jer bólingenine 3 jyl ótse de, sharualar әli tolyq jaylasyp bitpegen, kóshi-qon basqarmasy jer mejeleudi de әli ayaqtamaghan. Kóshi-qon basqarmasy mamandarynyng salghyrttyghynan key jerlerde shekara birneshe ret ózgertilgen (mysaly Aybúlaq). Osynyng saldarynan qyrghyzdarmen arada jii janjal tuyp otyrady. Búl jerlerdegi orys sharualarynyng kedey túru sebepteri: Kóshi-qon basqarmasynan uәde etilgen jәrdemaqyny ala almaydy, sebebi әli bir jerge bekitilmegen, al jerge bekitu kóshi-qon basqarmasynyng tikeley mindeti. Osynday sebepterden, Qazynalyq Palata «salyq birligi» retinde olargha salyq sala almaydy, búl óz kezeginde memleket qazynasyn shyghyngha batyruda.
Eger jerge ornalastyru mindeti kóshi-qon basqarmasynan (jer ólsheushilermen qosa) uezdik basqarmagha berilse, jaghdaydy 1 aidyng ishinde týzeuge bolady.
Óz basym, kóshi-qon basqarmasynyng mengerushisin taba almaghandyqtan, odan eshqanday anyqtama ala almadym.
Jogharyda aitylghan búratana jәne orys bolystyqtarynan basqa, kelesi bolystyqtar: Aqsu, Qaramúrt, Georgiyev, Badam bolystyqtary tekserildi.
General-leytenant Romanovskiy. (Yqshamdap audarghan -Ó.Sh.).
(OQO múraghaty.1129 qor.1 tizbe.47 is.). (Qasynda kóshiri men 2-3 atqosshysy ghana bar jalghyz tekserushi-sheneunikting tyndyrghan isi, birining artynan biri tobymen jýretin bizding «tekserushilerge» ýlgi bolsa iygi degen ýmitpen tәptishtep berip otyrmyz).
1908 j. Týrkstanda Jalpyimperiyalyq әkimshilik jýiesin engizu mәselesi qoyyldy. Telegrafpen jaraqtalghan polisiya basqarmalary qalalarda ghana emes, tipti iri zauyt- fabrikalarda da qúryla bastady. Osymen bir mezgilde imperiyalyq qúqyqtyng qoldanylu ayasy kenip, ónirlik zannama qalyptasa bastady.General-gubernatordyng qúziretin birtindep azamattyq basqarugha beru qarastyryldy.
1911 j. ólkeni basqaru isin reformalaugha kirisken otarshylar «Aday kóterilisi» (1870 j.), Tashkent uezdi (1872 j. Qarasu ózeni), Ándijan, Marghúlan uezderi (1885 j.) diqandarynyn bas kóteruleri, Tashkent búqarasynyng «tyrysqaq kóterilisi» (1892 j.), Qoqan, Namangan uezderi (1893 j.) men Ándijandaghy «ghazauat» (1898 j.) soghystary men kóterilisterding tәjiriybesin tereng zerttep, ólkeni Áskery Ministrliktin qúzyrynan shygharu әli erterek dep sheshildi. Osy tústa aita ketken lәzim: jogharydaghy qozghalystar men kóterilisterdi aitpaghanda, 1887-1899 jyldar aralyghynda Týrkstan ólkesinde jergilikti orys әkimshiligine qarsy baghyttalghan 38 ashyq qarsylyq oryn alghan. Onan ózge tek, 1887-1898 jyldar aralyghynda ghana patsha sheneunikteri men kelimsekterge qarsy 668 qaraqshylyq shabuyl jasalghan. Orys otarshyldary men jergilikti әkimshilikke qarsy qozghalystar Shymkent uezinde de kóptep oryn alghan. Mysaly, Týrkstan manynda 1903 j. sharualar men jergilikti әkimshilik arasyndaghy janjaldyn arty qantógiske jetken. Shymkenttik jazushy M.Ábdәkim jazyp jýrgendey Badam bolystyghynda 1905 j. Qoqay by bastaghan , Arys bolystyghynda 1907 j. Mamyr bastaghan , Mashat bolystyghynda Qalybek bastaghan kóterilister, Badam, Arys, Sozaq bolystyqtarynda 1906 j. bolghan qozghalystar bolyp ótken.
