«Mass media turaly» zang jobasynda ne joq?
Juyrda Astanada «Ádil sóz» sóz bostandyghyn qorghau halyqaralyq qory «Qazaqstannyng media kenistigin qúqyqtyq retteudi reformalau: ashyqtyq, tiyimdilik jәne aqparattyq qauipsizdik» atty dóngelek ýstel ótkizdi. Jiyngha qatysqan mediasarapshylar, jurnalister Mәjiliste talqylanyp jatqan «Mass media turaly» zang jobasyndaghy kemshilikterdi ashyq, batyl synady. Mediazannama boyynsha tәjiriybesi mol halyqaralyq úiymdardyng mamandary zang jobasynda joq media naryqtyng ashyqtyghy, memlekettik BAQ-tardy budjetten qarjylandyru, jurnalisterding qauipsizdigin qamtamasyz etu siyaqty eng ózekti mәselelerdi kóterip, jinalghan qauymnyng әdil talqysyna shyghardy. Sonymen, «Mass media turaly» zang jobasynda ne joq?
Budjet aqshasyn bóludegi bylyq-shylyq
Mediazannama jónindegi aimaqtyq sarapshy, Internews-ting zangeri Oliga Diydenko media naryqtyng ashyqtyghy men BAQ-tardy budjetten qarjylandyrugha qatysty tereng taldau jasady. Ol Zang jobasynda elimizdegi memlekettik BAQ-targha anyqtama beretin bap ne ereje joqtyghyn aitady. «Mysaly, telearnanyng ne gazetting memlekettik aqparat qúraly ekenin kim, qalay anyqtaytyny, onyng qanday formada bolatyny, kim jәne qalay qarjylandyratyny turaly zang jobasynda birde-bir sóilem jazylmaghan. Memlekettik BAQ-tardyng budjetten qarjylandyryluy qanday formada jýzege asyrylady? Eger shyghyndardyng 100 payyzy memlekettik tapsyrma esebinen jabylatyn bolsa, memlekettik BAQ-tar ne sebepten taghy memlekettik tapsyrys ayasynda aqsha alady? Olardyng memleketten aqsha ala otyryp jarnamalyq naryqqa qatysuy әdilettilikke jata ma?» dedi O. Diydenko.
Sarapshynyng payymdauynsha, zang jobasyndaghy aqparat qúraldarynyng jarghylyq kapitalynyng 50 payyzdan astamy memleketke tiyesili bolsa, ol memlekettik BAQ bolyp sanalady delingen normanyng ózi qate jazylghan. Óitkeni jarghylyq kapitalynyng 51 payyzy memleketke, al qalghan 49 payyzy kәsipkerge tiyesili bolsa, memleketting qarajaty negizinde qәsipkerding bangyna qolayly jaghday tughyzamyz. Yaghni, zang jobasynda «memlekettik BAQ» jәne «memlekettik emes BAQ» degen naqty anyqtama boluy tiyis.
Zang jobasyna engizilui tiyis erejening biri – BAQ-targha budjetten qarajat aluy ýshin qoyylatyn talaptar. «Múnday ereje zandyq akti emes, zannamalyq dengeyde qabyldanghany jón. Zannamalyq dengeyde retteu bolmaghan jaghdayda, aqsha jelge úshyp, zang búzushylyq is-әreketter kóbeyedi, sybaylas jemqorlyqqa jol ashylady. Mәselen, mediany qoldaugha bólinetin qarjy qanday maqsatqa júmsalady: әkimderding jarnamasyn jasaugha ma, әlde, mәdeniyet, bilim beru salasyndaghy jobalardy jýzege asyrugha ma? Sonday-aq, budjet aqshasyn alu jәne júmsau ýderisin kim baqylaydy? Medianaryqqa bólingen budjet qarajatyn júmsaugha parlamenttik baqylau ornatylu kerek pe? Budjetten qarjylandyruda qanday basymdyqtar boluy kerek: mediany jәne memlekettik tildegi kontentti qoldau ma, retranslyasiya jasau ýshin sheteldik kontentti satyp alu ma? Mine, osynday erejeler zanda taygha tanba basqanday etip jazyluy tiyis» dedi mediazannama jónindegi aimaqtyq sarapshy.
