Qazaqstanda túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq mәselesinin bastauy turaly ne oilaydy? Tirandar men abiuzerler әdette neni aqtaydy? Nelikten qúrbandar zorlyqshylardy jasyrady? Otbasylyq qaqtyghystar qoghamgha qanshalyqty qymbat? Búl súraqtardy Qazaqstan qoghamdyq damu institutynyng sarapshysy Ernar Kóshәliyev myrzagha qoydyq.

– Túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq taqyrybynda sizderding institut mamandary emosiyalyq qana emes, obektivti derekterdi de talqylay alady. Ótken jyldy qorytyndylaghan saualnamanyng nәtiyjesi ne deydi?

– Ótken jyldy qorytyndylau ýshin arnayy jýrgizgen institut zertteuler ýreyli kórinisti kórsetti. Búl kelesi tújyrymdardan tuyndaydy. Respondentterding tórtten ýsh bóligi nemese 75%-gha juyghy otbasyndaghy zorlyq-zombylyqty kez kelgen jaghdayda jol beruge bolmaydy dep sanaydy. Búl qoghamdyq sananyng jeke qarym-qatynasta qauipsizdik pen syilastyqqa úmtylatynyn anghartady.

Biraq, kópshilikting naqty ústanymyna qaramastan, pikirlerding aitarlyqtay ýlesi bar jәne búl jaghdaydyng kontekstine baylanysty zorlyq-zombylyqty aqtaugha bolatyn pikir 16,6%-dy qúraydy. Búl zorlyq-zombylyqpen kýresu mәselesining kýrdeliligin kórsetedi. Sondyqtan zorlyq әreketterding jolyn kesuding tiyimdi joldaryn izdep qana qoymay, qalyptasqan kózqarastardy ózgertu manyzdy.

– Jәbirlenushiler nelikten zorlyqshyny aqtaugha tyrysady?

– IYә, múnday mәsele bar. Eger adamdardyng kópshiligi әli de agressorlardy aiyptaytyn bolsa – bizding deregimiz boyynsha búl 52%-dan astam bolsa, respondentterding ýshten biri derlik (28,5%) jәbirlenushining minez-qúlqynan kinәni kóredi. Búl jәbirlenushining zorlyq-zombylyqty tudyruy mýmkin degen ortaq pikirdi kórsetedi. Búl kózqaras qorqytugha tap bolghan adamdargha qajet senim men qoldaudy búzady.

Onyng ýstine, túrmystyq ozbyrlyqtyng saldary jәbirlenushige ghana emes, kuәgerlerge de qatty әser etedi, búl kóbinese balalar. Múnday jaghymsyz tәjiriybe olardyng psihikalyq jәne fizikalyq densaulyghyna qauip tóndiredi, sonymen qatar bolashaqtaghy zorlyq-zombylyq qaupin arttyrady.

Otbasyndaghy janjaldar qoghamgha tek emosionaldy ghana emes, ekonomikalyq jaghynan da shyghyngha úshyraydy. Biz jinaghan statistika búl qúbylystyng auqymyn kórsetedi: bir jylda tótenshe jaghdaylar qyzmetine túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq faktileri boyynsha 114 mynnan astam qonyrau týsken, túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq faktisi boyynsha 45 myngha juyq sot isi qaraldy, 17 500-den astam adam sotqa jiberildi. Osynday ister boyynsha әkimshilik qamaugha alynyp, mynnan astam kinәliler qylmystyq jauapkershilikke tartyldy. Búl ótken jylghy derekter, biraq jalpy suret sodan beri aitarlyqtay ózgergen joq.

Búl turaly oilanugha túrarlyq, óitkeni búl jay sandar emes, zorlyq-zombylyqpen ómiri qiylghan naqty adamdar.

– Búl masqara әleumettik qúbylystyng sebepteri turaly mәsele kóterildi me?

– Búl zertteuding negizgi taqyryptarynyng biri boldy. Nәtiyjeler otbasyndaghy zorlyq-zombylyq kóp faktorly mәsele ekenin kórsetedi. Ishki faktorlargha alkogoli, esirtki, psihikalyq aurular, agressivti minez-qúlyq jatady. Syrtqy faktorlar ómir sýru dengeyining tómendigi, bilimning bolmauy jәne túraqty tabys boluy mýmkin. Sonymen qatar, bala kezindegi zorlyq-zombylyq jәne әleumettik qúndylyqtardyng ózgerui agressivti minez-qúlyqtyng qalyptasuynda ýlken ról atqarady.

Bizding zertteuimizde respondentterding kópshiligi otbasylyq qatynastardyng búzyluynyng negizgi sebepteri retinde әleumettik-ekonomikalyq qiyndyqtardy kórsetti. Olardyng jartysynan kóbi júmyssyzdyqty otbasyndaghy zorlyq-zombylyqtyng sebebi dep sanaydy. Respondentterding aitarlyqtay payyzy maskýnemdik, nashaqorlyq jәne qúmar oiyndargha tәueldilik siyaqty jaman әdetterdi kórsetti, búl otbasyndaghy zorlyq-zombylyq jaghdaylarynyng tuyndauyndaghy tәueldilikting rólin atap kórsetedi.

Búl kýndelikti ómirde qatygezdikting kórinu sebepterin olardyng manyzdylyghynyng kemu retimen ornalastyru tәrtibi: ata-ananyng otbasyndaghy zorlyq-zombylyq ýlgisi, stereotiptik kózqarastar men senimder, psihologiyalyq auytqular men búzylular, bilim men mәdeniyetting tómen dengeyi, júbayyna materialdyq jәne qarjylyq tәueldilik, túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq ýshin qylmystyq jauapkershilikting bolmauy, qoghamdaghy agressiyanyng joghary dengeyi, tuystarynyng otbasy ómirine aralasuy.