Týrkstan ólkesin basqaru isin reformalau mәselesine 1913 j. qayta oralghan Ministrler Kenesi Týrkstan ólkesin basqaru qúrylymyn ózgertuding negizgi ústanymdaryn dayyndap, ony II Nikolay patsha maqúldaghanmen, Memlekettik Duma tarapynan kedergige úshyrap, joba taghy ayaqsyz qaldy. Birinshi dýniyejýzilik soghys bastalghan song (1914 j.) ol mәselege oralugha imperiyanyng múrshasy bolmady.
Otarshylardyng ruhany beynesi
Tolassyz kelip jatqan qonys audarushylardyng bet-beynesi Pushkinning Abay tәrjimalaghan keyipkerlerinen mýldem alys edi. Búlar negizinen óz tughan jerindegi auyr túrmys tauqymetinen qatty jýnjigen, ishkilikke salynghan, key jaghdayda tipti azghyndaghan jandar bolatyn.
...1890 jyldary Egorievka ( Kóksәiek) selosyndaghy shirkeuding qúrylysy ayaqtalyp, endi tek auyr shoyyn qonyraudy ornatu júmysy ghana qalady. Biraq, kóteru ýshin baylanghan arqan qayta - qayta ýzilip, qonyrau qúlay beredi. Birneshe kýn enbegi esh bolghan selo túrghyndary bastary qatyp, dal bolady..
Shirkeu svyashenniygi júmysty toqtatyp, birneshe kýn jәrdem súrap, óz qúdayyna qúlshylyq etedi. Qúdayy «sybyrlady» ma, әlde basqa jaghday ma?! ...Bir kýni әulie әkey qúlshylyghyn dogharyp, selodaghy júmysqa jaramdy er-azamat ataulyny jinap, «Óz kelinimen tósektes bolghandar aramyzdan shyghyp ketpese, tap qazir osy otyrghan jerimizde bәrimiz qúdaydyng kәrine úshyrap, qyrylamyz» deydi. Azdaghan auyr ýnsizdikten keyin, pop әlgi sózin qattyraq dauyspen qaytalaydy. Sol kezde, toptan bastary salbyrap, arasynda jasamysy bar, qarty bar birneshe kisi bólinip shyghady. Al, atalghan kýnәdan ada selolyqtar kótergen qonyrau esh qiyndyqsyz óz ornyn tabady.
Arqan nelikten ýzildi? Azghyndardyng keyingi taghdyry qalay bolghany da bizge beymәlim. Bir anyghy, pop olargha Qúnanbaydyng Qodargha jasaghan «tasboranyn» (M.Áuezov) jaudyrmaghan! Biraq, osy oqighadan keyin kelimsekter arasynda keninen taraghan, әlgi azghyndyq әdet sayabyrsypty-mys deydi jergilikti kónekóz qariyalar. Shamasy, aqyldy pop, qazaq halqynyng ózderin shetterinen «bekzat» sanaytyn últtardyng ózderine ýlgi tútugha túrarlyq әdet-ghúrpy, salt-dәstýrimen tanysyp, qorytyndy shygharsa kerek...
Qarapayym kelimsekterding syqpyty osy bolsa, Týrkstan ólkesine jiberilgen patsha ýkimetining barlyq dengeydegi sheneunikterining nadandyghy, órkókirektigi, ozbyrlyghy men shenqúmarlyghy turaly orystyn ataqty jazushysy M.E.Saltykov - Shedrin ózining «Tashkenttik myrzalar» atty atyshuly pamfletinde keremet surettep berdi.
