21-shildede Almaty oblysy Jambyl audanynyn әkimdigi Facebook paraqshasynda, Instagram-kanalynda jәne resmiy saytynda, sonday-aq «Atameken» gazetinde (№28) Jambyl audanyndaghy Ýlken auylynda atom elektr stansiyasyn salu mәselesi boyynsha kópshilik talqylau ótetindigin habarlady. Onda barsha niyet bildirushilerdi talqylaugha qatysugha shaqyrypty. Biz de osyghan óz ýnimizdi qosugha úmtyldyq.

Qazaqstangha Atom elektr stansasy kerek pe, joq pa? AES salynsa útamyz ba, útylamyz ba? Búl súraq asa kýrdeli bolyp otyr.

Qúry jalang sózge salynbay osy taqyrypty terenirek zerttep kórsek qaytedi. Qazir әlemde 31 memlekette 193 AES júmys istep túr. Olarda 438 energoblok arzan elektr quatyn óndirude. Álemde óndiriletin elektr quatynyng 17 payyzy AES-ke tiyesili. Plus-minustaryn saralap kórelik.

Atom elektr stansasynyn artyqshylyghy nede?

Birinshiden, shiykizattyq tútynu dengeyi óte tómen (uran qoldanylady), ekinshiden, óndiriletin quatynyng kólemi óte ýlken. Bir AES tútas megapolisti elektr quatymen qamtamasyz ete alady. Ýshinshiden, jylu elektr stansasyna qaraghanda jaraqtanu dengeyi joghary. Jetildirilu mýmkindigi mol.

Endi kemshilikterine keleyik.

Birinshiden, Atom elektr stansasynan ys pen radiasiya bólinedi, su kózderi lastanady. Ekinshiden, siyrek te qymbat uran elementi qoldanylady. Ýshinshiden, Chernobyli men Fukusimadaghy siyaqty ekologiyalyq apat yqtimaldyghy zor.

AES-ting basty artyqshylyghy – qoldanylatyn otyn týri kólemining shaghyndyghy. Mysaly, Jylu elektr stansalarynda tәulgine eki temir jol sostavynday kómir jaghylsa, al VVER 1000 (vodo-vodyanoy energeticheskiy) reaktorynyng bir energoblogyna shaghyn ghana urandyq ózek jetip jatyr.

AEs-ting kemistigin sóz etsek, ekologiyalyq túrghydan onyng útylatyn jeri – Kondensasiyalyq elektr stansalary siyaqty jylulyq lastauy. Yaghny turbina kondensatorlaryn salqyndatu ýshin qoldanylatyn tehnikalyq su mólsherining orasan kóptigi. Múnyng PÁK (paydaly әser koefiysenti) 35 payyz ghana. Sondyqtan AES qasynda su qoymasy boluy mindetti. Ári ol tehnikalyq sebepterge baylanysty elektr quatyn óndiru kezinde manevrlyq rejimde júmys istey almaydy.

AES ortasha eseppen 30 jylday júmys isteydi. Eng ýlken kemistigi – oqys apat oryn alghan jaghdayda onyng saldaryn jongdyng qiyndyghy men úzaqtyghy. Taghy bir kýrdeli problema paydalanu resursy tausylghanda AES-ti joy. Búl sharuagha AES-ti salghan budjetting 20 payyzynday qarajat júmsalady. Taghy bir ynghaysyz jeri múnay baghasy qúldyrasa boldy-aq AES-ting bәsekege qabilettiligi tómendep ketedi.

2000 jyldan beri әlemde 40 energoblok jabyldy. 2016 jyly әlemde 398 reaktor júmys istep túrdy. Songhy 30 jylda býkil әlemdegi reaktorlardyng 25 payyzy (128 reaktor) júmysyn toqtatty. Búl ýrdis jalghasyn tabuda.

Býginde Euroodaq elderi energiyanyng jel men kýn siyaqty qaytalama kózderine den qoyda. Aldaghy uaqytta búl quat óndiruding basty baghytyna ainalmaq. 2014 jyly býkil әlemde jel quatynan alynghan energiya jylyna 694 TVt-s (terravatt-saghat), Kýn quaty – 185, al atom quaty – 165 TVt-saghat boldy. Yadrolyq energetika óndiru 11 payyzday azaydy.

Qazaqstan EKSPO-2017 halyqaralyq kórmesi qarsanynda da, odan keyin de býkil әlemge ekologiyalyq taza energiya kózderin damytugha bet búrghandyghyn mәlimdedi. Jel jәne Kýn energiyasyn óndiru jolynda júmystar jalghasyp jatyr. Sondyqtan energiyanyng qaytalama kózderin damytu baghyty basymdyq kýiinde qala beruge tiyis. Qazaqstan ýshin AES salu qajetsiz!

