Aqyndyqtyng asyl múraty
1985 jyly orys halqynyng HII ghasyrda dýniyege kelgen dep aitylyp jýrgen jazba eskertkishi «Igori joryghy turaly jyrdyn» 800 jyldyghy Sovet Odaghynda keng kólemde atalyp ótetin boldy. Áriyne, múnday eleuli oqighadan elimizdegi eng iri jogharghy oqu orny S.M.Kirov atyndaghy Qazaq memlekettik uniyversiytetining de syrt qalmay, ghylymy konferensiyalar úiymdastyrugha bilek sybana kirisetini aitpasa da týsinikti. Birge oqyp jýrgen studentterden oryssham kósh ilgeri bolghandyqtan ba, bizding kurstan mereytoygha qatysty bayandama jasau mindeti mening moynyma jýkteldi. «AZiYa»-ny oqyp shyqqannan keyin qyzyghushylyghym oyanyp, dauly taqyrypty eshkimge bildirmey zerttep, ondaghan kitaptar men ghylymy basylymdarda jaryq kórgen jýzdegen maqalalardy sholyp shyqqandyqtan konferensiyada sóz sóileuge quana-quana kelistim. Biraq, uniyversiytet úsynysynan bas tartyp, óz erkimmen «Podlinnosti slovo o polku Igoreve» degen kýrdeli taqyryptyng qúlaghyna syrgha taqtym.
Týpnúsqasy órtenip ketip, A.I. Musiyn-Pushkin jazyp alghan kóshirmesi ghana qalyp, bizding zamanymyzgha jetken orystyng ejelgi eposy tóniregindegi dau-damay HIH ghasyrda bastalyp, qyzuy bir basylmay kýni býginge deyin jalghasyp keledi. 1801 jyly nemis tarihshysy Avgust Shleser epostyng alghashqy basylymynyng jaryq kóruine oray maqala jazyp, ejelgi orys eskertkishining týpnúsqalyghyna kýmәn keltirgennen beri bastalghan aitys-tartys jyldan jylgha órttey órship barady. Áygili eposty polyak tiline tәrjimalaghan aqyn Siprian Godebskiy, Mәskeu uniyversiytetining professory M.T.Kachenovskiy da shygharmanyng HII ghasyrda jazylghanyna baylanysty kónilderin qytyqtaghan kýmәndaryn jasyra almay, shyndyqtaryn aitty. .
1812 jyly jazba eskertkishting qoljazbasy Mәskeudegi órtte sau tamtyghy qalmay janyp ketkennen keyin kýdikting qara búlty búrynghydan beter qonglana týsti. Alyp-qashpa әngimeler tuyp, eposqa qatysty dau-damay janasha sipat aldy. Kachenovskiyding shәkirti IY.Belikovtyng «Nekotorye issledovaniya „Slova o polku Igoreve“» zertteuindegi boljamdar talas-tartystyng otyna may qúya týsip, O. I. Senkovskiy siyaqty bedeldi ghalymdargha deyin skeptikterding ynghayyna jyghyldy. Kýmәndanushylargha qarsy shyqqandardyng ishinde M. P. Pogodiyn, S. P. Shevyrev, M. A. Maksimovich, D. N. Dubenskiy, P. M. Stroev, I. I. Davydov, M. N. Katkov, tipti, orystyng úly aqyny A.S.Pushkin de bolyp, shygharmanyng týpnúsqalyghyn dәleldeuge bar kýshterin saldy.
1852 jyly V. M. Undoliskiy túnghysh ret «Igori joryghy turaly jyrmen» úqsastyghy kóp HV ghasyrdyng jazba eskertkishi «Zadonshinanyn» mәtinin jariyalaghan song kýmәndanushylardyng qatary әjeptәuir seyilgendey bolghan. Alayda, 1890 jyly fransuz slaviysi Luy Leje ghylymy ortada talas tughyzyp kele jatqan epostyng «Zadonshinanyn» negizinde jazylghan shygharma boluy yqtimal ekendigi turaly boljamyn jasady. Lejening aituynsha, búl jyr halyqtyq tuyndy emes, bertinde jazylghan bilikti mamannyng tól shygharmasy.