XIX-ghasyrdyng songhy shiyreginde Týrkstan ólkesinde bolghan amerikandyq sayahatshy Skayler: «Orys әkimshiligin ózderi jaulap alghan halyqtardyng túrmysy men mәdeniyeti mýldem qyzyqtyrmaydy. Men jergilikti halyqtyng tilin biletin, bay mәdeniyetimen tanys birde bir orys sheneunigin nemese ofiyserin kezdestirmedim. Olar ózderining artyqshylyghyn tek kýshpen dәleldep, ózderin tek «jaulap alushy» retinde ústaydy»-dep jazady.
Týrkstan general-gubernatory Kenesinin 1911 j. 3 aqpanda ótken otyrysynda general-gubernator Ivan Vasilievich Samsonov : «...Orys qonys audarushylary óz jaghdaylaryna qanaghattanbaghandyqtan, ishimdikke әues. Olar ózderining osy kemshilikterimen ishkilikten qaljyraghan orystardy jek kóretin enbekqor halyq mekendegen ólkening tolyqqandy qojayyny bola almaydy»-dedi. (Jurnal Soveta Turkestanskogo general-gubernatora № 1 za 13.1.1911, SGA Uzbekistana, f. 717, op. 1, d. 48, l. 86.).
«...Uezding orys túrghyndary jyrtqyshtyq ómir keshuge daghdylanghan ishki Reseyden qonys audarghan tobyrdan túrady. Soghysqa deyin ishkilikten bas almady, qyrghyzdargha óshpendilikpen qarap, aldap-arbady, enbekterin qanady. Jergilikti halyqqa mәdeniyetting ornyna óz boylaryndaghy eng jaghymsyz qasiyetterdi taratty...». (Áulieata uezinde oryn alghan beybastaqtyqtargha baylanysty injener M.Tynyshbaevtyng mәlimdemesine Áulieata uezining bastyghy polkovnik Kastaliskiyding 1916 j. 10 qarashada bergen týsiniginen. OQO oblystyq múraghaty.).
Otarshylardyng missionerlik әreketi
1871 j. Vernyy qalasynda býkil Týrkstan ólkesi ýshin pravoslaviya dininin eparhiyasy ashyldy.
Jalpy, pravoslaviya dini kýshtep nemese aqshagha qyzyqtyryp dinge tartudy qúptamaydy. Biraq, Týrkstan eparhiyasy memleket bólgen qarajatpen missionerlik әreketpen ainalysqany belgili.
1881 j. 19 mausymda Týrkstan eparhiyasynyng basshysy Aleksandr Týrkstan general-gubernatory G. A. Kolpakovskiyge monastyri úiymdastyru turaly hat joldaydy. «...Monastyri - tek ózge dindegilerdi pravoslaviya dinine tartyp qana qoymay, sonymen qatar búratanalar arasynda orys mәdeniyetin nasihattaytyn ortalyq bolar edi. Monastyriding ashyluynyng diny manyzy ghana emes, memlekettik manyzy ýlken» dep ayaqtaydy ol óz hatyn.
Osyghan baylanysty Týrkstan eparhiyasyn HH-ghasyrdyng basynda basqarghan episkop Dimitriy (Abashidze) statistikalyq zertteuler jýrgizgen. Jarty ghasyrgha (1867-1917 j.j.) juyq uaqyt ishinde bar bolghany 8 qaraqyrghyz, 2 týrkimen, 3 ózbek (týpnúsqada sart dep kórsetilgen), 1 tәjik hristian dinin qabyldaghan. Esesine, osy uaqyt ishinde 9 kelimsek músylman dinine ótip ketken.
Missionerlerding isi Jetisuda ónimdi boldy. Lepsi-Sarqand manyn mekendeytin qalmaq arasynan 139 adamdy hristian dinine kirgizgeni ýshin Vasiliy Pokrovskiy degen pop imperatordan «3 dәrejeli Qasiyetti Anna» ordenin alghan.