Ekinshi kezektegi mәsele: teoriyalyq túrghydan bolsa da AES saludy Reseyge senip tapsyrugha bola ma? Ras, Sovet Odaghy, odan keyin Resey birqatar damushy elderde AES saldy. Olardyng qatarynda Bangladesh, Qytay, Ýndistan, Belorusi, Iran elderi bar. Biraq songhy on jylda RF tehnologiyalyq túrghyda damyghan elderden ondaghan ese artta qaldy. Reseyding Strategiyalyq әzirlemeler ortalyghy dayyndaghan bayandamada múnday artta qalushylyq, tehnologiyanyng damuy men intellektualdyq menshik naryghynyng kenjeleui Reseyding ekonomikalyq damuyn orasan tejep tastaghanyn algha tartady. Resey ónerkәsibining óndiristik quattary 25 payyzgha eskirgen. Óndiriste qoldanylyp jýrgen qúral-jabdyqtar negizinen 2000 jylgha deyin iske qosylghan kóne. Olardyng jetiden bir bóligi qazir týkke de jaramsyz.

Strategiyalyq әzirlemeler ortalyghynyng derekterine qaraghanda Reseyding kýlli óndiristik quattarynyng 13-14 payyzy – «pustyshka». Ásirese azyq-týlikke jatpaytyn, joghary tehnologiyalyq óndiristerdegi jaghday asa kýrdeli. Memlekettik dumada Esep komiytetining basshysy Tatiyana Golikovanyng Reseydegi negizgi qorlardyng tozymy 50 payyzdan asqanyn ýreylene habarlaghany teginnen tegin emes. Eldegi mashina men qúral-jabdyqtardyng 25 payyzy bәsekege jaramsyz bolyp qalghan. Himiya ónerkәsibindegi qúral-jabdyqtardyng 42 payyzy, metallurgiya óndirisi quattarynyng 53 payyzy kónergen.

Mine, osynday ekonomikasy «sharshap» túrghan jaghdayda Reseyge AES saldyrtu óte qauipti. Aldyn ala esep boyynsha AES qúny $10 mlrd. «Ózining betin ayamaghan kisining betin dal-dúl etedi» demekshi, óz ekonomikasyn jýrgize almay otyrghan el, tehnologiyasy batystan onshaqty ese artta qalghan memleket Qazaqstanda qaytip sapaly AES salmaqshy?

Taghy bir eskeretin jaghday, Qúday onyng betin ary qylsyn, AES-te qorshaghan ortany radiasiyalyq lastau tek búzylu men apat jaghdayynda ghana emes kýndelikti júmys kezinde de jýrip jatady. Apatsyz AES-ting ózinde atomdyq otyn siklynyng barlyq buynynda: urandy óndiru men tasymaldau, AES ýshin otyndyq ózeksheler әzirleu, paydalanu, janyp bolghan yadrolyq otyndy saqtau men qayta óndeu kezining bәrinde radiasiyalyq lastanu jýrip jatady.

AES-ten shyqqan radionuklid seziy-137 óte qauipti. Ol adam aghzasyna týsse sarkoma dertin tughyzady. Stronsiy-90 aq qan (leykemiya) auruyna úshyratady. Kripton-85-ting azdaghan dozasy teri ragimen auru yqtimaldyghyn arttyrady. Yadrolyq obiektiler qyzmetkerlerining ózi radiasiyalyq yqpalgha kóbirek úshyraydy. AES túrghan jerdi әdette ZATO (Jabyq әkimshilik-aumaqtyq qúrylymdar) dep ataydy. Reseyde osynday qúrylymdarda dýniyege kelgen 14 jasqa deyingi balalar arasynda kóz kórui men immundyq jýiesining nasharlauy, psihologiyalyq auytqushylyqtar basqa ónirlermen salystyrghanda eki ese kóbeygen. Is jýzinde ózderi de bilmesten adamdardyng kóp bóligi radiasiyalyq lastanugha úshyraydy. Sәulelenuding bolmashy dozasynyng ózi qaytadan qalpyna kelmeytin genetikalyq ózgeristerge úshyratady.

Radiasiyanyng qorqynyshtylyghy da sol – jýzdegen million keleshek úrpaqtyng ómirine qauip tóndiredi. Amerikalyq radiobiolog R.Bartell HHI ghasyrdyng basynda atom industriyasynyng saldarynan 223 million adam zardap shekkenin aitady. Daun sindromy, qoyanshyq, aqyl men dene damuynan artta qalushylyq etek alyp túr. «Yadrolyq derttin» taraluyna «qaytalama lastanu» da qosymsha sebep bolyp otyr. Resey naryghynan lastanghan auyl sharuashylyq ónimderin, sanyrauqúlaq pen jiydekterdi alyp tastaugha baylanysty dau-damay әdettegi jaghdaygha ainaldy. Osynyng bәri qalay bolghanda da «Beybit atom – bayau jarylatyn mina» ekendigin kórsetedi.

Qazaqstanda qazir jel, kýn siyaqty qaytalama quat kózderinen alatyn energiya nebary 3 payyz ghana bolyp túr. Mamandar eger onyng kólemin 15 payyzgha jetkizek Qazaqstangha eshqanday AES saludyng qajeti bolmaydy degen senimdi uәj aitady.

Mine, osynday sebeptermen Qazaqstanda AES saludyng qajeti joq. Al ony Reseyge saldyrtu ózimizdi ózimiz naqty qauipke baylap beru degen sóz.

Marat Bәidildәúly Toqashbaev

Jazushy-publisist

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