Ghalymdardyng dauyl kýngi dariyanyng tolqynynday alasúrghan talas-tartysy HH ghasyrda da tolastaghan joq. Qayta búrynghydan da beter kýsheyip, sharyqtau shynyna jetti. Orystyng úly suretkeri Lev Tolstoy jyrdyng jalghan tuyndy boluy әbden mýmkin ekenin tilge tiyek etip, ony Kraledvorsk qoljazbasymen (Slavyan әdebiyeti men foliklory salasyndaghy jalghan qoljazba) salystyrdy.
1938 jyly ataqty ghalym Andre Mazon men onyng jaqtastary fransuz slaviysi A.Vayyan, emigrasiyadaghy orys filology B.G.Unbegaun men aqyn M.G.Gorliyn, bolgar ghalymy M.Arnaulov, japon slaviysi R.Kisakiyding jazba eskertkishting týpnúsqalyghyna kýmәn keltirgen seriyalyq maqalalary birinen-song biri jaryq kórdi. 1940 jyly professor Andre Mazon jyrdy zerttegen kitabyn shygharyp, onyng Ossiannyng poetikasyna eliktep jazylghan shygharma boluy yqtimal ekendigi turaly oiyn bildirdi. Belgili ghalymnyng pikirinshe, múnday jalghan eposty qoldan jasau qajettiligi Ekaterina hanshayymnyng jeke basynyng abyroyyn asqaqtatu, orys otarshyldarynyng Qyrym men Galisiyany ózderine qosyp alu qúqyghynyng bar ekenin dәleldeu maqsatynan tughan.
Áriyne, jyrdyng týpnúsqalyghyn dәleldegisi kelgen orystyng ataqty ghalymdary auyzdaryn ashyp, ay baghyp otyrghan joq. Asyl múralarynyng HII ghasyrdyng tuyndysy ekenin dәleldeuge qúlshyna kirisken ghalymdar R. O. Yakobson, A. V. Isachenko, E. A. Lyaskiy, A. V. Soloviev, P. M. Bisilli, I. N. Goleniyshev-Kutuzov, V. P. Adrianova-Perets, N. K. Gudziy, D. S. Lihachevtar kýmәndanushylargha toytarys berip, pikirtalastyng kórigi búrynghydan beter qyzyp ketti.
Ókinishke qaray, keybir sovettik ghalymdardyng enbekterinen keyin búl mәsele iydeologiyalyq baghytqa bet búryp, ghylymidan góri sayasy sipat aldy. Mәdeniyet salasyndaghy solaqay iydeologtardyng pikirine sýiensek, «Igori joryghy turaly jyr» orys pen sovet halqynyng maqtanyshy, endeshe oghan kýmәn keltiru lenindik qúndylyqqa qarsy shabuylmen para-par burjuaziyalyq әreket. Kóne jyrdyng jaularyna qarsy kýres qatty qarqyn alyp, jazalau nauqany kýsheygendikten qyzyl imperiyanyng qaharynan qaymyqqan ghalymdar endi búl taqyrypqa qatysty oilaryn abaylap aitugha kóshti. Mine osynday sovettik iydeologiya ghylym salasyna da tizesin batyryp, óktemdigin jýrgizip túrghan óliarada epos turaly óz oiyn aitqan bir ýlken ghalymnyng enbegi men orystardyng kóbi jygha tany qoymaytyn bir qazaq aqynynyng jaryq kórgen kitaby júrttyng kónilinde beybit kýnde jarylghan bombaday әser qaldyrdy.
1963 jyly jazba eskertkishti zerttep jýrgen orys ghalymy A.A.Zimin ayaq astynan «jaularynyn» jaghyna shyghyp, sóz sóileydi. Eposty jan-jaqty zerttep, tekstologiyalyq júmys jasaghan ghalym Leningradtaghy Pushkin ýiindegi әigili bayandamasynda «Igori joryghy turaly jyrdyn» HII ghasyrda emes, «Zadonshinanyn» negizinde, keyingi ghasyrlarda jazylghan shygharma ekenin mәlimdedi. Bayandamashyny tyndaugha jinalghan ghalymdardyng eshqaysysy da Ziminning dәlelderine qarsy uәj aita almay, auyzdaryna qúm qúiyldy.