«Búratanalardyn» ishindegi dinine eng berigi qazaqtar bolyp shyqty. Qazaqtardy qalayda dinge tartu maqsatynda, 1910 j. Qazan qalasynda arab әrpimen qazaq tilinde Bibliya shygharyldy. Biraq búl da kómektese qoymady. Jergilikti halyq arasynda hristian dinin uaghyzdaugha әreket jasaghany ýshin Shymkent manyndaghy Vrevsk qystaghynyn popy I.IY.Lavriynesti qazaqtar Bibliyasyn tartyp alyp, ózin úryp óltiredi.
Qazaq arasyna hristian dinin taratu qiyn ekenin týsingen patsha ókimeti basqa әreketter jasay bastaydy. Qazaq dalasyna Reseyding arnayy mektebinen ótken tatar moldalary kóptep jiberile bastaydy. Olar әskery mindetkerlik pen salyqtan bosatylady.
1900 jyly «Araviyada indet shyqty» degen syltaumen Mekege qajylyqqa barugha tiym saldy.
Osy arada, XIX-gh. sonynda-aq, qazaq arasyna hristian dini men dәstýrin ghana emes, býgingi kýni qoghamnyng «bas aurularynyn» birine ainalghan qyz balalar
men әielderding betin býrkep, erlerden oqshaulau siyaqty arab dәstýrin taratu әreketteri de oryn alghanyna toqtala ketken lәzim. N.IY.Grodekov «Tashkent manyndaghy Janabazarda búrynghy bolys, molda Músa men qyrghyz Júmatay óz ýilerinde «әielderdi oqshaulau» (zatvornichestvo jenshiyn) ghúrpyn engizuge tyrysty. Biraq, «әielderdi býrkeu ata-babamyzdyng saltynda joq» dep qyrghyzdar olardyng ýstine basyp kire berdi. Molda Músa qyzynyng úzatu toyynda da «sarttar óleng aitpaydy» dep әn salugha kedergi jasaugha әreket jasady, biraq qyrghyzdar oghan kónbedi» dep jazady (N.IY.Grodekov «Kirgizy y karakirgizy Syr - Dariinskoy oblasti. Tom pervyi. Yuridicheskiy byti, Tashkent Tipo-litografiya S.IY.Lehtina -1889.)
Orys zertteushileri men sheneunikterining qazaq halqy turaly pikirleri
Jalpy, Týrkstan ólkesin zerttegen orys zertteushilerining XIX-ghasyrdyng songhy shiyregine deyin jazylghan enbekterin zerdelesek, qazaq halqy turaly ong pikir basym. Mysaly, 1858 j. Syrdariya boyynda Qoqan әskerlerining qolyna týsip, Janaqorghan men Týrkstan bekinisterinde 1 ay tútqynda bolghan orys ghalymy N.A. Seversov «qoqandyq qyrghyzdardyng ózge qoqandyqtarmen salystyrghanda adamgershilik dengeyi әldeqayda joghary» ekenin atap kórsetken («Mesyas plena u kokansev» Russkoe slovo. № 11,1859 g.).
Týrkstan ólkesining qazaq, qyrghyz, týrkimen sekildi kóshpeli halyqtarynyng qoghamdyq qúrylymy turaly «Áskeriy-statistikalyq jinaqta» (1868 j. jaryq kórgen) týrkimenderding qoghamdyq qatynastaryn sipattay kelip, bylay deydi: «...Qoghamdyq qatynastarda qaraqyrghyzdar (týrikmenderden) birneshe saty joghary túr, olardyng soltýstik kórshileri qazaqtar - odan da joghary túr» («...Na neskoliko vysokoy stupeny obshestvennogo razvitiya stoyaly dikokamennye kirgizy, a eshe vyshe - ih severnyya sosedya, kirgizy...»).
«Týrkstan ólkesi» atty ensiklopediyalyq basylymda V. I. Masaliskiy «qyrghyzdar (qazaqtar - Ó.Sh.) aqyl-oyy jaqsy damyghan, óte qabiletti, oqu-ýirenu olargha qiyndyq tudyrmaydy...Qyrghyzdar kópshil, kónildi, tapqyr, ailakerlik men qulyqtan da kende emes, biraq salystyrmaly týrde adal. Qyrghyzdardyng taghy bir erekshe qasiyeti poeziyagha degen mahabbaty, sheshendigi men oiynyng aiqyndyghy» dep kórsetedi. Tayaqtyng eki úshy bolatyny sekildi, ýirenuge qabilettilikting de kelensiz jaghy bolatyny aitpasa da týsinikti.