Áyelder men erler zorlyq-zombylyqqa iytermeleytin jaghdaylardy basqasha qabyldaytynyn atap ótken jón. Mysaly, jaman әdetter turaly әielder jii aitqan. Al bilim men mәdeniyetting tómen dengeyi erlerding pikirinde jii qaqtyghys tudyrady.

– Búl sebepter bar jәne olardy týsinu manyzdy. Biraq men búl zúlymdyqtyng tamyry qayda jatyr degen súraqtyng anyqtap kóreyikshi. Olar bizding mentaliytetimizdin, keybir mәdeniy-tarihy dәstýrlerding erekshelikterinde me? Otbasyndaghy zorlyq-zombylyqty qalay týsindiruge bolady?

– Áriyne, obektivti eshtene joq, әsirese dәstýrli otbasylyq ómir saltynyng normalary. Dәstýrli últtyq mentaliytetimiz shynynda da әiel ýshin ómirdegi eng basty nәrse – otbasy ekenin, ony qanday jaghdayda da saqtau kerektigin menzeydi. Múnday kózqaras týrli qysymgha úshyraghandardyng kópshiligining tuystarynyn, dostarynyng jәne qoghamnyng aiyptauynan qorqyp, qúrbannyng taghdyryna moyynsúnuyna әkelui mýmkin.

Sonday-aq jәbirlenushi respondentter otbasyndaghy qysymshylyq kóbinese erli-zayyptylardyng opasyzdyq, qyzghanysh nemese ózara týsinispeushilik saldarynan tuyndaytynyn moyyndady. Keybir qúrbandar jyldar boyy zorlyq-zombylyqtan keyin jaghdaydy әli tolyq týsinbeydi, tipti ózderin kinәli sanaydy. Saualnamanyng qyzyqty nәtiyjesin atap ótken jón: saualnamagha qatysqan әielderding 16,6%-y zorlyq-zombylyqtyng kózi júbayyna ekonomikalyq jәne qarjylyq tәueldilikte bolghanyn kórsetken.

– Kóp jaghdayda soqqygha úshyraghan әielder, tipti keyde kýieuler de ózderining qorlyghy turaly aitqysy kelmeydi. Sizding zertteuiniz múnday jaghdayda ne isteu kerek degen súraqqa jauap bere ala ma?

– Saualnamagha qatysushylardyng jartysynan kóbi aitqanday, kóp adamdar ýshin kómek joly jaqynnan, tuystaryna aitudan bastalady. Yaghny otbasy men dostardyng qoldauynyng manyzy óte zor. Ángimelesushilerding birdey manyzdy bóligi – jartysynan sәl azy – qúqyq qorghau organdaryna habarlasugha niyetti ekenin bildirdi. Búl kórsetkish zang ayasynda әdildik izdeuge dayyn ekendigin kórsetedi.

Osy derekterding barlyghy túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq mәselesin sheshu býkil qoghamnyng kýsh-jigerin biriktirudi qajet etetinin kórsetedi. Eldegi jaghdaygha alandaushylyqtyng artyp kele jatqanyn baghalay otyryp, Qazaqstan Qoghamdyq damu instituty «Túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyqqa qarsy 16 kýn» bastamasyn kóterdi. Aksiya qoghamda zorlyq-zombylyqtyng kez kelgen kórinisterine mýldem tózbeushilik atmosferasyn qalyptastyrugha jәne onyng aldyn alugha baghyttalghan.

Otbasyndaghy supressiyalyq qarym-qatynastar tek soqqylar men jaralar ghana emes, búl jay kózge kórinbeytin jaraqattar. Túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyqtyng psihologiyalyq, әleumettik jәne ekonomikalyq zardaptary orasan zor jәne olar jәbirlenushining iyghyna ghana emes, densaulyq saqtau, әdilet, әleumettik qamsyzdandyru jýielerine de auyr salmaq týsiredi.

– Qalay oilaysyz, múnday tehnikalar kópten beri kele jatqan mәseleni sheshe me?

– Olar sheshim qabyldamasa da, osy әleumettik kelensizdikti jondyng ortaq isine ýles qosady. Instituttyng bastamasy tek túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyqtyng aldyn alu turaly aqparattandyrudy ghana emes, sonymen qatar qoghamdyq pikirdi ishten ózgertuge, osy mәselening ózektiligin arttyrugha jәne qoghamda zorlyq-zombylyq әreketterine jol bermeudi qalyptastyrugha baghyttalghan. Jiyrmagha juyq is-sharalar seriyasy azamattardyng zorlyq-zombylyqqa qarsy túru jәne onyng qúrbandaryna qoldau kórsetu ýshin qajetti bilim men daghdylardy damytugha kómektesedi dep kýtemiz.

Dәl osynday sharalar býkil әlemde jýrgizilude. AQSh, Kanada jәne Úlybritaniyada jyldyng belgili ailary túrmystyq zorlyq-zombylyq turaly habardarlyqty arttyrugha jәne onymen belsendi kýresuge arnalghan. Osy kezenderdegi aqparattyq-týsindiru nauqandary men is-sharalary otbasylyq qarym-qatynastardaghy búzyludyng aldyn alu jәne oghan qarsy túruda ýlken ról atqarady.

Osylaysha, halyqaralyq nauqandardan bastap jergilikti bastamalargha deyin barlyq dengeydegi ýilestirilgen kýsh-jiger zorlyq-zombylyq tolqynyn toqtatu jәne sau jәne qauipsiz qoghamdardy qúru missiyasyna qol jetkizedi.

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