Áytkenmen, ghylymy ortada dýrligis tughyzghan oqighadan keyin Sovetter Odaghy kommunistik partiyasynyng iydeologiyalyq bólimi Ziminning konsepsiyasynyng sayasy qauipti ekenin mәlimdep, ghalymgha qatang eskertu jasalyp, bayandamashynyng materialdaryn jariyalaugha senzuralyq tiym salyndy.
On jyl ótken song qazaq aqyny Oljas Sýleymenovting tartysty taqyrypqa aralasyp, óz boljamyn jasauy taghy da eleuli oqighagha ainaldy. Kýtpegen jerden ol «AZiYa» kitabynda qóne epostyng eki tildi oqyrmangha arnap jazylghan, qos tildi mengergen, yaghni, orysshamen birge týrk tilin de jaqsy biletin avtordyng shygharmasy boluy yqtimal ekendigi turaly joramalyn jariya etip, ejelgi orys qaynarlarynan ondaghan mysaldar, jýzdegen dәlelder keltirdi.
Búrynghy tarih ghylymy dalalyqtar men tatar-monghol basqynshylyghy kezinde orys tiline týrklerding eki-ýsh qana sózi endi degendi jaghy talmay aitumen kelgen edi. Al, Oljas búl kitabynda orys tilining enshisindegi kóptegen sózderding týrk tilinen alynghanyn óz túrghysynan dәleldep, «Igori joryghy turaly jyr» eposyndaghy kózge kórinbeytin turkizmder turaly mәsele kóterdi. Bodandyghynda bolyp, ýstemdigin jýrgizuge daghdylanghan «jabayylargha» jogharydan qarap ýirengen reseylik akademikterding qazaq aqynynyng auzynan múnday janalyqty estigende ashu-yzalary kelip, qandary qaynady.
Shyn mәnisinde Oljas Sýleymenovtyng aityp otyrghan sózderining qisyny bar-tyn. Til de himiyalyq elementter siyaqty mәdeny baylanystardyn, soghystardyn, sayasy jәne ekonomikalyq qarym-qatynastardyng arqasynda údayy ózgeriske úshyrap otyrady. Mysaly, korey tilining 75 payyzy qytaydiki, al, fransuz tilining 25 payyzy arab sózderi ekeni dәleldengen. Endeshe «Igori joryghy turaly jyr» eposyndaghy kóptegen sózderding týrk tilinen alynghanyna qatysty qanday kýmәn tuuy tiyis. Tipti, búl epos orys aqynynyng emes, týrk shayyrynyng jazba múrasy boluy da yqtimal ghoy. Bayandamamdy dayyndau barysynda әigili tuyndy týrk halqynyng kóne zamanda tughan madaq jyry emes pe eken degen oigha berilip ketken kezim de boldy.
Ghylymy konferensiyagha men bar ynta-jigerimdi salyp dayyndaldym. Oqytushylardyng dәrisin tyndap bola salysymen, týsten keyin jol-jónekey tamaghymdy ishe salyp, birden Ortalyq kitaphanagha tartamyn. Taqyrypqa qatysty dýniyelerdi jazdyryp alyp, kitaphana jabylghangha deyin tapjylmay otyryp, ghylymy enbekterdi, jurnaldardy, tipti, orys aqyny Igori Shklyarevskiyding eposty qotaryp audaryp shyqqan sol jyldary jasaghan tәrjamasyna sheyin oqyp shyqtym. Qazaq aqyndary Berqayyr Amanshin men Nesipbek Aytovtyng eposty ana tilimizge audarghan tәrjimasymen de tanystym.
«Igori joryghy turaly jyr» eposynyng 800 jyldyghyna arnalghan basqosuda biraz júrt tóbe kórsetti. Tómengi, jogharghy kurstyng belsendi studentteri de qatysty. Maghan sóz konferensiya ayaqtalar kezde tiydi. Jýregim dýrs-dýrs soghyp, qobaljyp kettim.