Ol Qazaqstanda resmy týrde tirkelgen BAQ-tyng 20 payyzy – memlekettik, qalghan 80 payyzy – jekemenshik ekenine qaramastan budjet qarajaty әdil bólinbeytinine naqty mysaldar keltirdi. Mәselen, 2019-2021 jyldary memlekettik aqparattyq sayasatty jýzege asyrugha el budjetinen 140 mlrd. 478,4 mln. tenge bólingen. Osy somanyng 80 payyzyn eki memlekettik telearna («Qazaqstan» telearnasy, «Habar» telearnasy) men bir últtyq teleoperator («Qazteleradio» AQ) alghan. 2019-2021 jyldary memlekettik tapsyrysqa budjetten 13 mlrd. 200,7 mln. tenge bólingen. Búl qarjynyng da 80 payyzgha juyghyn eki memlekettik telearna («Qazaqstan» AQ – 69 072,0 mln. tenge (4264 payyzy), «Habar» AQ – 51 173,5 mln. tenge (31,4 payyzy) men sifrlyq habar taratatyn operator («Qazteleradio» AQ – 9 059,5 mln. tenge (5,6 payyzy) alghan.
«Budjetten aqsha alatyn memlekettik BAQ-tar kommersiyalyq jarnamadan da tabys tabady. Alayda, 2019-2021 jyldary barlyq telekompaniyalar reytinginde «Habar» 10-shy orynda túr, «Qazaqstan» 8-shi orynnan 4-shi oryngha jyljypty. «Qazaqstan» kontentining basym kópshiligin sheteldik teleónimder qúraydy, telearnanyng óz kontentining ýlesi 2018 jyly 50,73 payyz bolsa, 2020 jyly - 38,27 payyzgha deyin kemigen. Kerisinshe shetelding dayyn ónimderining ýlesi 2018 jyly 14,77 payyzdan 2020 jyly 34,3 payyzgha ósken. 2022 jyly Esep komiytetining mәlimeti boyynsha, budjet qarajatyn iygerude kóptegen zang búzushylyqtar oryn alghan» dedi O. Diydenko.
Internews-ting zangeri Oliga Diydenko nazar audarghan taghy bir mәsele - zang jobasynyng 50-babynda sputniktik baylanys operatorlaryna budjetten qaytarymsyz aqsha bólu turaly aitylghan. «Búl jerde qanday mәsele bar? Birinshiden, «súr» tarelkalargha qarsy jýrgizilip jatqan kýres eshqanday nәtiyje bergen joq. Olardyng júmysyn shekteu mýmkin bolmay otyr. Qazaqstan sifrlyq habar taratugha kóshkenimen әsirese ónirlerdegi teleradiokompaniyalar tiyisti dengeyde damymady. Zang jobasynda «Qazteleradio» AQ siyaqty budjetten onsyz da aqsha alatyn úiymdargha qaytarymsyz qarjy bólu úsynylghan. Al sputnikting operatorlar – baghdarlama paketterin satyp, qyruar tabysqa kenelip otyrghan kommersiyalyq úiymdar. Olardyng shyghyndaryna budjet esebinen jәrdemaqsha bóluding qanday qisyny bar?» degen saual qoydy jinalghandargha sarapshy.
Sonymen qatar, mediasarapshy «Mass media turaly» zang jobasynda jarnamany jәne aqyly kontentti tanbalau turaly eshqanday bap ne ereje joqtyghyn syngha aldy. «Biyl jazda qabyldanghan «Onlayn-platformalar jәne onlayn-jarnama jónindegi» zang tek onlayn-jarnamany tanbalaudy qarastyrady. Búl jerde qanday ózekti mәsele bar? Barlyq BAQ-tar óz kontentin taratu ýshin әrtýrli arnalardy – telearna, radio, syrtqy jarnama jәne t.b. paydalanady. Dúrys qadamnyng biri – BAQ-tardaghy barlyq jarnamagha jәne aqyly kontentke tanba qon. Yaghni, oqyrman ne kórermen aqyly material men redaksiyanyng óz ónimin aiyra bilui tiyis. Óitkeni, qazir jarnamalyq materialdar redaksiyalyq kontent ne janalyq týrinde shyghatyn jaghdaylar óte kóp. Búl oqyrmandy adastyrady jәne BAQ-targha degen senim dengeyin tómendetedi» dep týsindirdi O. Diydenko.