XIX ghasyr men XX-ghasyrdyng basynda Shymkent shaharynda bolghan bolghan sayahatshylar: «Jyl sayyn nauryz aiynyng 1 men 15-i aralyghynda Qoshqar ata ózenining boyynda, qazaqtyng kiyiz ýileri tigilip, qoy týligining kiyesi - Qoshqar ata әuliyege baghyshtalghan «Qoshqar ata seyili» atty últtyq meyram toylanady. Oghan qazaqtarmen qosa ózbekter de belsene qatysady» dep habarlaydy.
Al, N. A. Seversov: «Tambovtyqtyng (Tambov - kelimsekting tughan jeri-Ó.Sh.) boyynda tyng jerdi jyrtyp, biraz jyl paydalanghan son, ony tastay salyp, basqa jerdi jyrtatyn soltýstik amerikalyq skvatter (Solt.Amerikagha qonys audaryp, bos jerlerdi basyp alghan europalyqtar) siyaqty jyrtqyshtyq kózqaras basym... Al, biz nadan sanaytyn qyrghyzdar tabighat syiyn ýnemdi paydalanady, toqymday jerden mol ónim alugha tyrysady, ózderining jayylymdaryn kýtip ústap, tiyimdi paydalanady, dala men tau bókterlerine aghash otyrghyzady. Arys, Shyrshyq ózenderi boyyndaghy toghaylar men Tyani-Shani taularynyng ormandaryn kózining qarashyghynday saqtaugha tyrysady. Biz kelgenge deyin Oral tauynyng ontýstigi men shyghysyndaghy dala ormandary men Nauryzym, Amanqaraghay jәne t.b. qaraghay ormandaryn saqtap kelgen....Sonda, qalaysha orys mújyghynan ghana emes, shetinen ónertapqysh - mehanik sanalatyn soltýstik amerikalyq skvatterden de, әli kýnge jeraghashpen jer jyrtyp jýrgen qyrghyz eginshisi órkeniyettileu?»- dep tang qalady.(N. A. Seversov. «Puteshestviya po Turkestanskomu krai y issledovanie gornoy strany Tyani-Shanya, sovershennye po poruchenii Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo obshestva doktorom zoologii, chlenom Imperatorskogo Russkogo geograficheskogo y drugih uchenyh obshestv N. Seversovym». - SPb., 1873.).
«1890 jyldyng sonynda Qaramúrt bolysynda Aqsu ózeninen tartylghan ýlken aryqtyng qúrylysy ayaqtaldy» dep habarlaydy A.Dingelishtedt.
Al, Shymkent uezdi bastyghynyng joghary basshylyqqa tapsyrghan raportynan 3500 som qarajat júmsap, Aqsu ózenining jogharghy aghysynan tartylghan aryqty qazdyrghan Qoqan biyligi túsynda datqa bolghan, Qaramúrt bolystyghynyng 1887-89 jyldardaghy bolysy Qasymbek Qojabekov ekenin bilemiz. Oyaz bastyghy aryqtyng suymen qosymsha 1500 desyatinadan astam jerdi sulandyrugha bolatynyn quana habarlaydy. Shynynda da, ol aryqtyng qyzyghyn XX-gh. basynda kelimsekter ornatqan Samsonovka, Podgornoe selolarynyng túrghyndary kórdi.
Jalpy, Shymkent uezinde XIX ghasyrdyng sony men XX ghasyrdyng basynda 130 bas aryq nemese kanal jәne 255 janama aryqtar bolghan. (Týlkibas, Tóleby audandaryndaghy tau bókterlerinde sol aryqtardyn izderi men silemderi әli kýnge sayrap jatyr).