Ghylymy otyrysta kóne jyrdyng túpnúsqalyghyna qatysty mәselelerdi ghana qozghauym kerek ekenine qaramastan, bayandamamnyng sonyna taman taqyrypty basqa jaqqa búryp әkettim. Sheshilip sóilep, Oljas Sýleymenovtyng «AZiYa»-syn qorghap, kókeyimde jýrgen oilarymdy aityp-aytyp tastadym. Qyzdy-qyzdymen orystyng mýiizi qaraghayday ghalymdarynyng enbegin synap jiberippin. Qazaq mәdeniyetine Resey nemese Evropa ghalymdarynyng kózimen ghana qaraudyng qate ekenin aittym. Konferensiyagha amalsyzdan kelip, qalghyp shúlghyp otyrghandardyng ózi basyn kóterip alyp, mening sózime tanyrqay qarasty.
- Óz halqynyng mәdeniyeti men әdebiyetin kótere otyryp, ózge halyqtyng әdebiyeti men mәdeniyetin joqqa shygharugha bolmaydy, - dep sózimdi ayaqtap oiymdy týiindedim. Sony aituym múng eken uniyversiytetting biraz múghalimderi qiytúrqy saualdar qoya bastady. Mening aldymda sóilegenderge qúr qol shapalaqtay salghan. Konferensiya ayaqtalghanda kózildirik kiygen bir oqytushy qasyma keldi de:
- Bayqa, bala! Ákene senip jýrsing be? Janaghy sening aityp otyrghan sózdering oiynshyq emes. Nege qarsy shyghyp otyrghanyndy sen sezbeytin siyaqtysyn, - dep qatang eskertu jasady.
Bәlkim, múnday konferensiyalardyng sol kezde kóp ótkeninen be, әlde әli jas qoy dep ayady ma, әiteuir mening sózderime eshkim erekshe kónil bólip, sony daugha ainala qoyghan joq. Degenmen, túmauday jabysyp, tamaghymdy jybyrlatqan shyndyqty aityp salghanymmen, әldekimder mәsele kóterip, oqudan shygharyp jibere me degen kýdik kýni boyy kónilimnen ketpey qoydy.
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Ghylymy konferensiyadan ruhym qorlanyp, namysym taptalghanday bolyp kýizelip, ýige tauym shaghylyp qayttym. Salym sugha ketip, kitap oqugha da, oinap-kýluge de zauqym soqpady. Júmystan erte oralghan әkem kónil-kýiimning joq ekenin birden bayqap jaghdayymdy súrady. Eshteneni jasyrmay, men oghan uniyversiytettegi jiynnyng qalay ótkenin týk qaldyrmay bastan-ayaq bayandap berdim. Shermende kýiimdi týsingen әkem jabyrqaghan jýregimdi júbatyp, aqylyn aitty:
- Bir kýngi sәtsizdikke bola únjyrghang týspesin, úlym. Ómiring әli alda. Últynnyng tarihy, mәdeniyeti, әdebiyeti ýshin janyndy ayamay keleshekte de talay ret kýresuine tura keledi. Eng bastysy tandaghan baghytyng dúrys. Halqyna degen niyetin, pighylyng taza. Eger ghylym jolyna týsking kelse, saghan baghyt beretin, jón kórsetetin bir adam kerek. Oljastyng júmysy bastan asyp jatqandyqtan dәl qazir onymen seni jýzdestiruding orayy kelmeydi. Biraq, qazaqtyng ónerin, mәdeniyetin, әdebiyetin bir adamday jaqsy biletin Aqseleu aghanmen seni jolyqtyrugha әkenning shamasy jetedi.
Últymyzdyng tarihyn zerttep, mәdeny múrasyn týgendep jýrgen әri etnograf, әri jazushy Aqseleu Seydimbekti syrtynan jaqsy tanimyn. Qoltanbasyn qaldyryp, әkeme syilaghan «Kýngir-kýngir kýmbezder» kitabyn bir demmen oqyp shyghyp, qiyalynyng úshqyrlyghyna, bilimining moldyghyna, tilining qúnarlyghyna tang qalghanmyn. Újymdyq jinaqta shyqqan «Aqqyz» hikayasymen de tanyspyn.
