Birtalay ekonomistter Chily men Qazaqstan ekonomikasyn jii úqsastyryp jatady. Eng basty úqsastyghymyz: ekonomikalarymyzdyng negizgi tabysy shiykizat eksportyna tәueldi bolghandyghynda. Bizdiki – múnay, Chiliydiki – mys, metaldar.

Chily 1973-shi jyldardyng basynda iri ekonomikalyq daghdarysty basynan keshirdi. Shamasy 15-20 jyldan keyin ghana ayaqqa nyq túrdy. Al tarihta «Chily ghajayyby» degen atpen osy ekonomikalyq ósudi sipattaytyn, jaqtaytyn, dattaytyn biraz enbekter jazyldy.

1973 j. atyshuly general Pinochet A. әskery tónkeris jasap, Chily biyligin óz qolyna alady. Sebebi 70-shi jyldardyng basynan bastap elding jaghdayy mәz bolmady, azyq-týlik tek kartochkamen ghana satyldy. 1971 j. Chily budjetining shamamen 70%-yn qamtamasyz etken mystyng әlemdik baghasy 2 ese arzandap, budjet tapshylyghy artty. Memleket qaramaghyna ótken mys óndirushi kәsiporyn júmysshylary men jýk kóligi jýrgizushileri jer-jerden ereuilge shyghady. Inflyasiya aiyna 25%-gha ósip otyrdy!

1973 jyly qyrkýiekte Pinochet biylikke kelgennen keyin ol ekonomikany liyberaldandyrugha kóshti. Biraq Pinochetting ózining jospary bolmaghandyqtan, búl jauapkershilikti bir top ekonomistterge jýktegen eken. Elde jeke menshik instituty qalyptasyp, sheteldik investorlargha jol ashylady. Naryqtyq ekonomikagha kóshuin qoldaghan AQSh pen Parij kluby Chiliyding milliardtaghan qaryzyn keshiredi, al Dýniyejýzilik bank nesie beredi.

Alghashynda ekonomikada azdaghan ózgerister bolghanymen, 1973 j. jyldyq inflyasiya - 500%, al 1974 j. - 370% boldy. 1975 jyly birneshe devalivasiya oryn alghannan son, jergilikti valuta eskudodan - Pesogha auystyryldy.

1978 j. mystyng әlemdik baghasy kóteriledi, búl Chily budjetining kirisin arttyrady. Inflyasiya tómendep, al jalpy ishki ónim artyp jatyr. Valutalyq týsimderi molaya bastaghan son, daghdarystan әbden tityqtaghan el ekonomikasy esin jiya bastaydy. Endi mys eksporttyq kiristing 70%-yn emes, tek 50%-yn ghana qúrady, al Chily eksportqa jemis-jiydek pen sharap shyghara bastady. 1978 j. jyldyq inflyasiya 25%-gha deyin tómendedi! (1973 j – 500%, al 1978 j. – 25%, shynynda ghajayyp sekildi).

1973-75 jj. ekonomikalyq reformalar shynynda ekonomikanyng qarqyndy ósuine alghyshart jasady. Alayda 1982 j. syrtqy qaryz daghdarysy saldarynan ekonomika taghy bir soqqygha úshyrady. Jana reformalar tolqyny bastaldy.  1990 j. qaray qaytadan ekonomikasy qarqyndy týrde óse bastady.

Kórip otyrghandarynyzday, Chily inflyasiyasyn tómendetu ýshin 20 jylday uaqyt ishinde kem degende 3 ret reforma jasady. Árbir reforma auyr ótti, aldymen júmyssyzdyq artyp, jalpy ishki ónim kórsetkishteri týsip baryp inflyasiya tómendedi. Inflyasiya auyzdyqtalghannan song baryp ekonomikasy qarqyndy damy bastady.

Jaqynda, ekonomist Quat Akijanovtyng «Imperializmning jalghasyna ainalghan - Neoliyberalizm» atty leksiyasynda boldym. Sonda ol kisi osy Chily ghajayybyn neoliyberalizmning ashyq mysaly retinde keltirdi. Sebebi, Pinochet ózi әskeri-avtoritarlyq rejim qúrghanymen, ekonomikasynyng tizginin «Chikagolyq jigitterge» bergen edi. Al olar biz biletin klassikalyq liyberalizmge emes, neoliyberalizmge bet búrdy.

«Chikagolyq jigitter» - 30 shaqty jas ekonomistter (arasynda әiel de boldy negizi). Olar әigili Milton Fridman izbasarlary edi jәne erkin naryq teoriyasyn qúrugha tyrysty. Reformanyng negizi «shok terapiyasy» dep atalatyn tújyrym boldy. Aty qorqynyshty reformanyn, zaty da qorqynyshty boldy. Onyng negizgi qaghidalary boyynsha memlekettik shyghystardy qysqartu arqyly «Ekonomikany qalpyna keltiru» baghdarlamasyn jýzege asyryp, inflyasiyany tómendetu edi. Ol maqsattaryna jetti.

Búl sharalar júmyssyzdyqtyng 1 jyl ishinde 9,1%-dan 18,7%-gha deyin ósuine әkeldi, al óndiris 12,9 %-gha tómendedi. Chily halqy ýshin eng auyr daghdarystyng biri boldy. (Fillips qisyghyna say qysqa merzim ishinde inflyasiya tómendeui ýshin júmyssyzdyq artuy kerek, yaghny teoriya oryndaldy desek bolady)

Alayda Chily әlemdik naryqqa integrasiyalanghan son, onyng ekonomikasy әlemdik naryqtyng baghyt-baghdaryna tәueldi boldy. 1982 j. bastalghan әlemdik daghdarys Chiliydi de sharpydy. Ónerkәsip salasy men qarjy salasy tolyghymen kýiredi, osy uaqytta memleket tarapynan kómek kórsetilip, halyqaralyq úiymdardan qaryz alyndy, sóitip ekonomkasy 1983 j. qayta tirildi.

Sonymen, 2020 jyldardyng basyna qaray Chily Latyn Amerikasyndaghy JIÓ kórsetkishi boyynsha kósh bastaghan, inflyasiyasy tómen el boldy. Alayda, sarapshylardyng aituynsha el kórsetkishi óskenimen, halqynyng basym bóligi әli de qiyn jaghdayda ómir sýrude jәne reformalardyng barlyghy týptep kelgende oligopoliyalar men júmysshy halyq arasyndaghy tensizdikti arttyrdy degen tújyrym bar.

Mening qorytyp aitayyn degenim, kez kelgen joghary inflyasiyany tómendetu «auyr» bolady. Kez kelgen týbegeyli reformany jasaugha úzaq uaqyt ketedi jәne qoghamnyng býkil instituttary birge júmyla әreket etip, әdildik pen tiyimdiligin qamtamasyz etkende ghana ong nәtiyje kóre alamyz. Áriyne ol da jaghymdy prosess emes. Alayda qogham bolyp reforma talap etsek, onyng auyr zardaptaryn da qabyldaugha dayyn boluymyz kerek. Onyng basqa onay joly joq.

Ayakóz Qanetova

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