Qazaq halqynyng dilindegi ózgerister
«Synyqtan basqanyng bәri júghady» deydi dana halqymyz. Qazaq halqy da kelimsekterding maskýnemdik, paraqorlyq, jaghympazdyq t.s.s. jaghymsyz әdet-ghúryptaryn boylaryna sinire bastady. Alghash eldi aralaugha shyqqan otarshyl ókimetting sheneunikterine «qonaqjaylylyq» tanytamyz dep araqpen bay-baghlandar auyzdansa, birte-birte qarapayym qazaq ta bazarshylap kentke týse qalsa, bayaghyday bozany mise tútpay, «ashysudan» auyz tiymey qaytpaytyn boldy. Birte-birte atamyzdyng asynday bolyp ketti.
«1868-70 jyldardaghy bolys-starshyn saylaularynda el aldynda óz aqyl-parasatymen, sheshendigimen bedel jinaghan adamdar jeniske jetti» deydi reseylik tarihshy G. A. Arandarenko (Mejdu tuzemsamy stepnogo uezda / Dosugy v Turkestane. SPb.,1889). «Biraq, qaghilez kóshpendiler orys órkeniyetimen ilese kelgen orys etigin kii, sharap ishu jәne qúmar oinaudy ghana emes, «shar tastau» arqyly dauys beru barysyndaghy saylau qulyqtaryn da tez ýirenip aldy» deydi avtor. 1890 jyldary bolystyq oryn ýshin beriletin para mólsheri 9000 somgha jetti. Salystyru ýshin aita keteyik:1892 j. Týrkstan ólkesinde 1 pút etting baghasy- orta eseppen 1,7- 2 somdy qúrady. («Obzor Syrdarinskoy oblasty za 1892 g.». Prilojenie k vsepoddanneyshemu otchetu voennogo gubernatora.Tashkent. Tipo-litografiya S.I. Petuhova - 1894 g.). Al, Týrkstan ólkesin tekseru ýshin Resey Senaty qúrghan komissiyany basqarghan senator graf Palenning esebi negizinde jasalghan Áskery Ministrlikting 1906 j. «Týrkstan ólkesining memlekettik jәne qoghamdyq-ekonomikalyq múqtajdyqtary turaly jazbalarynda» kóshpendiler arasyndaghy bolys, starshyn, by saylaulary turaly bylay deydi: «...saylaushylardy satyp alu men ýgit-nasihat júmystaryna 40-50 myng somgha jetetin orasan kóp aqsha júmsalatyn boldy. ...Saylaushylardy satyp alu jýiesi keng etek aldy», «Biylikke osynday jolmen kelgen lauazymdy qyzmetker eng aldymen óz shyghynyn qaytarugha tyrysatyny -tabighy jaghday, sondyqtan lauazym iyesi tegin sausaghyn qimyldatpaydy, al syiaqy ýshin barlyghyn sheshedi»...
«Boldy da partiya, el ishi býlindi...», «Qalyng elim - qazaghym...» -dep Úly Abaydyng kýnirenetini osy kez. Qazaqtyng jana atqaminerleri paragha júmsalghan shyghynnyng barlyghyn qara halyqtyng moyynyna saldy. Elde arty adam ólimimen atalatyn «barymta, barymtagha qarymta» degendey úrlyq-qarlyq, onyng arty birining ýstinen biri oyazgha shaghymdanyp, eki jaqty jem bolu kóbeydi.
Búryn janyndaghy aqyn-jyrau, sal-serilerimen maqtanatyn qazaqtyng bay-baghlandary, endi baukespe úrylarymen bәsekelesetin jaghdaygha jetti. Qazaqtyng songhy hany Kenesarynyng erjýrek úly, býkil qayratty ghúyryn Reseylik otarshylarmen kýreske baghyshtaghan Sadyq súltan ómirining songhy kezenin Qarabúlaqtyng manyndaghy «Hanqorghan» degen jerde ótkizgeni belgili. Osy Sadyqtyn 3 jylqysyn Mashat bolysynyng búrynghy bolysy men starshyny úry júmsap, aldyryp sotty bolady. Isti Shymkent uezdik soty 1894 j. 18 nauryzynda qaraydy. Bolys pen starshynnyng ash emes ekeni týsinikti bolsa kerek?! Eng soraqysy, qazaqtyng biy-bolystaryna «jandaraldyn» (general-gubernator) qolynan medali alu dýniyedegi eng ýlken mәrtebeli iske ainaldy. (Ókinishke oray, atalarynyng otarshylardyng qangha malynghan qolynan alghan «salpynshaqtaryn» maqtan etetin aghayyndar әli kýnge aramyzda barshylyq).