Ákem uәdesin oryndau mәselesin keyinge kýnderge ysyrmay, birden iske kirisip Aqseleuge telefon shaldy. Aghasyna erkelep, qaljyndasyp, biraz әngime aitty. Telefonnyng arghy jaghynan ol kisining rahattanyp kýlip, sypayy jauap bergen qonyr dauysy maghan da estilip jatty. Ázilderi jarasyp, sýt pisirim uaqyt sóilesken song negizgi sharuasyna kóshti. Ghylymgha qyzyghyp jýrgenimdi jetkizip, baghyt-baghdar kórsetu ýshin menimen әngimelesip kóruimdi ótindi. Kenetten «senimen Ahang sóileskisi keledi» dep telefon tútqasyn maghan berdi. Amandyq-saulyghymdy súraghan song ol kisi úzaqqa sozbay, sózbúidagha salmay, әngimening toqeterin aitty.
- Amanjan, sening ghylym jolyna týsking keletin talabyng meni qatty quantyp otyr. Biraq, qanday baghytta izdenip jýrgenindi bilmegendikten, dәl qazir kesip-piship eshtene aita almaymyn. Sondyqtan sen oqyghan kitaptarynnyng tizimin jasap, uaqyt tauyp kelesi aptanyng sәrsenbisinde, týsten keyin bizding ýige kel. Ekeumiz shәy iship otyryp, arqamyzdy kenge salyp, búl mәseleni asyqpay talqylayyq, - dep ózi túratyn ýiding meken-jayyn jazyp aluymdy súrap, qalay jetu kerek ekenin «soqyrgha tayaq ústatqanday» etip tәpishtep týsindirip berdi.
Aghamyz qonys tepken Múratbaev kóshesi biz túratyn ýiden tym alys emes eken. Sәrsenbining sәtti kýni avtobusqa minbey-aq, jayau jýrip, jarty saghatta jazushynyng ýiine jetip bardym.
Búrynnan tanityn adamday ol meni qúshaq jaya qarsy alyp, balasynday erkeletip, mandayymnan sýidi. Úzyn boyly, at jaqty, jýzi jyly, sary kisi eken. Qala qazaqtary siyaqty ýstine jeni qysqa kóilek pen jenil shalbar emes, әdemi ony bar qazaqy shapan kiyip alypty. Shanyraghynda últtyq kiyimmen jýrgen jazushyny ómirimde túnghysh kórip tang qaldym.
Mening kelu qúrmetime arnayy bir tabaq et asqyzyp qoyypty. Qolymyzdy juyp, keleli kenesti bastamas búryn, ekeumiz әueli ash qaryndy júbatugha yqylastana kirisip kettik. Arqa jaqtyng eti balday ghoy, shirkin. Biraq qalada jýrip birishek bolyp qalghan qarnym eki-ýsh týiir et pen bir-eki qazy-qartany asay salysymen tez toyyp qaldy.
Etten keyin, asyqpay syr-súhbat qúryp, shәidi soraptap shólimizdi bastyq. Ákemnen de ýlken adamnyng maghan qúddy kópten kýtken syily qonaghy kelgendey iltifat tanytyp, syi-qúrmet kórsetip, qyzmet istep jatqanyna bir jaghynan qatty qysylyp ta otyrmyn. Et jelinip, shәy ishilip bolghan song ol maghan júmys isteytin bólmesin kórsetti. Bólmening ishi, tipti shaghyn balkonyna sheyin tolghan kitap. Kórkem shygharmalar joqtyng qasy, negizinen mýiizi qaraghayday ghalymdardyng qolgha týse bermeytin tom-tom enbekteri. Úqypty qolmen, ret-retimen jinalghan kitaptar sapqa túrghan sarbazdarday sórelerde samsap túr. Tanyrqaghannan auzym anqayyp ashylyp qaldy. Ne degen mol baylyq? Múnday qúndy qazynasy bar adamnyng qanday armany boluy mýmkin. Kózding jauyn alghan kitaptardyng arasynan Oljastyng «AZiYa»-syn da kórip qaldym. Endigi sәtte bólmening bir búryshynda ýiilip túrghan kitaptar kózime ottay basyldy. «Poyshie kupola». Aqseleu aghanyng tayauda ghana jaryq kórip, baspahananyng iysi әli shyghyp túrghan, orys tiline audarylghan «Kýngir-kýngir kýmbezderi» eken. Kózimning súghyn qadap, qyzygha qaraghanymdy bayqaghan ol ýiilip jatqan kóp kitaptyng ishinen bireuin suyryp alyp «Aynalayyn, Amangeldi! Kýresi kesek, qyzyghy mol keleshek tileymin. Aghang Aqseleu» dep qoltanbasyn jazyp, syigha tartty. Múnday tosyn syidy men mýlde kýtpep edim. Quanyshym qoynyma simay, kónilim alyp-úshyp, jýregim atqaqtap ketti. Baqyttan basym ainalyp, bal-búl jaynaghan jýzime meyirlene qaraghan ol sәlden keyin «endi әngimemizdi bastayyq» degendey isharat tanytty.