Qúqyqtyq media-ortalyqtyng diyrektory Diana Okremova «Budjettik qarjylandyru jәne media naryqtyng ashyqtyghy» degen taqyrypta sóz qozghap, media salasyna bólingen budjetting aqshasynyng tiyimsiz júmsalyp jatqanyna naqty mysaldar keltirdi. Ol internet resurstardyng 2023 jyldyng ýshinshi kezenine arnalghan memlekettik aqparattyq sayasattyng taqyryptary turaly sóz qozghady. Tang qalarlyghy, tizimdegi basymdyq berilgen 13 taqyrypting biri retinde Túnghysh Preziydent Núrsúltan Nazarbaevtyng qyzmetin kórsetu dep belgilengen. «Búl kimning shalaghay sheshimi? Túnghysh Preziydent ózin kәdimgi zeynetkermin dep birneshe ret mәlimdedi. Nege biz budjetting aqshasyn zeynetkerding qyzmetin nasihatttaugha bólip otyrmyz? Múnday taqyryptyq baghyttardy kim belgileydi? Osynday shiyki-shala sheshimder jemqorlyqtyng beleng aluyna jol ashyp beredi. Qazaqstanda onsyz da budjet qarajat bólu men júmsau jýiesining júmysy jabyq, búlynghyr. Oghan dәlel bolatyny, Esep komiytetining mynaday sheshimi: «Búl saladaghy zertteuler kórsetkendey, jyl sayyn qaytalana beretin jýiesi problemalar jaghdaydy jaqsartugha baghyttalghan naqtiy is-sharalardyng joqtyghyn әshkerelep túr» dedi D. Okremova.
Ol sonday-aq, zang jobasyndaghy әleumettik dotasiya taqyrybyna qatysty da óz oi-pikirin ashyq aitty. «Biz budjetting qyruar aqshasyn memlekettik tapsyrysqa júmsaymyz. Onda nege ónirlerdegi qarapayym jurnalisterding jalaqysyn ósirmeymiz? Qazir ol jaqqa bólingen aqshanyng 80 payyzy jergilikti jerlerdegi memlekettik holdingterding diyrektorynyn, orynbasarlarynyng enbekaqysyna ketedi. Múny ónirlerdegi jurnalistermen tildeskende ýnemi estip-bilip jýrmiz. Al jaghdayda ózgertemiz desek, osy erejeni myna zang jobasyna engizeyik» dep týsindirdi Qúqyqtyq media-ortalyqtyng diyrektory.
Sarapshy media salasynda aldynghy reytingterden týspeytin Skandinaviya elderinde budjetting aqshasy pikir aluandyghyn yntalandyrugha, sapaly kontentti úlghaytugha, janalyqtargha degen qoljetimdilikti arttyrugha júmsasa, Qazaqstan әli kýnge deyin ministrler men әkimderdin, sheneunikterding jeke basyn, júmysyn nasihattaugha júmsalyp jatqanyna qynjyldy. «Finlyandiya, Shvesiya, Niyderlandy, Kanada siyaqty elder aqshany jana BAQ-tyng qúryluyna, әlsiz BAQ-tardy jan-jaqty qoldaugha bóledi, al bizde bәri kerisinshe, qarapayym salyq tóleushiderding aqshasy ýsh kózden qarjy alatyn alpauyt memlekettik BAQ-tardy qoldaugha ketedi. Zang jobasynda joq baptar osy. Býkil әlemde media naryq bәsekege qabiletti boluyn birinshi oryngha qoyady» dep týiindedi sózin sarapshy.
Jurnalisterding ómiri zanmen qorghaluy tiyis
Dóngelek ýstelde zang jobasyndaghy ózge de týitkilder ashyq talqygha týsti. Solardyng biri – jurnalisterding qauipsizdigi. Jurnalisting zandy júmysyn atqarugha eshkim kedergi keltiruge, sonyng ishinde kýsh qoldanugha qúqyghy joq. Múnday әreketke Qylmystyq kodeksting 158-babynyng 2-tarmaghynda eki jyl bas bostandyghynan aiyru, belgili bir qyzmetti atqarudan 3 jylgha shekteu jazasy qarastyrylghan. Alayda búl bap Qazaqstanda oryndalmaydy. Sarapshylar «jurnalisting kәsiby qyzmetine kedergi keltirgender әkimshilik jәne qylmystyq jauapkershilikke tartyluy kerek» degen úsynys aitty.