Sóz sony.
Tabighatta kez kelgen kýsh, qarsy kýsh tudyratyny әmseden ayan.
Tarihy qajettilikke baylanysty qazaq halqy da óz arasynan Abay ruhynan nәr alyp eldi, jerdi, últtyq bet-beyneni saqtap qalugha úmtylghan jaryq júldyzdar shoghyryn shyghardy. A.Baytúrsynov, Á.Bókeyhanov, M.Shoqay, T.Rysqúlovtar bastaghan toptardyng ústanghan joldary әrqily bolsa da, kózdegenderi qazaq mýddesi edi. Ol mýdde Resey mýddesimen mýlde ýilespeytin. Al, Resey óz mýddesin kózdedi.
Al, 1896-1914 jj. Dala men Týrkstan ólkesine ornalasqan kelimsekterding sany -1 462 149 boldy (A.Ismailov «Stranisy istoriy Yujnogo Kazahstana» (1864-1917 gg.) Almaty-2003 g.).
Birinshi dýnie jýzilik soghystyng bastaluymen qazaq dalasyna ishki Reseyden kelimsekterding jana legi aghyla bastady. Soghysqa ózining Europadaghy basty bәsekelesteri Germaniya, Avstro-Vengriya jәne Týrkiyadan «týk tartyp, olja alamyn» dep kirgen Resey «toqal eshki mýiiz súraymyn dep, qúlaqtan aiyrylyptynyn» kebin kiydi. 1916 jyldyng jazynan bastap, elding eki maydanda - Europada jәne Qazaqstan men Orta Aziyadaghy kóterilisshilermen soghys jýrgizui ishki Reseyde revolusiyalyq ahual qalyptastyrdy.
1916 j. 1 qantarynda Syrdariya oblysynyng aumaghynda ghana 190 kelimsekter qystaghy boldy.
Qyrghyz tarihshysy B.Isakeev «1916 j. Týrkstan ólkesinde 941 orys qystaghy boldy. Ólkedegi jergilikti halyqtyng (qazaq, ózbek, qyrghyz, týrikmen jәne t.b.) ýles salmaghy 94 %, kelimsekter 6 % qúrady. Osy 6 % kelimsekter suarmaly, shúrayly jerlerdin 57,6 %-na ie boldy» dep jazady ( «Kirgizskoe vosstanie 1916 g.». Kirgizizdat,1932 g.).
Býkil qazaq dalasy men Orta Aziyany qamtyghan 1916 j. últ-azattyq kóterilis Resey otarshylarynyng búl ólkede eshqashan «tynysh» ómir sýre almaytynyna kózderin týpkilikti jetkizdi.
Sondyqtan da, 1917 j. aqpanda taqtan qúlaghan patshanyng ornyna biylikke kelgen Uaqytsha ýkimetten qazan aiynda biylikti tartyp alghan Kenes ókimeti búl halyqty baghyndyru emes, jondyng josparyn jasay bastady.
... Halqymyzdyng myndaghan jyldargha sozylghan negizgi ómir salty-kóshpelilik, jana zaman talaptaryna jauap bere almay, óz damuynyng -eng songhy qúldyrap, joyylu kezenine tayap keldi...
Qazaq halqyn búrynghydan da auyr, jana «synaqtar» kýtip túrdy.
Ol endi basqa әngimening arqauy!
Ómir ShYNYBEKÚLY,
Tarihshy
«Abai.kz»