Sózimdi bólmey aitqan әngimemdi bar zeyinin salyp, múqiyat tyndady. Bala kórmey, zamandasynday syrlasqan kósheli kisige mening de býiregim búryp, et-jýregim eljirep, jan syrymdy jasyrmay, aghymnan aqtaryldym. Keleshekte Oljas en salghan taqyrypty týbin týsirip zerttep, bir ýlken enbek jazudyng oiymda jýrgenin jetkizdim. Aytarymdy tauysyp bolghan song ol mektep oqushysynyng torkóz dәpterine jazyp әkep bergen oqyghan kitaptarymnyng tizimine kóz jýgirtip ótip, sózin sabaqtady.
- Amanjan! Sen negizinen «Igori joryghy turaly jyr» atty kóne eposqa qatysty ghylymy enbekterdi kóp oqypsyn. Biraq sen endi búl taqyrypqa asa kóp basyndy qatyrma. Jatqan jylannyng qúiryghyn basqannan ne opa tabasyn. Sen týgil Oljastyng ózin dauly mәselege aralasqany ýshin Moskvagha shaqyrtyp, keshirim súratqan. Imperiyalyq pighylyn jýzege asyru ýshin orystar ózderining tarihtaryn qoldan jasap, talay nәrseni bylyqtyryp jibergen. Rossiyanyng qulyghyna qúryq boylamaydy. Kózi ashyq bir orys ghalymynyng «Orys tarihynyng shyndyghyna kóz jetkizu ýshin ony qayta jazyp shyghu kerek» degeni bar. Sening kelesheging - alda. Bolashaghy zor azamatsyn. Áli buyny bekip, búghanasy qatpaghan jassyn. Taghdyryna tosqauyl bolatyn qauipti taqyrypty qazbalay berme. Odan góri myna bir-eki ghasyr shiyregindegi últ ýshin janyn shýberekke týiip, aqyndyqtyng asyl múratynan ainymaghan, taghdyrlary qyl ýstinde bolghan babalarymyzdyng múrasyn týgendep, sanatqa qosyp, baghasyn bere alsaq ta dәtke quat. Tarihymyzda orys otarshyldyghyna ashyqtan-ashyq qarsy shyqqan Shortanbay men Dulat siyaqty qanshama úly aqyndarymyz boldy. Qazir men Múrat Mónkeúlynyng múrasyn zerttep jatyrmyn. Jasynday jarqyldaghan tanghajayyp túlgha! Otarshyldyqqa tózbey arystanday atylghan - ruhtyng semseri, aqyndyqtyng nayzaghayy! «Edildi tartyp alghany, etekke qoldy salghany, Jayyqty tartyp alghany, jaghagha qoldy salghany, Oiyldy tartyp alghany, oiyndaghysy bolghany» degendi aitqan ol aqyndyqtyng aldaspany ghoy. Sol Múrattyng әdebiyet tarihyndaghy oiyp túryp alugha tiyis ornyn belgilep beruding ózi onay is bolmay túrghan joq pa. Biraq onday ot tildi, oraq auyzdy aruaqty aqyndy bilmegening ýshin seni jazghyra da almaymyn. Batystaghy Múrat týgil, óz auylynda tughan Ahmet Baytúrsynov pen Mirjaqyp Dulatovtardyng enbekterin oqy almay jýrgen senderge biz qanday kinә arta alamyz, - dedi auyr kýrsinip. Múrattyng da, Ahmet pen Mirjaqyptyng de esimderin túnghysh ret estigen men Amerika ashqanday, ony aitqan adamnyng jýzine tanyrqay qarasam, aghamnyng kózderi tenizdey tereng oidyng tylsym túnghiyghyna batyp barady eken. ("Aqyndyqtyng asyl múraty" atty esseden)
Amangeldi Myrzabek
Abai.kz