Jurnalisterge qoqan-loqqy kórsetu, shabuyl jasau faktilerin tergeu kezinde jedeldik, ashyqtyq, әkimshilik jәne qylmystyq tergeu nәtiyjelerining qoghamgha qoljetimdiligi birinshi oryngha qoyyluy tiyis. Álemde 60-qa juyq memleket jurnalisterding qauipsizdigi turaly mindettemelerge qol qoyghan (búl jiynda sóilegen Niyderlandy Korolidigining Qazaqstandaghy elshisi Niko Shermersting aitqany). Qazaqstan da osynday halyqaralyq mindettemelerge qosyluy qajet.
Zang jobasyn әzirleu kezinde Mәdeniyet jәne aqparat ministrligi Europa elderining ozyq tәjiriybesin, EQÚY jәne BÚÚ strategiyalyq qújattaryn egjey-tegjeyli qarap, jana úsynystar engizgen. Al dóngelek ýstelge qatysqan EQYÚ baghdarlamalar kensesining basshysy doktor Foliker Frobart Qazaqstandaghy «Mass media turaly» zang jobasy boyynsha EQYÚ elderining ústanymy, kózqarasy, syn-pikirleri ashyq keltirilgen qújat qazan aiynda Syrtqy ister ministrligine, Parlamentke jiberiletinin mәlimdedi.
Jurnalister qoghamgha jedel, shynayy, ashyq aqparat taratuda eng qasterli missiyany atqarady. Al zang jobasyndaghy «Tótenshe jaghday kezinde jurnalister aqparat taratu ýshin qúzyrly organnan rúqsat súrap, ózining alghan aqparatyn sol organ rastaghannan keyin ghana tarata alady» degen úsynysqa jurnalister de, qúqyq qorghaushylar da, media sarapshylar da qarsylyq bildirude. «Naghyz senzura degen osy» deydi olar.
Baspasóz kartasyn engizu qajet pe?
Zang jobasyndaghy baspasóz kartasyn engizu degen úsynysqa qazaqstandyq jurnalisterding ózi qarsylyq bildirip, uәjderin aitty. Jobada baspasóz kartasy bar jurnalist jenildetilgen tәrtippen qúzyrly organdargha tirkeuden ótedi, kartany alu ýshin kem degende 3 jyl enbek ótili boluy tiyistigi jazylghan. «Baspasóz kartasy degende Týrkiyany jii mysalgha alady. Búl el sóz bostandyghy, internette aqparatqa qol jetkizu reytingterinde artqa ketti. Mysaly, erkin baspasóz reytinginde Qazaqstannan 10-15 saty keyin túrghan elden ýlgi alatynday basymyzgha ne kýn tudy» (Duman Smaqov, «Faktcheking» saytynyng redaktory) dedi sarapshylar. «Baspasóz kartasymen jurnalister muzeylerge, konsertterge tegin kiredi deydi. Búl – bizding namysymyzgha tiyetin, qorlaytyn nәrse. Muzeyge kiru qúny – 200 tenge. Odan da zang jobasynda jurnalisterding enbekaqysyn tiyisti dengeyge kóteru turaly jazayyq» (Júldyz Ábdilda, jurnalist) dedi әriptesterimiz. Baspasóz kartasy tirkeu tәrtibin jenildetedi degen ministrlikting úsynysyna: «Biz әrbir oqighany týsiruge әrtýrli tehnikamen baramyz. Ol jerde bәri ózgerip otyrady. Baspasóz kartasy tirkeudi jenildetedi degen nәrse aqylgha syimaydy» (Evgeniya Bodrova, jurnalist) dep ýn qatty taghy bir әriptesimiz.
Qazaqstan «Shekarasyz reporterlar» halyqaralyq úiymynyng jyl sayynghy erkin baspasóz reytinginde 180 elding ishinen 134-shi orynda túr. Ótken jylmen salystyrghanda 12 satygha tómendedik, 2022 jyly elimiz 122-shi orynda túrghanbyz.
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